Tourette syndrome — also called Tourette's syndrome, Tourette Spectrum (TS), Tourette's disorder, or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (after its discoverer, Georges Gilles de la Tourette) — is a Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Surgical operations on the nervous system are done by specialist neurosurgeons. Neurological disorders are disorders of the central nervous system (brain, brainstem and cerebellum), the peripheral nervous system (including cranial nerves), and the autonomic... neurological or Neurochemistry is a branch of neuroscience that is heavily devoted to the study of neurochemicals. A neurochemical is an organic molecule that participates in neural activity. This term is often used to refer to neurotransmitters and other molecules such as neuro-active drugs that influence neuron function. Examples of neurochemicals... neurochemical disorder characterized by A tic is a repeated, impulsive action, almost reflexive in nature, which the actor feels powerless to control or avoid. Tics can be triggered by an emotional state (stress is a common trigger) or sensation, or can happen for no obvious reason. General types of tics include verbal tics, facial... tics — involuntary, rapid, sudden movements or vocalizations that occur repeatedly in the same way. Symptoms include multiple motor and one or more vocal tics present at some time during the disorder although not necessarily simultaneously; the occurrence of tics many times a day (usually in bouts) nearly every day or intermittently throughout a span of more than one year; the periodic change in the number, frequency, type and location of the tics, and in the waxing and waning of their severity; symptoms disappearing for weeks or months at a time; and onset before the age of 18. Vocal tics may fall into various categories, including Echolalia is the repetition or echoing of verbal utterances made by another person. Up to 75% of autistics exhibit echolalia in some form, but it also affects the mentally retarded and schizophrenic to lesser degrees. It is also experienced by those with Tourette Syndrome. Contents // Categories: Medicine stubs ... echolalia (the urge to repeat words spoken by someone else after being heard by the person with the disorder), palilalia (the urge to repeat one's own previously spoken words), lexilalia (the urge to repeat words after reading them) and, most controversially, Coprolalia is involuntary swearing that is an occasional but rare characteristic of Tourette syndrome patients. Coprolalia comes from the Greek κόπρος meaning feces and λαλία meaning babbling, meaningless talk. Coprolalia encompasses all words that are culturally taboo or generally unsuitable for... coprolalia (the spontaneous utterance of socially objectionable words, such as obscenities and racial or ethnic slurs). There are many other vocal tics besides those categorized by word repetition - in fact, a TS tic can be almost any possible short vocal sound, with the most common tics resembling throat clearing, short coughs, grunts, or moans.

The term "involuntary" used to describe TS tics is a source of confusion since it is known that most people with TS do have some control over the symptoms. Before tic onset, individuals with TS experience what is called a "premonitory urge," similar to the feeling that precedes yawning. What is recognized is that the control which can be exerted from seconds to hours at a time may merely postpone and exacerbate outbursts of symptoms. Tics are experienced as irresistible as a yawn and must eventually be expressed. People with TS often seek a secluded spot to release their symptoms after delaying them in school or at work. Typically, tics increase as a result of tension or stress (but are not caused by Stress (roughly the opposite of relaxation) is a medical term for a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological, which can cause a physiological response called the general adaptation syndrome, first described in 1936 by Hans Selye in the journal Nature. Selyes work Selye was able... stress) and decrease with relaxation or concentration on an absorbing task. In fact, neurologist and writer Oliver Sacks (born July 9, 1933, London) is a neurologist who has written popular books about his patients. He considers it following the tradition of 19th-century clinical anecdotes, literary-style informal case histories. His favorite example is Alexander Lurias The Mind of the Mnemonist. He earned his medical... Oliver Sacks has described a man with severe TS who is both a pilot and a surgeon.

Other commonly associated symptoms are For other things named OCD, see OCD (disambiguation). For other types of obsession, see obsession (disambiguation). For other types of compulsion, see compulsion (disambiguation). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder. OCD is manifested in a variety of forms, but is most commonly characterized by a subjects obsessive... obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( DISCLAIMER Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. The information in most cases is not reviewed by professionals. You are advised to contact your doctor for health-related decisions. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and controversial mental disorders among children... ADHD).

The entertainment industry has often depicted those with TS as being social misfits whose only tic is coprolalia, which has led to the general public's misunderstanding of TS sufferers as "people who can't help yelling swear words a lot". However, this is merely a clinomorphism, as coprolalia is a relatively rare symptom compared to other types of tics.

Diagnosis

According to the The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and other countries. While widely accepted among psychologists and psychiatrists, the manual has proved controversial in its listing of certain characteristics as... DSM-IV, TS is indicated when a person exhibits both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics (although these do not need to be concurrent) over the period of 1 year, with no more than 3 consecutive tic-free months. This disturbance must cause distress or impairment in the individual's normal functioning. The onset must have been before the age of 18, and cannot be attributed to the use of a substance or another medical condition.

It is estimated that as many as 1 in 200 experience some form of TS. Males are affected 3 to 4 times more often than females. Some cases decrease in severity or cease entirely upon reaching adulthood.

As it is a spectrum disorder, the severity of the condition can range vastly. Those with mild cases are often highly functioning, so much so that others would not know of their condition. More severe cases can inhibit or prevent the individual from engaging in common activites such as holding a job, having a fulfilling social life, or maintaining his/her basic needs.

Treatment

The majority of people with TS require no medication, but medication is available to help when symptoms interfere with functioning. TS medications are only able to help reduce specific symptoms. The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. Common conditions with which antipsychotics might be used include schizophrenia, mania and delusional disorder, although antipsychotics might be used to counter psychosis associated with a wide range of other diagnoses. Antipsychotics also have some effects as... Neuroleptic and In medicine and pharmacology, antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Drugs Diuretics Loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide) Potassium_sparing diuretics Thiazide diuretics Beta blockers ACE inhibitor Calcium channel blocker Dihydropyridines Diltiazem Verapamil Alpha blocker (now only in pregnancy) Angiotensin II receptor antagonists... antihypertensive A medication is a drug or substance taken to reduce symptoms or cure an illness or medical condition. Medications are generally divided into two groups -- over the counter (OTC) medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions, and prescription only, which must be prescribed by a physician... drugs can have long- and short-term A side-effect is any effect other than an intended primary effect. It may or may not be expected, at it may be adverse or beneficial. It is a term often used in the following fields: In medicine, with regard to drugs or medical procedures; see adverse effect (medicine); In... side effects, and use of A stimulant is a drug which increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria or awakeness. Stimulants can be used as recreational drugs, or therapeutically to increase alertness. They are also used and sometimes abused to boost endurance and productivity as well as to... stimulants is controversial. Relaxation techniques and The word biofeedback was coined in the late 1969 to describe laboratory procedures (developed in the 1940s) that trained research subjects to alter brain activity, blood pressure, muscle tension, heart rate and other bodily functions that are not normally controlled voluntarily. Biofeedback is a training technique in which people... biofeedback may be useful in alleviating stress.

Until 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, there wasn't a Cure can be: successful treatment of disease preserve (meat, for example), as by salting, smoking, or aging (see curing) prepare, preserve, or finish (a substance) by a chemical or physical process The Cure refers to more than one thing: The Cure are an English rock band. The Cure (1917) is... cure for TS. However, doctors in the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... US successfully carried out a Picture of a human brain generated from MRI data In the anatomy of humans, the human brain is the center of the central nervous system and the primary control center for the peripheral nervous system. Overview Human encephalization is especially pronounced in the neocortex, the most complex portion of the... brain surgery in 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → February 29, 2004 Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as president of Haiti and flees the country for the Central African Republic. The chief justice of the Haitian supreme court, Boniface Alexandre, is sworn in as interim... February 2004, in which tiny Alternative meanings: There is also an Electric-type Pokémon named Electrode. An electrode is a conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte or a vacuum). The word was coined by the scientist Michael Faraday from the Greek words... electrodes powered by Four double-A batteries In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. Although such storage in an electrostatic form is practical in some specialized uses, batteries usually consist of electrochemical devices such as one or more galvanic cells... batteries inserted in the chest, were placed beside the For other uses, see Thalamus Ltd. The thalamus is a part of the brain. It is located in the center of the brain, beneath the cerebral hemispheres and next to the third ventricles. It is formed of grey matter and can be thought of as a relay station for nerve... thalamus in each Human brain viewed from above, showing cerebral hemispheres. The front of the brain is to the right. The cerebral hemisphere forms one half of a brain. Humans (and many other types of animals) have a brain divided into two hemispheres. Each hemisphere is a mirror image of the other and... cerebral hemisphere. Within half a minute of activating the electrodes, the patient could walk normally and displayed a complete lack of The term symptom (from the Greek syn = con/plus and pipto = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: A symptom can be a physical condition which shows that one has a particular illness or disorder (see e.g. Longman, 1995... symptoms. However, this is a dangerous procedure and is unlikely to become widespread. In any case, the condition in many individuals improves as they mature. Individuals with TS can expect to live a normal life span. Although TS is generally lifelong and chronic, it is not degenerative. In a few cases, complete remission occurs after A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. Adolescence is the transitional stage of development between childhood and full adulthood, representing the period of time during which a person is biologically adult but emotionally not at full maturity. The ages which are considered to be part of... adolescence, and in many cases total remission occurs after the age of 40.

Cognitive therapy or cognitive behavior therapy is a kind of psychotherapy used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, and other forms of psychological disorder. It involves recognising distorted thinking and learning to replace it with more realistic substitute ideas. Its practitioners hold that the cause of many (though not all... Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) can be used to try to disrupt the automatic chain of events underlying the tics.

Genetics

Genetic studies indicate tic disorders, including TS, are inherited as a In genetics, the term dominant gene refers to the an allele that causes a phenotype that is seen in a heterozygous genotype. Every person has two copies of every gene, one from mother and one from father. If a genetic trait is dominant, a person only needs to inherit one... dominant gene(s) that may produce varying symptoms in different family members. A person with TS has about a 50% chance of passing the gene(s) to one of his/her children. However, the gene(s) may express as TS, as a milder tic disorder, or as obsessive compulsive symptoms with no tics at all. It is known that a higher than usual incidence of milder tic disorders and obsessive compulsive behaviours are more common in the families of TS patients. The sex of the child also influences the expression of the gene(s). The chance that the child of a person with TS will have the disorder is at least three times higher for a son than for a daughter. Yet only a minority of the children who inherit the gene(s) will have symptoms severe enough to ever require medical attention. In some cases, TS may not be inherited; these cases are identified as "sporadic" TS because a genetic link cannot be found.

Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine broadly describes methods and practices used in place of conventional medical treatments. It may also be described as diagnosis, treatment, or therapy which can be provided legally by persons who are not licensed to diagnose and treat illness, although some licensed practitioners also use aspects of alternative medicine... Alternative medicine tends to hold the view that TS is caused by Candidiasis, commonly called yeast infection or thrush, is a fungal infection of any of the Candida species, of which Candida albicans is probably the most common. Yeast organisms are always present in all people, but are usually prevented from overgrowth (uncontrolled multiplication resulting in symptoms) by naturally occurring microorganisms. In... yeast infections and General Name, Symbol, Number Mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12 (IIB), 6 , d Density, Hardness liquid 13.579e3 kg/m3 solid @ -39oC 15.6e3 kg/m3 1.5 Mohs Appearance Silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 200.59 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 150 (171) pm... mercury poisoning (see Many parents of children with autism have reported that a gluten-free casein-free diet helps their children. According to the theory, some children are unable to digest the protein in many grains (gluten) or in milk (casein) completely. The partially digested proteins are called peptides and they resemble opiates... gluten-free, casein-free diet).

People with Tourette's

• Mahmoud Abdul-Raouf (born March 9, 1969) is an American former professional basketball player. He was born Chris Jackson but changed his name upon his conversion to Islam. He attended Louisiana State University and was selected with the 3rd pick in the first round of the NBA draft by the... Mahmoud Abdur-Rauf - former The National Basketball Association of the United States and Canada, commonly known as the NBA, is the premier professional basketball league in North America. Many of the worlds best players play in the NBA, and the overall standard of the competition is considerably higher than any other professional competition... NBA player
• Howard Ahmanson, Jr, American Christian fundamentalist and millionaire philanthropist
• Tim Howard (born March 6, 1979, in North Brunswick, New Jersey) is a soccer goalkeeper, the first American to play for Manchester Uniteds first team. Howard started his pro career immediately after high school, playing with the North Jersey Imperials of the USISL. He was signed by Major League... Tim Howard - This article is about goalkeeper, the sports position. Goalkeeper is also a proprietary CIWS weapon-system. A goalkeeper leaves his feet to parry a shot on goal In many team sports, the goalkeeper (sometimes colloquially goalie or keeper) is the designated player that is charged with directly preventing the opposite... goalkeeper for Manchester Uniteds emblem Manchester United F.C. (often abbreviated to Man United or just Man U, pronounced man-yoo) is an English football club based at Old Trafford in Greater Manchester. Formed as Newton Heath LYR F.C. in 1878, as the works team of the Lancashire and Yorkshire... Manchester United The striker (wearing red jersey) has run past the defender (in white jersey) and is about to take a shot at the goal, while the goalkeeper positions himself to stop the ball. Football is the most widely played and watched team sport in the world. The game is often known... Football Club
• Jim Eisenreich - former major league A view of the playing field at Busch Stadium in Saint Louis, Missouri. Baseball is a team sport, in which a fist-sized ball is thrown by a player called a pitcher and hit with a bat. Scoring involves running and touching markers on the ground called bases. The ball... baseball player
• Mike Johnston - relief pitcher for the This article is on the baseball team. For the National Hockey League team ( 1925 - 1930), see Philadelphia Quakers. Also, the National Football Leagues Pittsburgh Steelers were named the Pirates from 1933 to 1940. Pittsburgh Pirates National League AAA Indianapolis Indians AA Altoona Curve A Lynchburg Hillcats Hickory Crawdads Williamsport... Pittsburgh Pirates
• Michael Wolff - For other article subjects named Jazz see jazz (disambiguation). Jazz is a musical art form characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. It has been called the first original art form to develop in the United States of America. Jazz has roots in West African... Jazz musician
• Dr. This article is about the literary figure. For the locomotive engineer see Samuel W. Johnson. For the political writer see Samuel Johnson (1649-1703). Samuel Johnson circa 1772, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Dr Samuel Johnson (September 7, 1709 Old Style/September 18 New Style 1–December 13, 1784... Samuel Johnson, lexicographer, certainly had Tourette syndrome as evidenced by the writings of James Boswell James Boswell (October 29, 1740 - May 19, 1795) was a lawyer, diarist, and author born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the eldest son of a judge, Alexander Boswell of Auchinleck, Lord Auchinleck. He is best known as the biographer of Samuel Johnson. His name has passed into the... James Boswell.
• Some historians think Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (January 27, 1756 – December 5, 1791) was one of the most significant and influential of all composers of Western classical music. His works are loved by many and are frequently performed. Life Mozart was born in Salzburg in modern-day Austria, but at... Mozart may have had Tourette syndrome, although many experts on Tourette syndrome disagree (see external link below).
• Some neurologists think Thelonious Sphere Monk (October 10, 1917–February 17, 1982) was a jazz pianist and composer known for his unique improvisational style and many contributions to the standard jazz repertoire. While Monk is often regarded as a founder of bebop, his playing style evolved away from the form. Little is... Thelonius Monk may have had Tourette syndrome

In fiction

• The Tic Code (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0165986/) is an unusually accurate discussion of the syndrome, with extensive input from Polly Draper, whose husband and son both suffer from it.

• The character of Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. Start the Jeronimo article If you have created this page in the past few minutes and it has not yet appeared, it may not be visible due to a delay in updating the database. Please wait and check again... Jeronimo in The Confusion is a novel by Neal Stephenson. It is the second volume in The Baroque Cycle. The Confusion consists of two books, Bonanza and The Juncto which are fused together, so that one jumps back and forth between them as one reads through The Confusion. This is the only... The Confusion (volume two of Neal Stephenson (b. October 31, 1959 in Fort Meade, Maryland) is known primarily as a science fiction writer in the postcyberpunk genre with a predisposition to divert into explorations of mathematics, currency, and the history of science. He also writes non-fiction articles about technology in publications such as Wired... Neal Stephenson's The Baroque Cycle is a series of books written by Neal Stephenson and published in 2003 and 2004. The cycle contains eight novels which are published in three volumes: Quicksilver, Vol. I of the Baroque Cycle Book 1 - Quicksilver Book 2 - The King of the Vagabonds Book 3 - Odalisque The... Baroque Cycle) is a typical clinomorphism, with severe coprolalia and extremely fast reflexes.
• Seldom Silent, Never Heard (http://www.tvtome.com/tvtome/servlet/GuidePageServlet/showid-579/epid-42316/), a sixth-season episode of Quincy, M.E. (or simply Quincy) is name of a United States television series that aired October 3, 1976 to May 11, 1983 on NBC. It starred Jack Klugman as Dr. Quincy, a forensic coroner, working to ascertain facts about suspicious deaths. Early season episodes focused on criminal investigation; a... Quincy, M.E., focuses extensively on Tourette's Syndrome.

References

• Tourette Syndrome Fact Sheet (http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/tourette_syndrome.htm), provided by The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke is a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The NINDS conducts and supports research on brain and nervous system disorders. Created by the U.S. Congress in 1950, NINDS is one of the more than two dozen research institutes... NINDS
• "Making Sense of Tourette's" (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/305/5689/1390?etoc), Science Magazine volume 305, 3rd Sept 2004, p1390
• DSM-IV Diagnostic Critera for TS (http://www.psychologynet.org/tourette.html)

External links

• The Tourette Syndrome Association Inc. (http://www.tsa-usa.org/) - The US advocacy group.
• The Tourette Syndrome (UK) Association (http://www.tsa.org.uk/) - The UK advocacy group.
• Tourette Syndrome Association of Australia (http://www.tourette.org.au/) - The AU advocacy group.
• Tourette's Disorder (http://www.tourettes-disorder.com/) - A TS awareness website.
• Mr. Indiana Jones (http://www.mrindianajones.com/) - A TS sufferer's personal website containing info about TS.
• BBC article on surgery that lead to cure (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3589395.stm), and the followup interview with the cured patient (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3591401.stm).
• Mozart and Tourette Syndrome (http://www.tourettes-disorder.com/mozart.html).