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The Totonac people resided in the eastern coastal and mountainous regions of Mexico at the time of the Spanish arrival in 1519. Today they reside in the state of Veracruz. They built the Pre-Columbian city of El Tajín, and until the mid-19th century were the world's main producers of vanilla. Events March 4 - Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico. ...
The United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos or Mexico) comprises 31 states (estados) and one federal district (Distrito Federal), which contains the capital, Mexico City. ...
The state of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that compose Mexico (does not include the Mexican Federal District). ...
The term Pre-Columbian is used to refer to the cultures of the New World in the era before significant European influence. ...
El TajÃn is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site near the city of Papantla, in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. ...
For other uses, see vanilla (disambiguation). ...
Geography and Lifestyle
The region of the Totonac was called Totonacapan and extended roughly from Papantla in the north to Cempoala in the south. Totonacapan was largely hot and humid. Along with the normal agricultural crops of maize, squash, beans, and chilis, the region was noted for its production of liquid amber and cotton. Even during the disastrous central Mexican famine of 1450-1454, the region remained a reliable agricultural center. At this time many Aztecs were forced to sell themselves or their family members as slaves to the Totonac in exchange for subsistence maize. Totonac women were expert weavers and embroiderers; they dressed grandly and braided their hair with feathers. The Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún stated that, in all aspects of their appearance, the women were "quite elegant." Likewise, the men dressed well, adorning themselves with multicolored clothing, necklaces, arm bands, and devices made of the prized quetzal feathers. Papantla is a city in the northern part of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. ...
Cempoala (or Zempoala was an important MesoAmerican city as the largest city on the Gulf of Mexico and the capital of the kingdom of Totnicapan occupied by the Totonac people. ...
#REDIRECT shoshanna[[sisainplants. ...
Species - hubbard squash, buttercup squash - cushaw squash C. moschata- butternut squash C. pepo- most pumpkins, acorn squash, summer squash References: ITIS 223652002-11-06 Hortus Third Squashes are four species of the genus Cucurbita, also called pumpkins and marrows depending on variety or the nationality of the speaker. ...
This article is on the plant. ...
The chile pepper, chili pepper, or chilli pepper, or simply chile, is the fruit of the plant Capsicum from the nightshade family, Solanaceae. ...
Amber pendants. ...
Events March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen April 15 - Battle of Formigny. ...
Events February 4 - In the Thirteen Years War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. ...
The word Aztec is usually used as a historical term, although some contemporary Nahuatl speakers would consider themselves Aztecs. ...
The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ...
Bernardino de Sahagún (1499-1590) was a Franciscan missionary to the Aztec (Náhua) people of Mexico. ...
Binomial name Pharomachrus mocinno (De la Llave, 1832) Ref: ITIS 553589 For other uses, see Resplendent Quetzal (disambiguation). ...
History The region of Totonacapan was subject to Aztec military incursions from the mid-15th century until the Spanish arrival. Despite the establishment of Aztec fortifications throughout the region, rebellion was endemic. Major Totonac centers were Papantla, with an estimated population of 60,000 in 1519, Xalapa (around 120,000), and Cempoala (around 80,000). Cempoala was the first major Indian center encountered by Hernán Cortés in his march to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán. The Totonacs of Cempoala joined forces with Cortés and, along with the Tlaxcallan Indians, contributed significantly to the Spanish conquest. Totonacapan became incorporated into the Spanish regime with comparatively little violence, but the region was ravaged by epidemic diseases during the 16th century. Today, approximately 90,000 Totonac speakers reside in the region. Papantla is a city in the northern part of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. ...
Xalapa or Jalapa is the capital city of the Mexican state of Veracruz. ...
Cempoala (or Zempoala was an important MesoAmerican city as the largest city on the Gulf of Mexico and the capital of the kingdom of Totnicapan occupied by the Totonac people. ...
Hernán Cortés Hernán(do) Cortés, marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485–December 2, 1547) was the conquistador who conquered Mexico for Spain. ...
Plan of Tenochtitlan (Dr Atl) Mexico City statue commemorating the foundation of Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan (pronounced ) or, alternatively, Mexico-Tenochtitlan, was the capital of the Aztec empire, which was built on an island in Lake Texcoco in what is now central Mexico. ...
The Totonacan Languages are a family of closely-related languages spoken by approximately 200,000 speakers in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo in Mexico. ...
References - James Olson, ed. Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975, 1992.
- I. Bernal and E. Dávalos, Huastecos y Totonacos, 1953.
- H.R. Harvey and Isabel Kelly, "The Totonac," in Handbook of Middle American Indians, 1969.
- Isabel Kelly and Ángel Palerm, The Tajín Totonac, 1952.
See also Naco is a word often used in Mexican Spanish to describe, bad mannered, poorly-educated, but sometimes wealthy Mexicans, though it was originally a derogatory term for the indigenous or poor: the term is an apocopation of Totonaca, an indigenous people of the Gulf coast. ...
The Totonacan Languages are a family of closely-related languages spoken by approximately 200,000 speakers in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo in Mexico. ...
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