The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome

Starting in Ancient Greece, places have been described in topography (τοπογραφία), and an author of such writing has been called a topographer (τοπογράφος). Greek and Roman topographers provide much of the basis of modern reconstructions of the fabric of the cities of Classical times (especially Rome)^[1] This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... The Ancient Greek world, circa 550 BC Ancient Greece is the period in Greek history which lasted for around one thousand years and was extinguished by the newly-powerful Christianity. ...

The first systematic topographer was the English antiquary, John Leland (1503–1552). King Henry VIII gave him a warrant to search all the libraries of monasteries and colleges of the kingdom to rescue the records of ancient writers of England and other nations.^[2] Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2005 est. ... An antiquarian is one concerned with antiquities or things of the past. ... John Leland (September 13, 1502–April 18, 1552) was an English antiquary. ... Henry VIII King of England and Ireland by Hans Holbein the Younger His Grace King Henry VIII (28 June 1491–28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ...

This inspired Leland to record other particulars of the places where the records were kept and which the records mentioned.

In 1546, he wrote that he had so travelled by the sea coasts and the middle parts for six years, that there was "almost neither cape nor bay, haven, creek or pier, river or confluence of rivers, breaches, washes, lakes, meres, fenny waters, mountains, valleys, moors, heaths, forests, woods, cities, boroughs, castles, principal manor places, monasteries, and colleges, but I have seen them, and noted things very memorable". The bay at San Sebastián, Spain A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. ... A harbor (or harbour) or haven is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ... In United Kingdom usage, the term creek refers exclusively to a tidal water channel. ... A pier on Lake Mapourika in New Zealand illustrates the simplest form of pier Southend Pier in England is the longest pleasure pier in the world, at 1. ... River upstream of an Australian trout farm A river is a large natural waterway. ... Look up confluence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The article refers to the comic book series. ... The term wash can mean several things: Cleaning A wash is the act of cleaning. ... A man-made lake in Keukenhof, Netherlands A lake is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size surrounded by land. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A fen is a sere, a phase in the natural ecological succession from the open water of a lake to (for example) woodland. ... A mountain is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. ... Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley Mt. ... Moorland in the Pennines (England); Coarse grasses and bracken tend to dominate especially in high rainfall areas. ... Heaths are anthropogenic habitats found primarily in northern and western Europe, where they have been created by thousands of years of human clearance of natural forest vegetation by grazing and burning on mainly infertile acidic soils. ... Eucalyptus Forest at Swifts Creek in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. ... Limber Pine woodland, Toiyabe Range, central Nevada Biologically, a woodland is a treed area differentiated from a forest. ... A city is an urban area, differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status. ... A borough is an administrative division used in various countries. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Generic plan of a mediaeval manor; open-field strip farming, some enclosures, triennial crop rotation, demesne and manse, common woodland, pasturage and meadow Manorialism or Seigneurialism is the organization of rural economy and society in medieval western and parts of central Europe, characterised by the vesting of legal and economic... Monastery of St. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

His intention was to make a great map of England and Wales, and to write the first detailed topographical description of them – but he died 1552.

However, his researches laid the foundations on which others were to build: Lambarde's "Perambulation of Kent" (1576), Richard Carew's "Survey of Cornwall" written in the 1590s and George Owen's "Description of Pembrokeshire" (1603), established in the world the science and art of Topography. Kent is a county in England, south-east of London. ... Richard Carew (1555 - 1620) was a Cornish translator and antiquary. ... Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow) is a county in South West England on the peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar. ... Events 1590 March 14 - Battle of Ivry - Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne. ... George Owen of Henllys (1552-August 26, 1613) was an English antiquarian, author, and naturalist. ... Pembrokeshire (Welsh: Sir Benfro) is a county in the southwest of Wales in the United Kingdom. ...

The most famous of these topographers then was William Camden, who was praised by both Edmund Spenser and Ben Jonson. William Camden William Camden (May 2, 1551 - November 9, 1623) was an English antiquarian and historian. ... Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser (c. ... Benjamin Jonson (circa June 11, 1572 – August 6, 1637) was an English Renaissance dramatist, poet and actor. ...

While topography remained a subject of some interest, by the 19th century much of its work had been taken up by the authors of guide books such as Baedeker, the predecessors of modern tourguides. Thus topography as a serious descriptive field "degenereated" into tourist literature. Much of the serious work in topography evolved into what we today call local history. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... A guide book is a book for tourists or travelers that provides details about a geographic location, tourist destination, or itinerary. ... Karl Baedeker (not Baedecker) (3 November 1801 - 4 October 1859) was a publisher whose company set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists. ... Local history is the study of the history of a relatively small geographic area; typically a specific settlement, parish or county. ...

In the twentieth century, while a few remnants of the old usage remained (see for example the London Topographical Society), in general topography came to refer to the study specifically of landforms. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... It has been suggested that Geomorphometry be merged into this article or section. ...

References

1. ^ http://www.cvrlab.org/Library/Richardson/RichardsonIntroduction.html
2. ^ http://www.caerleon.net/history/leland/index.htm