Town and Country Planning is the land use planning system by which the British government seeks to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental quality in the United Kingdom. The essential framework for the system was set in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, with a critical addition in 1955 of green belts, which were introduced via a Government Circular. Land use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient way. ... Prinicpal planning Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 established the principles and mechanisms of the Plan Lead System. ... For other uses of the word Greenbelt, see Greenbelt (disambiguation). ...

The constituent countries of the UK have their own distinct planning systems and substantial responsibility for town and country planning has been devolved to the Welsh Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland administration. Look up Devolution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The National Assembly for Wales (or NAW) (Welsh: Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) was established in 1998, following a 1997 referendum in which a small majority of voters (but not the electorate) voted in favour of the Labour Governments plans for devolution. ... For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ...

The system has not altered much since the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, which repealed all previous legislation, including the first Housing and Town Planning Act 1909, law to which there followed: Housing and Town Planning Act 1919, Town Planning Act 1925 and Town and Country Planning Act 1932. Current planning legislation is consolidated in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (TCPA 1990) . Associated with this principal Act are three further Acts related to planning. These four acts were defined as the Planning Acts. Parts of these Acts have been replaced or amended by the provisions of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (PCPA, not applicable to Northern Ireland), which received Royal Assent on 13 May 2004. Prinicpal planning Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 established the principles and mechanisms of the Plan Lead System. ... The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 was passed to better regulate the way in which large and small scale developments were approved by local authorities. ... 4 inter-related Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed in 1990 to reform the planning system. ... The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 is a piece of a legislation promoted by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, substantially reforming the town planning and compulsory purchase framework in the United Kingdom. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

The roots of the UK town and country planning systems, created in the immediate post-war years, lie in concerns developed over the previous half century in response to industrialisation and urbanisation. The particular concerns were pollution, urban sprawl and ribbon development. These concerns were expressed through the work of thinkers such as Ebenezer Howard and the philanthropic actions of industrialists such as the Lever Brothers and the Cadbury family. A factory in Ilmenau (Germany) around 1860 Industrialisation (also spelt Industrialization) or an Industrial Revolution is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated per capita is low) to an industrial one... Urbanization is the degree of or increase in urban character or nature. ... Air pollution Pollution is the introduction of pollutants (whether chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light) into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment. ... Urban sprawl (also: suburban sprawl) is the spreading out of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area. ... Ribbon development means building houses along the roads radiating from a town. ... Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 [1]–May 1, 1928[2]) was a prominent British urban planner. ... Philanthropy is the act of donating money, goods, time, or effort to support a charitable cause, usually over an extended period of time and in regard to a defined objective. ... Cadbury may refer to Cadbury-Schweppes - confectionery and beverage company with its headquarters in London Cadburys Creme Egg Cadbury World - visitor attractions created by the Cadbury chocolate company at two locations, Birmingham and Dunedin The Cadbury family Sir Adrian Cadbury (1929)- British businessman, member of the Cadbury chocolate dynasty...

By the outbreak of the second world war, thinking was sufficiently advanced that, even during the war a series of Royal commissions looked at the problems of urban planning and development control. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... In states that are Commonwealth Realms a Royal Commission is a major government public inquiry into an issue. ...

These included:

• the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population,
• the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941)
• the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942)
• (later) the Reith Report into New Towns (1947).

Also, Patrick Abercrombie developed a plan for the reconstruction of London, which envisaged moving 1.5 million people from London to new and expanded towns. Sir John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith KT GCVO GBE CB TD PC (20 July 1889–16 June 1971) was a Scottish broadcasting executive who established the tradition of independent public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the town planner. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

The culmination of this intellectual effort were:

• The New Towns Act 1946 and
• The Town and Country Planning Act 1947.

The 1947 Act in effect nationalised the right to develop land, requiring all proposals, excepting a small number of specific exclusions, to secure planning permission from their local authority (although provision exists to appeal against refusal). In 1945 Lord Reith was appointed as chair of the government sponsored New Towns Committee. ... Look up and in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Prinicpal planning Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 established the principles and mechanisms of the Plan Lead System. ... Main article: Town and Country Planning in the United Kingdom Planning permission or planning consent is the permission required in the United Kingdom in order to be allowed to build on land, or change the use of land or buildings. ...

The Act - the essential nature of which is unchanged - required local authorities to develop Local Plans or Unitary Development Plans to outline what kind of development would be permitted where and to mark special areas on Local Plan Maps. It did not introduce a formal system of zoning as used in the USA. Counties were expected to develop Structure Plans which set broad targets for the wider area. Structure Plans were always problematic and were often in the process of being replaced by the time they were formally adopted. In United Kingdom Planning Law a Local Plan is an old-style Development Plan prepared by district and other local planning authorities. ... In United Kingdom Planning Law a Unitary Development Plan is an old-style development plan prepared by a Metropolitan district and some Unitary Local Authorities, which contains policies equivalent to those in both a structure plan and local plan. ... A typical zoning map; this one identifies the zones, or development districts, in the city of Ontario, California Zoning is a North American term for a system of land-use regulation. ... In United Kingdom Planning Law a Structure Plan is an old-style Development Plan, which sets out strategic planning policies and forms the basis for detailed policies in Local Plans. ...

The planning system received a number of alterations consolidated in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (TCPA 1990) . Associated with this principal Act were three further Acts related to planning, namely, The Planning (Listed buildings and conservation areas) Act 1990, the Planning (Hazardous substances) Act 1990, and the Planning (Consequential provisions) Act 1990. These four Acts were referred to as the Planning Acts. Almost immediately after parliament passed these Acts, the government had further thoughts on the control of land development which led to the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 which rewrote, with important alterations many of the provisions of the Planning Acts. The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 was passed to better regulate the way in which large and small scale developments were approved by local authorities. ... The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that altered the laws on granting of planning permission for building works, notably including those of the listed building system. ... The Planning (Hazardous substances) Act 1990 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom to consolidate certain enactments relating to special controls in respect of hazardous substances with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission. ... The Planning (Consequential provisions) Act 1990 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom to make provision for repeals, consequential amendments, transitional and transitory matters and savings in connection with the consolidation of enactments in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas... 4 inter-related Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed in 1990 to reform the planning system. ... The Planning and Compensation Act 1991 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom to amend the law relating to town and country planning; to extend the powers to acquire by agreement land which may be affected by carrying out public works; to amend the law relating to compulsory... 4 inter-related Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed in 1990 to reform the planning system. ...

The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 resulted in a number of substantial changes to the British Development Plan system. It did away with both Structure Plans and Local Plans in favour of Local Development Frameworks (LDFs), which are made up a number of Local Development Documents (LDDs) and Supplementary Planning Documents (SPDs). The Regional Spatial Strategy (RSS), which is produced by Regional Assemblies in England, replaces the Structure Plan as the strategic planning document (i.e. it is the RSS which will set targets for housing and employment development within each district in a Region in the future). The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 is a piece of a legislation promoted by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, substantially reforming the town planning and compulsory purchase framework in the United Kingdom. ... In United Kingdom Planning Law a Structure Plan is an old-style Development Plan, which sets out strategic planning policies and forms the basis for detailed policies in Local Plans. ... In United Kingdom Planning Law a Local Plan is an old-style Development Plan prepared by district and other local planning authorities. ... A Local Development Framework is the spatial planning strategy introduced in England and Wales by the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 and given detail in Planning Policy Statements 12. ... A Local Development Framework is the spatial planning strategy introduced in England and Wales by the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 and given detail in Planning Policy Statements 12. ... Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, A local planning authority must include as Local Development Documents in their Local Development Schemes those documents which are prescribed and their Statement of Community Involvement. ... Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, A local planning authority must include as Local Development Documents in their Local Development Schemes those documents which are prescribed and their Statement of Community Involvement. ... Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, a Supplementary Planning Document is a Local Development Document that may cover a range of issues, thematic or site specific, and provides further detail of policies and proposals in a parent Development Plan Document. ... Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, a Supplementary Planning Document is a Local Development Document that may cover a range of issues, thematic or site specific, and provides further detail of policies and proposals in a parent Development Plan Document. ... Regional Spatial Strategies (RSS) provide a regional level planning framework for the regions of England. ... Regional Assembly is a title which has universally been adopted by the English bodies established as regional chambers under the Regional Development Agencies Act 1998. ... In United Kingdom Planning Law a Structure Plan is an old-style Development Plan, which sets out strategic planning policies and forms the basis for detailed policies in Local Plans. ...

Local Authorities are also now required to produce Local Development Schemes (LDS) - which outline the work the LDDs/SPDs they intend to produce over a three year period, and Statements of Community Involvement (SCI) which outline how the Council will involve the local community. All LDDs and SPDs also have to be accompanied by a Sustainability Appraisal (SA) and a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). The SEA is a requirement under European Union laws. Planning Policy Guidance Notes are also being gradually replaced by Planning Policy Statements. Local Development Schemes are public project plans which identify which Local Development Documents will be produced, in what order and when. ... Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, the Statements of Community Involvement are produced by Local Authorities to explain to the public how they will be involved in the preparation of Local Development Documents. ... Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, A local planning authority must include as Local Development Documents in their Local Development Schemes those documents which are prescribed and their Statement of Community Involvement. ... Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, a Supplementary Planning Document is a Local Development Document that may cover a range of issues, thematic or site specific, and provides further detail of policies and proposals in a parent Development Plan Document. ... In United Kingdom Planning Law a Sustainability Appraisal is an appraisal of the economic, environmental and social effects of a plan from the outset of the preparation process to allow decisions to be made that accord with sustainable development. ... The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a system of incorporating environmental considerations into policies, plans and programmes. ... In the United Kingdom, Planning Policy Guidance Notes (PPG) are statements of the Governments national policy and principles towards certain aspects of the town planning framework. ... In the United Kingdom, Planning Policy Statements (PPS) are statements of the British Governments national policy and principles towards certain aspects of the town planning framework. ...

In December 1995, The London Borough of Wandsworth created a website which published electronic images of documents associated with planning applications. This use of technology greatly improved the ease of access to application related documents for all participants in the planning process. Within ten years, more than 50% of all planning authorities within the UK had followed suit. The London Borough of Wandsworth is a London borough in south west London, England and forms part of Inner London. ...

Minor variations were allowed to planning permissions, recognising that the nature of the information provided for planning permission was not always so detailed as to allow the immediate construction of a building. Working drawings would be required first and architects would often make small changes to accommodate the technical requirements of the building. Buildings might also be changed on site to overcome unforeseen problems. The legality of minor amendments was challenged in 2006 and the advice to many local authorities is that any variation to a planning permission should require planning approval. Minor Amendments were insignificant variation in a detail and details of an Planning permission which would not raise any new issues which would warrant the submission of a fresh Planning application. ...

Use classes

main article: Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987

The requirement to obtain planning permission extends not only to new construction, but also in substantive changes of use of a property. There are various 'use classes', and change of use to a different use class generally requires Planning permission. The Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987 is a Statutory Instrument which revoked and replaced the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1972 as amended by the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) Order 1983. ... Main article: Town and Country Planning in the United Kingdom Planning permission or planning consent is the permission required in the United Kingdom in order to be allowed to build on land, or change the use of land or buildings. ...

The main classes are:

• A1: shops
• A2: financial and professional services
• A3: restaurants and cafés
• A4: drinking establishments
• A5: hot food takeaways

• B1: businesses (offices, light industry)
• B2: general industrial
• B8: storage and distribution

• C1: hotels
• C2: residential institutions
• C3: dwelling houses

• D1: non-residential institutions (schools, libraries, surgeries)
• D2: assembly and leisure (cinemas, swimming baths, gymnasiums)

Classes A3 to A5 were formed recently by a split of the previous A3 class 'Food and Drink'. Take-out, carry-out ( in American English ) or take-away ( in British English ) is food purchased at a restaurant but eaten elsewhere. ...

Various uses are considered to be sui generis, meaning that they are considered to be a use class in themselves, and not part of an existing use class. These specifically include: Sui generis is a (post) Latin expression, literally meaning a scholar like what pradeep is or unique in its characteristics. ...

• theatres
• amusement arcades
• laundrettes
• petrol stations
• car dealerships
• taxi/car rental firm
• scrapyard
• nightclubs
• warehouse clubs

For other usages see Theatre (disambiguation) Theater (American English) or Theatre (British English and widespread usage among theatre professionals in the US) is that branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle &#8212... A video arcade (known as an amusement arcade in the United Kingdom) is a place where people play arcade video games. ... Categories: Stub ... Modern gas station A filling station, gas station or petrol station is a facility that sells fuel for road motor vehicles – usually petrol (US: gas/gasoline), diesel fuel and LPG. The term gas station is mostly particular to the United States of America and Canada, where petrol is known... Typical car dealership selling used cars outside, new cars in the showroom, as well as a vehicle entrance to the parts and service area in the back of the building. ... For specific countries see Taxicabs around the world. ... Europcar Sixt A car rental, rent-a-car or car hire agency is a company that rents automobiles for short periods of time (ranging from a few hours to a few weeks) for a fee. ... Categories: Stub | Waste ... Laser lights illuminate the dance floor at a Gatecrasher dance music event in Sheffield, England A nightclub (or night club or club) is a drinking, dancing, and entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark. ... A warehouse club is a retail store selling a small amount of merchandise in terms of variety. ...

Elements of the modern system

• Development Control
• Department for Communities and Local Government
• Planning Inspectorate
• Local Planning Authority
• Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
• Town and Country Planning Act 1990
• Planning Acts
• Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995
• Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987
• Planning Policy Guidance Notes
• Planning Policy Statements
• Design and access statement

Development Control is the system in United Kingdom Local Government for regulating and controlling Land Use and new buildings. ... The Department for Communities and Local Government is a United Kingdom government department. ... The Planning Inspectorate is concerned principally with the processing of planning and enforcement appeals and holding inquiries into local development plans in England and Wales. ... A Local Planning Authority is the local authority or council that is empowered by law to exercise planning functions. ... The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 is a piece of a legislation promoted by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, substantially reforming the town planning and compulsory purchase framework in the United Kingdom. ... The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 was passed to better regulate the way in which large and small scale developments were approved by local authorities. ... 4 inter-related Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed in 1990 to reform the planning system. ... The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995 is a Statutory Instrument which sets out what is Permitted Development. ... The Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987 is a Statutory Instrument which revoked and replaced the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1972 as amended by the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) Order 1983. ... In the United Kingdom, Planning Policy Guidance Notes (PPG) are statements of the Governments national policy and principles towards certain aspects of the town planning framework. ... In the United Kingdom, Planning Policy Statements (PPS) are statements of the British Governments national policy and principles towards certain aspects of the town planning framework. ... A Design statement is a report required under English and Welsh planning law that sets out, illustrates and justifies the process that has led to the development proposals. ...

National variants

• England
• Northern Ireland
• Scotland
• Wales

Criticism

The apparent aim of recent reforms to the planning system was to simplify and speed up the production of Plans. The system has not been in place long enough to determine if this is the case, though the increase in the number, type and length of documents an authority is required to produce (and the sheer number of new acronyms that have been introduced) would imply that these aims will not be achieved.^{[citation needed]} The financial costs and time delays associated with the new system are also significant and the recent Barker Report on the planning system suggested some of the requirements were unnecessary and has recommended early revisions to the regulations.

• Planning Green Paper
• Planning white paper (Scotland): Modernising the planning system

See also

• Urban Planning
• Landscape planning
• Regional planning
• Royal Town Planning Institute
• Town and Country Planning Association
• Building Regulations

Urban planning is concerned with the ordering and design of settlements, from the smallest towns to the worlds largest cities. ... Landscape planning is a branch of landscape architecture. ... Regional planning is a branch of land use planning and deals with the efficient placement of land use activities, infrastructure and settlement growth across a significantly larger area of land than an individual city or town. ... The Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) is a professional body for town planners in the United Kingdom. ... The Town and Country Planning Association is Englands oldest environmental charity. ... The UK building regulations are statutory instruments that seek to ensure that the policies set out in the Building Act 1984 are carried out in the construction of buildings. ...

External links

Government information

• The Planning Portal - the UK government's online planning and building regulations resource
• Department for Communities and Local Government (England)
• Scottish Executive - Planning and Building
• Scottish Executive Inquiry Reporters Unit
• The Planning Service (Northern Ireland)
• Planning Appeals Commission (Northern Ireland)
• Planning Inspectorate (England)
• Planning Inspectorate (Wales)
• Yr Arolygiaeth Gynllunio (Cymru)
• Advisory Panel on Standards for the Planning Inspectorate (APOS)

Non-government information

• Royal Town Planning Institute
• UKPlanning (IDOX plc)
• The Construction Centre - List of all Planning departments in the UK