 Tony Cliff (May 20, 1917 – May 9, 2000) was a Trotskyist revolutionary activist. Born Yigael Gluckstein in a Jewish Zionist family in Palestine, he eventually changed his name to Ygael, although in later years he would become far better known by his pen name Tony Cliff. In the late 1930s and early 1940s he used several pseudonyms in three languages due to the illegal status of the Revolutionary Communist League in which he worked. Due to his lack of established residency rights in Britain in the early 1950's and during his brief exile in Ireland the name Roger or Roger Tennant would be used. Much later in the 1960's Cliff would revive many of his earlier pseudonyms in the pages of International Socialism in which journal reviews are to be found by Roger, Roger Tennant, Sakhry, Lee Rock and Tony Cliff. But none by Yigael or Ygael Gluckstein. This picture is in the public domain. ...
May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ...
1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...
May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ...
This article is about the year 2000. ...
Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change. ...
The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...
A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. ...
Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
Although he identified with Communism he never joined the Communist Party of Palestine, as he never met any of its members before becoming a socialist activist. However, he did join a Zionist Socialist group, Hashomer Hatzair, becoming both a Trotskyist and a confirmed opponent of Zionism. After becoming a Trotskyist in 1933 he was involved in leading groups until his death in 2000. This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...
The Palestinian Peoples Party (PPP, in Arabic Øزب الشعب الÙلسطيني Hizb al-Shab al-Filastini), is a socialist political party in the Palestinian territories and among the Palestinian diaspora. ...
Hashomer Hatzair (or Hashomer Hatsair or HaShomer HaTzair) (Hebrew: The Young Guard or Guardian [that is] Young) is a Zionist-socialist youth movement founded in 1913 in Galicia (now in Poland) and was also the name of the groups political party in the Yishuv in the pre-1948 British...
1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
During World War II, Cliff was imprisoned by the British authority then governing the territory. After his release, he moved to Britain in 1947, but was never able to become a citizen and remained a stateless person. He was for a while deported to the Republic of Ireland and was only permitted to take up British residency due to his partner's status as a citizen. On his return to London, he again became active with the Revolutionary Communist Party onto whose leadership he had been co-opted. Combatants Allies: Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France/Free France, United States, Canada, China, India, Australia, Poland, New Zealand, South Africa, Greece, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Burma, Slovakia Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8...
The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ...
A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, sometimes because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ...
For other uses, see London (disambiguation). ...
The label Revolutionary Communist Party was used by two independent organizations in the UK, one active during and after the second World War, the other active in the 1990s. ...
For most purposes Cliff was a supporter of the leadership of the RCP around Jock Haston and as such he was involved with the discussions concerning the nature of those states dominated by Russia and the Communist parties initiated by a faction within the RCP. This debate was linked to other discussions on the nationalised industries in Britain and the increasingly critical stance of Haston and the RCP as to the leadership of the Fourth International with regard to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia in particular. Jock Haston (1913-1986) was a Trotskyist politician and General Secretary of the Revolutionary Communist Party in Great Britain. ...
The Fourth International has been the Trotskyist movements most important international organisation. ...
Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe is an eastern region of Europe variably defined. ...
Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages, ЈугоÑлавија in Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ...
Cliff developed a version of the theory that Russia and the 'glacis countries' (buffer states), as they were referred to in the Fourth International at the time, were state capitalist. This theory was not at the time as iconoclastic as it came to appear later. The Fourth International held until 1951 that the 'glacis' states had remained capitalist even while the FI maintained the position that Russia was a degenerated workers' state. In fact one leader of the Fourth International (Ernest Mandel, writing under the name Germain) remarked that the ideas that both Russia and the glacis were capitalist, or that both Russia and the 'glacis' were workers' states, were both obviously incorrect and had no place in the Fourth International. However within months he would adopt the viewpoint that both Russia and the 'glacis' were workers' states. A glacis, in military engineering (see Fortification and Siege) is an artificial slope of earth in the front of works, so constructed as to keep an assailant under the fire of the defenders to the last possible moment. ...
There are multiple definitions of the term state capitalism. ...
The Fourth International has been the Trotskyist movements most important international organisation. ...
Ernest Mandel Ernest Ezra Mandel, also known by various pseudonyms such as Ernest Germain, Pierre Gousset, Henri Vallin, Walter etc. ...
Since then the consensus in most Trotskyist groups has been that all the states dominated by Stalinist parties and characterised by state planning and state ownership of property are to be seen as degenerated workers' states (The Soviet Union) or deformed workers' states (other Stalinist states, including much of Eastern Europe). In many ways Cliff was the main dissident from this idea although some of his opponents have sought to associate his state capitalist view with other ideas, for example the theory of bureaucratic collectivism associated with Shachtmanite Workers Party in the United States. However Cliff himself was insistent that his ideas owed nothing to those of Max Shachtman, or earlier proponents of the theory such as Bruno Rizzi, and made this clear in his Bureaucratic Collectivism - A Critique. Nevertheless, in the 1950s his group distributed literature published by Schachtman's group and the theory of the permanent arms economy which was considered one of the pillars of what became the International Socialist Tendency originated with Schachtman's group though Cliff refused to acknowledge this publicly. In Trotskyist political theory, degenerated workers states are states where capitalism has been overthrown through social revolution and the property forms have changed into a collectivized planned economy, but where the working class has lost its political power and socialist democracy has been replaced by a form of dictatorship. ...
In Trotskyist political theory, deformed workers states are states where capitalism has been overthrown through social revolution and the property forms have changed into a collectivized planned economy, but where the working class has never held political power (as it did in Russia shortly after the Russian Revolution). ...
Bureaucratic collectivism is a theory of class society. ...
Shachtmanism is a critical term applied to the form of Trotskyism associated with Max Shachtman. ...
The Workers Party was a Trotskyist group in the United States. ...
The permanent arms economy is a Marxist theory which seeks to explain the sustained economic growth which occurred in the decades following World War II, especially amongst developed countries. ...
On the break-up of the RCP, his supporters joined Gerry Healy's group The Club, although having been deported to Ireland Cliff himself did not. Indeed he was unable to settle permanently in Britain until 1952 whe he joined his wife, Chanie Rosenburg, and their children in London. By this time his supporters in The Club had been expelled due to differences on Birmingham Trades Council as to socialist policy concerning the war in Korea, where Cliff's co-factionalists refused to take a position of support for either side in the war. Gerry Healy (December 3, 1913 - December 14, 1989) was a Trotskyist activist. ...
In 1950 he helped launch the Socialist Review Group which was based around a journal of the same name. This was to be the main publication for which he wrote during the 1950s, until it was superseded by International Socialism in 1960, eventually ceasing publication altogether in 1962. The group was renamed the International Socialists at the same time and was to grow from less than 100 members in 1960 until it claimed in the region of 3,000 in 1977, at which point it was renamed the Socialist Workers Party. Cliff's biography is, as he himself remarked, inseparable from that of the groups he was a member of. The Socialist Review is the monthly magazine of the Socialist Workers Party (UK). ...
Fist Logo The Socialist Workers Party (SWP) is a revolutionary socialist political party in Britain. ...
The Socialist Workers Party (SWP) is one of the largest political parties of the far left in England. ...
Cliff's wife, Chanie Rosenberg, was herself an active member successively of the SRG, IS and SWP, in which she remains active to this day. As well as authoring many articles on social questions for the groups' publications she was an activist in the National Union of Teachers until her retirement. In addition three of the couples' four children became members of the SWP. with one son, Donny Gluckstein, co-authoring a book on Trades Unionism with his father.
Cliff was a prolific author and journalist. His works were published in many languages as a result of the international nature of the movement of which he was a leader. A list of some of the more important of his works appears below. The date shown is mostly that of first publication. An author is the person who creates a written work, such as a book, story, article or the like. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
- All That Glitters Is Not Gold (1945)
- State Capitalism in Russia (1955) (out of print; originally issued as The Nature of Stalinist Russia (1947, book 1948))
- The Class Nature of the Peoples Democracies (1948)
- Bureaucratic Collectivism - A Critique (1948)
- Stalin's Satellites in Europe (1952) (out of print)
- Economic Roots of Reformism (1957)
- Perspectives For The Permanent War Economy (1957)
- Mao's China (1957) (out of print)
(1959) ISBN B0000CKFSJ
See also
In Trotskyist political theory, degenerated workers states are states where capitalism has been overthrown through social revolution and the property forms have changed into a collectivized planned economy, but where the working class has lost its political power and socialist democracy has been replaced by a form of dictatorship. ...
In Trotskyist political theory, deformed workers states are states where capitalism has been overthrown through social revolution and the property forms have changed into a collectivized planned economy, but where the working class has never held political power (as it did in Russia shortly after the Russian Revolution). ...
There are multiple definitions of the term state capitalism. ...
The new class is a term to describe the privileged ruling class of bureaucrats and Communist party functionaries which typically arises in a Stalinist communist state. ...
Bureaucratic collectivism is a theory of class society. ...
External links The Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists. ...
MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular digital audio encoding and lossy compression format, designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent audio, yet still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners. ...
Archives - A Summary Description of the Tony Cliff papers held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick Library. Online abstract available. Retrieved June 16, 2006.
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