Towra Point Nature Reserve is a nature reserve of 386 ha located within the Sutherland Shire, NSW, Australia. It is a Ramsar site (or wetland of international importance), as it is an important breeding ground for many vulnerable, protected, or endangered species. There is also a Towra Point Aquatic Nature Reserve in the surrounding waterways. A nature reserve is an area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sutherland Shire is a Local Government Area in southern Sydney, Australia. ... NSW is a three-letter acronym that refers to: New South Wales, a state of the Commonwealth of Australia U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, i. ... A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ...

History of the Reserve

Kurnell was inhabited by the Dharawal people, and there are three middens and one relic that still remain today at the Towra Point Nature Reserve. Captain Cook mapped Botany Bay when he landed in 1770, including Towra Point. [1] Early European colonisers ran horses and cattle on Towra Point, despite the poor condition of the land for such a purpose. In 1861, Thomas Holt bought Towra Point, and divided it into paddocks for grazing or growing corn. Sheep grazing was particularly disastrous, and many thousands of sheep died of footrot and are buried at Towra Point. In the late 1870s, Thomas Holt began oyster farming at Weeney Bay in Towra Point. In World War II, a radar station was established, and a causeway built. A midden, or kitchen midden, is a dump for domestic waste. ... British explorer James Cook is most noted for having discovered Australia and Hawaii. ... Bicentennial Monument at Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, a few kilometres south of the central business district. ... 1770 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Events and Trends Technology The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ... Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that...

The reserve was bought by the Commonwealth in 1975, attempting to fulfill obligations to JAMBA, which would come into force in April 1981. In 1982, Towra Point was officially made a nature reserve. It was declared a Ramsar site (or wetland of international importance) in 1984. In 1987, the Towra Point Aquatic Nature Reserve was created, covering 1400 ha in the waterways surrounding Towra Point. Towra Point Nature Reserve also attempts to meet the Federal government's obligations to CAMBA, which came into force in 1988. The Friends of Towra Point volunteer group was founded in February 1997 and they do such activities as bush regeneration, seed collection, vegetation surveys and habitat creation for the Little Tern. They also coordinate the annual Clean Up Australia Day activities at Towra Point. Habitat creation involves sandbagging the eroding Towra Lagoon, nest tagging, and clearing areas around nests. Jump to: navigation, search // Definition and linguistics The original phrase common wealth or the common weal is a calque translation of the Latin term res publica (public matters), from which the word republic comes, which was itself used as a synonym for the greek politeia as well as for the... Jump to: navigation, search 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... The Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) is a treaty between Australia and Japan to minimise harm to the major areas used by birds which migrate between the two countries. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, i. ... A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1987 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement os a treaty between China to minimise harm to the major areas used by birds which migrate between the two countries. ... 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Binomial name Sterna albifrons Pallas, 1764 The Little Tern (Sterna albifrons) is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. ... Clean Up Australia is an not-for-profit Australian environmental conservation organisation. ...

Source: http://www.ssec.org.au/our_environment/our_bioregion/towra/about/history.htm

Habitats of the Reserve

Towra Point, atop an ancient river delta deposit, has many distinct habitats - these diverse habitats are part of why Towra Point is a Ramsar site. The habitats of the Reserve are: Nile River delta, as seen from Earth orbit. ... The term habitat has a number of unrelated meanings: A concept in Ecology: see habitat. ... The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, i. ...

• salt marshes
• mangroves
• littoral rainforests
• turpentine forests
• lagoons
• beaches

This article is about marsh, a type of wetland. ... Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal Mangrove are woody trees or shrubs that grow in coastal habitats or mangal (Hogarth, 1999), for which the term mangrove swamp also would apply. ... hi my name is marley im telling mrs. ... Rainforest on Fatu-Hiva, Marquesas Islands A rainforest is a forested biome with high annual rainfall due to the Intertropical convergence zone. ... Turpentine is a fluid obtained by distillation from resin obtained from trees, mainly various species of pine (Pinus). ... A dense growth of softwoods (a forest) in the Sierra Nevada Range of Northern California A forest is an area with a high density of trees (or, historically, a wooded area set aside for hunting). ... A lagoon is a body of comparatively shallow salt water separated from the deeper sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral reef, or similar feature. ... 90 mile beach Australia A beach or strand is a geological formation consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, shingle, cobble, or even shell along the shoreline of a body of water. ...

Species found in the Reserve

Towra Point Nature Reserve is home to many endangered, vulnerable, protected and exotic species. This list is from the National Parks and Wildlife Service website - a comprehensive listing, including numbers, scientific names, and protection status, can be found at this link. [2] Jump to: navigation, search The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) is part of the Department of Environment and Conservation - the main government conservation agency in New South Wales, Australia. ...

Birds

• Yellow Thornbill
• Brown Thornbill
• Striated Fieldwren
• Chestnut-rumped Heathwren
• Mangrove Gerygone
• Brown Gerygone
• White-browed Scrubwren
• Brown Goshawk
• Grey Goshawk
• Swamp Harrier
• White-bellied Sea-Eagle
• Chestnut Teal
• Australasian Shoveler
• Black Swan
• Australian Shelduck
• Oriental Darter
• Great Egret
• Cattle Egret
• Intermediate Egret
• Little Egret
• White-faced Heron
• Eastern Reef Egret
• Grey Butcherbird
• Pied Currawong
• Bush Stone-curlew
• Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike
• Double-banded Plover
• Greater Sand Plover
• Pacific Golden Plover
• Grey Plover
• White-throated Treecreeper
• Bar-shouldered Dove
• Dollarbird
• Australian Raven
• Fan-tailed Cuckoo
• Shining Bronze-Cuckoo
• Spangled Drongo
• Leaden Flycatcher
• Grey Fantail
• Willie Wagtail
• Red-browed Finch
• Australian Hobby
• Peregrine Falcon
• Sooty Oystercatcher
• Australian Pied Oystercatcher
• Sacred Kingfisher
• Welcome Swallow
• Silver Gull
• Little Tern
• Crested Tern
• Caspian Tern
• Arctic Tern
• Superb Fairy-wren
• Variegated Fairy-wren
• Southern Emu-wren
• Eastern Spinebill
• Little Wattlebird
• White-fronted Chat
• Brown Honeyeater
• New Holland Honeyeater
• Australian Pipit
• Eurasian Blackbird
• Grey Shrike-thrush
• Rufous Whistler
• Spotted Pardalote
• Australian Pelican
• Eastern Yellow Robin
• Little Pied Cormorant
• Pied Cormorant
• Stubble Quail
• Hoary-headed Grebe
• Blue-winged Parrot
• Eastern Rosella
• Crimson Rosella
• Red-whiskered Bulbul
• Lewin's Rail
• Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
• Curlew Sandpiper
• Great Knot
• Bar-tailed Godwit
• Eastern Curlew
• Little Curlew
• Whimbrel
• Common Greenshank
• Common Starling
• Golden-headed Cisticola
• Royal Spoonbill
• Australian White Ibis
• Painted Button-quail
• Silvereye

Binomial name Acanthiza nana Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 The Yellow Thornbill, Acanthiza nana, is a passerine bird usually found in Australia. ... Binomial name Acanthiza pusilla , The Brown Thornbill, Acanthiza pusilla, is a passerine bird usually found in eastern and south- eastern Australia, including Tasmania. ... Binomial name Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Circus spilonotus Kaup, 1847 Circus approximans Peale, 1848 The Marsh Harriers are birds of prey of the harrier subfamily. ... Binomial name Haliaeetus leucogaster Gmelin, 1788 The White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. ... Binomial name Anas castanea (Eyton, 1838) The Chestnut Teal (Anas castanea) is a dabbling duck found in southern Australia. ... Binomial name Anas rhynchotis Latham, 1802 Subspecies (Australian Shoveler) (New Zealand Shoveler) The Australasian Shoveler (Anas rhynchotis) is a species of dabbling duck in the genus Anas. ... Binomial name Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) The Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) is an Australian waterbird and the official state bird of Western Australia. ... Binomial name Tadorna tadornoides Jardine & Selby, 1828 The Australian Shelduck, Tadorna tadornoides is a shelduck, a group of large goose-like birds which are part of the bird family Anatidae, which also includes the swans, geese and ducks. ... Binomial name Anhinga melanogaster (Pennant,, 1769) The Oriental Darter or Indian Darter (Anhinga melanogaster ), sometimes called Snakebird, is a water bird of tropical southern Asia and Indonesia. ... Binomial name Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Egret (Ardea alba), also known as the Great White Egret, White Heron, or Common Egret, is a wading egret, found in most of the tropical and warmer temperate parts of the world, although it is very local in southern Europe and Asia. ... Binomial name Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) The Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis, is a small white heron. ... Binomial name Egretta intermedia (Wagler), 1827) The Intermediate Egret (Egretta intermedia or Ardea intermedia) is a medium-sized heron. ... Binomial name Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) The Little Egret, Egretta garzetta, is a small white heron. ... Binomial name Egretta novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) The White-faced Heron, (Egretta novaehollandiae, formerly Ardea novaehollandiae) often known incorrectly as the Grey Heron, is a common bird throughout most of Australasia, including New Guinea, the islands of Torres Strait, Indonesia, New Zealand, the islands of the sub-Antarctic, and all but... Binomial name Egretta sacra (Gmelin, 1789) The Eastern Reef Egret, Egretta sacra, is a type of egret, coloured either white or dark grey. ... Binomial name Cracticus torquatus (Latham, 1802) The Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus is a bird native to Australian mangroves. ... Genus Strepera Currawongs are medium-sized passerine birds of the family Artamidae native to Australasia. ... Binomial name Burhinus grallarius Latham, 1802 The Bush Stone-curlew (Burhinus grallarius) is a large, ground-dwelling bird endemic to Australia. ... Binomial name Coracina novaehollandiae J.F. Gmelin 1789 The Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike (Coracina novaehollandiae), also called a large cuckoo-shrike, is a common bird in the Indian subcontinent (except Pakistan and NW India), Australia and the Solomon Islands. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Charadrius bicinctus Jardine & Selby, 1827 The Double-banded Plover, Charadrius bicinctus, is a small wader in the plover family of birds. ... Binomial name Charadrius leschenaultii (Lesson, 1826) The Greater Sand Plover, Charadrius leschenaultii, is a small wader in the plover family of birds. ... Binomial name Pluvialis fulva (Gmelin, 1789) The Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) is a medium-sized plover. ... Binomial name Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) The Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), known as the Black-bellied Plover in North America, is a medium-sized plover. ... Binomial name Cormobates leucophaeus (Latham, 1802) The White-throated Treecreeper, Cormobates leucophaeus, is an Australian treecreeper found in the forests of eastern Australia and New Guinea. ... Binomial name Geopelia humeralis , Bar-shouldered Dove (Geopelia humeralis) a medium sized beige coloured pigeon, native to Australia where it is found over the east coast from Southern New South Wales north to Cape York Penninsula and west to Broome. ... Binomial name Eurystomus orientalis , The dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis) is a bird of the roller family, so named because of the silver-dollar sized spots on its wings. ... Binomial name Corvus coronoides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 The Australian Raven (Corvus coronoides) is the largest member of the genus Corvus in Australia. ... Binomial name Rhipidura fuliginosa (Sparrman, 1787) The Grey Fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa) is a small insectivorous bird. ... Binomial name Rhipidura leucophrys (Latham, 1802) The Willie Wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys) is one of the best known and best loved birds of Australia. ... Binomial name Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 The Peregrine Falcon or Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus) is a medium-sized falcon about the size of a large crow: 38-53 cm (15 to 21 inches) long. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Haematopus fuliginosus Gould, 1845 The Sooty Oystercatcher, Haematopus fuliginosus, is a species of oystercatcher. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Haematopus longirostris Vieillot, 1817 The Australian Pied Oystercatcher, Haematopus longirostris, is a species of oystercatcher. ... Binomial name Todirhamphus sanctus (Linnaeus, 1766) The Sacred Kingfisher (Todirhamphus sanctus) is a tree kingfisher found in the mangroves, eucalypt forests, melaleuca forests, woodlands and paperbark forests of Australia. ... Binomial name Hirundo neoxena (Gould, 1843) The Welcome Swallow (Hirundo neoxena) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family. ... Binomial name Larus novaehollandiae Stephens, 1826 The Silver Gull (Larus novaehollandiae) is the most common gull seen in Australia. ... Binomial name Sterna albifrons Pallas, 1764 The Little Tern (Sterna albifrons) is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. ... Binomial name Sterna bergii Lichtenstein, 1823 The Greater Crested Tern, or Swift Tern, Sterna bergii, is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. ... Binomial name Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770 The Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia) is the largest tern. ... Binomial name Sterna paradisaea Pontopiddan, 1763 The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. ... Superb Fairy-wren - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Binomial name Anthochaera chrysoptera (Latham, 1802) The Little Wattlebird, Anthochaera chrysoptera, is a honeyeater. ... For the reconnaissance aircraft, see SR-71 Blackbird. ... Binomial name Colluricincla harmonica (Latham, 1802) The Grey Shrike-thrush (Colluricincla harmonica) is one of the best-loved and most distinctive birds of Australasia. ... Binomial name Pardalotus punctatus (Shaw & Nodder, 1792) The Spotted Pardalote (Pardalotus punctatus) is one of the smallest of all Australian birds at 8 to 10cm in length, and one of the most colourful; it is sometimes known as the Diamondbird. ... Binomial name Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824 The Australian Pelican or Goolayyalibee (Pelecanus conspicillatus) is an unmistakable large water bird, widespread on the inland and coastal waters of Australia and New Guinea, also in Fiji, parts of Indonesia and as a vagrant to New Zealand. ... Binomial name Eopsaltria australis (Sparrman, 1788) The Eastern Yellow Robin (Eopsaltria australis) is a Australasian robin of coastal and sub-coastal eastern Australia. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) The Little Pied Cormorant, Little Shag or Kawaupaka (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos) is a common Australasian waterbird, found around the coasts, islands, estuaries, and inland waters of Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, and around the islands of the south-western Pacific and the... Binomial name Phalacrocorax varius (Gmelin, 1789) The Pied Cormorant (Phalacrocorax varius) is a medium-sized member of the cormorant family. ... Binomial name Platycercus eximius (Shaw, 1792) The Eastern Rosella, Platycercus eximius, is a parrot native to south east Australia and Tasmania which has been introduced to New Zealand. ... Binomial name Platycercus elegans (Gmelin, 1788) The Crimson Rosella, Platycercus elegans, is a parrot native to east and south east Australia which has been introduced to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. ... Binomial name Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, is a member of the bulbul family. ... Binomial name Calidris acuminata Horsfield, 1821 The Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, Calidris acuminata, is a small wader. ... Binomial name Calidris ferruginea (Pontopiddan, 1763) The Curlew Sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea is a small wader. ... Binomial name Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield, 1821) The Great Knot, Calidris tenuirostris, is a small wader. ... Binomial name Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bar-tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica, is a large shorebird. ... Binomial name Numenius minutus Gould, 1841 The Little Curlew, Numenius minutus, is a wader in the large bird family Scolopacidae. ... Binomial name Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus, is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae. ... Binomial name Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) The Greenshank, Tringa nebularia, is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. ... Binomial name Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 The Common Starling or European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, is a passerine bird in the family Sturnidae. ... Binomial name Platalea regia Gould, 1838 The Royal Spoonbill (Platalea regia) occurs in intertidal flats and shallows of fresh and saltwater wetlands. ... Binomial name Threskiornis molucca Cuvier, 1829 The Australian White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca) is a wading bird of the ibis family Threskiornithidae. ... Binomial name Turnix varia (Latham, 1801) The Painted Button-quail (Turnix varia) is about 19-20 cm long. ... Binomial name Zosterops lateralis (Latham, 1802) The Silvereye, White-eye or Wax-eye (Zosterops lateralis) is a very small passerine bird native to Australia but also found in New Zealand. ...

Amphibians

• Green and Golden Bell Frog
• Keferstein's Tree Frog
• Common Eastern Froglet
• Striped Marsh Frog

Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Litoria aurea Lesson, 1830 The Green and Golden Bell Frog is a globally vulnerable species of frog, native to east and south eastern Australia. ...

Mammals

• Dingo
• Dog
• Fox
• Dugong
• Rabbit
• House Mouse
• Brown Rat
• Black Rat

Trinomial name Canis lupus dingo (Meyer, 1793) Breed classification Breed standards (external link) ANKC The Dingo (Canis lupus dingo), is a type of wild dog, probably descended from the Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). ... Jump to: navigation, search Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) The dog is a alex dodo that has been domesticated for at least 14,000 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent evidence. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus The bane of Australian farmers - the wild rabbit An old rabbit trap Rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world. ... Binomial name Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 Mus musculus is the common house mouse. ... Binomial name Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) The Brown Rat or Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the most well-known and common rats, and also one of the largest. ... Binomial name Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Black Rat (Rattus rattus, also known as the Asian Black Rat, Ship Rat, Roof Rat or House Rat) is a common long-tailed rodent of the genus Rattus (Old World rodents) and the subfamily murinae (Murine rodents). ...

Reptiles

• Jacky Lashtail
• Eastern Snake-necked Turtle
• Red-Bellied Black Snake
• Small-eyed Snake
• Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink
• Pale-flecked Garden Sunskink
• Yellow-bellied Three-toed Skink
• Common Bluetongue

Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Pseudechis porphyriachus , The Red-Bellied Black Snake is native to eastern Australia, and is poisonous. ... Blue-tongued lizards are the largest members of the skink family. ...

Plants

• Grey Mangrove
• Swamp Oak
• Native Wandering Jew
• Tree Broom-heath
• Coffee Bush
• Wombat Berry
• Port Jackson Fig/Rusty Fig
• Cockspur Thorn
• Muttonwood
• Swamp Paperbark
• Broad-leaved Paperbark
• Pixie Caps
• Inkweed
• Sweet Pittosporum
• Pampas Grass
• Panic Veldtgrass
• Rambling Dock
• Coastal Banksia
• Tuckeroo
• Slender Grape
• Lantana
• Nightshade
• Black-berry

Binomial name Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ... Binomial name Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ... Binomial name Cortaderia selloana J.A. & J.H. Schultes Cortaderia selloana, commonly known as Pampas Grass or Uruguayan pampas grass, is a tall grass native to the pampas of South America. ... Species About 150 species, including Lantana camara Lantana montevidensis Lantana rugulosa Lantana tiliifolia Lantana trifolia Lantana is a genus of about 150 species of perennial flowering plants, native to the Tropics of the Americas and warmer parts of Europe. ... Species See text Solanum is a genus of annuals, perennials, sub-shrubs, shrubs and climbers. ... Species Rubus fruticosus - Common Blackberry and hundreds more microspecies (the subgenus also includes the dewberries) The blackberry is a widespread and well known shrub; a bramble fruit (genus Rubus, family Rosaceae) growing to 3 m (10 ft) and producing a soft-bodied fruit popular for use in desserts, jams and...

Human Impacts on the Reserve

Humans can impact on ecosystems both positively and negatively. In ecology, an ecosystem is a naturally occurring assemblage of organisms (plant, animal and other living organisms—also referred to as a biotic community or biocoenosis) living together with their environment (or biotope), functioning as a loose unit. ...

Positive

Humans can maximise the area of healthy, functioning intertidal wetlands by minimising their impacts and by developing management strategies that protect, and where possible rehabilitate these ecosystems at risk.
A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ...

The following are positive ways of trying to protect or rehabilitate intertidal wetlands.

• Exclusion – Those responsible for the management of wetland areas often facilitate public access to a small, designated area while restricting access to other areas. Provision of defined boardwalks and walkways is a management strategy used to restrict access to vulnerable areas, as is the issuing of permits whilst visiting Towra Point Nature Reserve.
• Education – In the past, wetlands were regarded as waste-lands. Education campaigns have helped to change public perceptions and foster public support for the wetlands. Due to their location in the catchment area, education programs need to teach about total catchment management programs. Educational programs include guided tours for the general public, school visits, media liaison, information centres, conference presentations, interpretive signage, publications and facts sheets. Staff should also include education officers.
• Action – too little is known about the intertidal wetland system to successfully reinstate all natural conditions. Management plans focus on the rehabilitation of the site and the removal of human-induced stresses. For example, fox and rabbit baiting, removal of weeds (at Weedy Pond).
• Design – Design interventions have proved successful in minimising sources of natural stress. At Towra Point Beach, for example, there is a sandbag wall to help prevent salt water from leaking into the fresh-water Towra Lagoon.
• Legislation – Legislation and regulations are used to protect Towra Point Wetlands. Conventions that Australia has signed in regards to Towra Point Wetlands are the Ramsar Convention, the Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) and the China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA). Legislation that Australia and New South Wales has passed in regards to Towra Point Wetlands are the Wetlands Policy (federal govt.), the New South Wales Wetlands Management Policy (state govt. 1996) and the State and Environmental Planning Policy 14 on Coastal Wetlands.

For the term related to television programmes, see watershed (television). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus The bane of Australian farmers - the wild rabbit An old rabbit trap Rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world. ... Dandelions, shown here in proliferation, are commonly thought of as weeds. ... Legislation refers to the process of enacting statutory laws, or to the set of statutory laws in a state. ... The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, i. ... The Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) is a treaty between Australia and Japan to minimise harm to the major areas used by birds which migrate between the two countries. ... The China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement is a treaty between Australia and China to minimise harm to the major areas used by birds which migrate between the two countries. ...

Negative

• Changed wind patterns due to high-rise near some wetland areas e.g. Bicentennial Park.
• Alteration of water flows through construction of roads.
• Removal of resources for urban and industrial land uses. These also increase turbidity and toxins in the water supplied to mangroves. (The removal can also result in changed energy flows and nutrient cycles, affecting food chains for both sedentary and migratory fauna)
• Replacement of wetland areas for parks, playing fields or pasture.
• Destruction of sea grasses in areas adjoining wetlands can affect energy flows and nutrient cycles as species levels will be affected.
• Introduction of exotic species e.g. foxes, rabbits, sheep, cattle, pigs. – change energy flows and nutrient cycles. Birds are particularly affected, for example the Little Tern.
• Indirect influences from adjacent sites e.g. weed infestation (lantana – Towra Point) – carried into the wetlands by horses from the nearby stables.
• Trampling – from illegal access
• Threat of oil spills - Kurnell refinery near Towra Point
• Recreational horse-riding on the Reserve and unsupervised recreational use of the Reserve (eg. dog walking)
• Boating - disturbs wildlife in the park, and creates pollution.
• Fishing - kills fish, which affects the food chains operating within the Reserve.
• Erosion of Towra Beach due to wave refraction from the Sydney Airport runway which causes the freshwater Towra Point Lagoon to become saline
• Fragmentation of the Reserve by private land ownership
• Bay development in general, including the Sydney Airport runway and the oil refinery. There have also been concerns that the recently announced desalinisation plant will impact negatively on the Reserve.
• Illegal rubbish dumping has occurred both in the Reserve and near the entrance. In late 2004, a large amount of dumped asbestos was discovered.

High-rise is a 1975 novel by J. G. Ballard. ... Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal Mangrove are woody trees or shrubs that grow in coastal habitats or mangal (Hogarth, 1999), for which the term mangrove swamp also would apply. ... In following energy or calorific flow in an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships. ... Food chains and food webs or food networks describe the feeding relationships between species in a biotic community. ... Johnsons seagrass in Florida coast Seagrass (or sea-grass in British English) is a term that refers to flowering plants from two plant families (Potamogetonaceae and Hydrocharitacea) that grow in the marine environment. ... Binomial name Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 A sheep is any of several woolly ruminant quadrupeds, but most commonly the Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), which probably descends from the wild moufflon of south-central and south-west Asia. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (called simply cows in vernacular usage) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... Jump to: navigation, search Species Sus barbatus Sus bucculentus Sus cebifrons Sus celebensis Sus domesticus Sus heureni Sus philippensis Sus salvanius Sus scrofa Sus timoriensis Sus verrucosus Pigs are ungulates native to Eurasia collectively grouped under the genus Sus within the Suidae family. ... Binomial name Sterna albifrons Pallas, 1764 The Little Tern (Sterna albifrons) is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. ... Food chains and food webs or food networks describe the feeding relationships between species in a biotic community. ... Asbestos (Greek ἄσβεστος: a-, not; sbestos, extinguishable) describes any of a group of fibrous metamorphic minerals of the hydrous magnesium silicate variety. ...

Management of the Reserve

Traditional

The traditional objectives for the management of wetland areas were built around the use of wetland resources for food, shelter and tools. Grey Mangrove wood, for example, was used to make shields, shells were made into fishing hooks; and marine animals were used for food.

Contemporary

• Identify management goals and objectives: Today management plans for wetlands focus on the preservation and sustainable use of sites for recreation, conservation and education purposes. This may involve some exclusion zones but many areas are open to recreational and educational activities.
• Define management unit and boundaries: The “management unit” for many intertidal wetlands is often difficult to define because of the large number of stakeholders. For example the Towra Point wetland has input from National Parks and Wildlife Services, NSW Fisheries, Sutherland Shire Council, Friends of Towra Point and recreational users.
• Develop and implement management plans: An intertidal wetland is a dynamic system. As our knowledge of ecosystems has increased community attitudes have changed. Communities are now demanding that these ecosystems are protected and effectively managed.

Care has been taken to develop management plans that are both realistic and flexible. They need to take into account scientific and technological advances, changing social and political attitudes and variations in the level of funding. Management plans also need to be consistent with Australia’s international obligations (most pertinently JAMBA, CAMBA and RAMSAR). Recreation is often distinguished from leisure. ... Conservation may refer to the following: Conservation ethic in relation to preserving ecosystems Conservationist Conservation movement Conservation ecology Conservation law of physics Conservation of energy Conservation of mass Conservation in genetics Conservation in psychology Prolonging the material integrity of cultural and artistic objects Art conservation Architectural conservation or immovable object... A stakeholder was originally a person who holds money or other property while its owner is being determined. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sutherland Shire is a Local Government Area in southern Sydney, Australia. ...

• Download the current Plan of Management for Towra Point Nature Reserve (PDF)

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External Links

• Sutherland Shire Environment Centre - Towra Point (the virtual tour is excellent)
• National Parks
• Wetlands Help Line - Towra Point
• Ramsar factsheet
• Sydney University Excursion
• NSW Fisheries - Towra Point Aquatic Nature Reserve