Toyota Prius
Manufacturer	Toyota
Production	1997–present
Class	Hybrid car
Layout	FF layout

NHW10
Production	1997–2001
Assembly	Takaoka, later Motomachi, Japan[1]
Class	Compact car
Body style(s)	4-door sedan
Engine(s)	Toyota Hybrid System Gasoline: 1.5 L DOHC I4 13.5:1 compression 43 kW (58 hp) @ 4000 rpm 102 N·m (75 ft·lbf) @ 4000 rpm Electric: 288 V motor 30 kW (40 hp) @ 940 rpm 305 N·m (225 ft·lbf) @ 0 rpm
Wheelbase	2550 mm (100.4 in)
Length	4275 mm (168.3 in)
Width	1694 mm (66.7 in)
Height	1491 mm (58.7 in)

NHW11
Production	2000–2003
Assembly	Toyota City (Motomachi), Japan[2]
Class	Compact car
Body style(s)	4-door sedan
Engine(s)	Toyota Hybrid System Gasoline: 1.5 L DOHC I4 VVT-i 13.0:1 compression 52 kW (70 hp) @ 4500 rpm 110 N·m (82 ft·lbf) @ 4200 rpm Electric: 273.6 V motor 33 kW (44 hp) @ 1040 rpm 350 N·m (258 ft·lbf) @ 0 rpm SULEV
Transmission(s)	1-speed planetary gear
Wheelbase	2550 mm (100.4 in)
Length	4308 mm (169.6 in)
Width	1694 mm (66.7 in)
Height	1463 mm (57.6 in)
Curb weight	1254.2 kg (2765 lb)

NHW20
Production	2004–present
Assembly	Tsusumi, Japan[3]
Class	Midsize car
Body style(s)	5-door hatchback
Engine(s)	Toyota Hybrid System II Gasoline: 1.5 L DOHC I4 VVT-i 57 kW (76 hp) @ 5000 rpm 115 N·m (85 ft·lbf) @ 4200 rpm Electric: 500 V 50 kW (67 hp) @ 1200 rpm 400 N·m (295 ft·lbf) @ 0 rpm AT-PZEV Net power: 110 hp (82 kW)
Transmission(s)	1-speed planetary gear
Wheelbase	2700 mm (106.3 in)
Length	4450 mm (175.33 in)
Width	1725 mm (67.97 in)
Height	1490 mm (58.71 in)
Curb weight	1325 kg (2921 lb)

Hybrid Synergy Drive

The Toyota Prius [ˈpri.əs] is a hybrid electric midsize car developed and manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation. The Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997, making it the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle. It was subsequently introduced worldwide in 2001. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 525 pixelsFull resolution (2376 × 1560 pixel, file size: 316 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Automakers, also known as carmakers, automobile manufacturers, motor manufacturers, or the automobile industry are companies that design and manufacture automobiles. ... This article is about the automaker. ... Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories. ... Honda Insight, a hybrid gas-electric vehicle 2004 Toyota Prius, a hybrid gas-electric vehicle A hybrid vehicle uses multiple energy sources or propulsion systems to provide motive power. ... In automobile design layout is the place where both the engine and driven wheels are. ... Sketch of FF layout In automotive design, a FF, or Front-engine, Front-wheel drive layout places both the engine and driven wheels at the front of the vehicle. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 1436 KB) TOYOTA Prius. ... Motomachi ) is a district of Naka Ward in Yokohama, Japan, located immediately west of Yamate and east of Chinatown. ... Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories. ... The Rambler American introduced in the late 1950s was an early compact car. ... Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. ... This article is about the type of car. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ... A double overhead cam (also called a dual overhead cam, DOHC, or twincam) engine is a type of internal combustion engine where the camshafts that operate the intake and exhaust valves are mounted above the cylinders, and where there are separate camshafts for inlet and exhaust valves. ... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... Bold text The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine (such as an internal-combustion engine or a Stirling Engine). ... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ... This article is about a unit of measurement. ... Newton metre is the unit of moment (torque) in the SI system. ... For other senses of this word, see torque (disambiguation). ... Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 1436 KB) TOYOTA Prius. ... Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories. ... The Rambler American introduced in the late 1950s was an early compact car. ... Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. ... This article is about the type of car. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ... A double overhead cam (also called a dual overhead cam, DOHC, or twincam) engine is a type of internal combustion engine where the camshafts that operate the intake and exhaust valves are mounted above the cylinders, and where there are separate camshafts for inlet and exhaust valves. ... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... VVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Toyota. ... Bold text The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine (such as an internal-combustion engine or a Stirling Engine). ... Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ... Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) is a conventionally powered or gas-electric hybrid vehicle designed to produce minimal air pollution, typically less than 10% of that of an equivalent ordinary vehicle. ... “Gearbox” redirects here. ... Epicyclic gearing is used here to increase output speed. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Kerb (sometimes mis-spelled as curb by Americans) weight is the total weight of a vehicle with standard equipment, all necessary operating consumables (such as motor oil and coolant), a full tank of fuel and not loaded with either passengers or cargo. ... 2004 Toyota Prius File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories. ... A mid-size car, frequently referred to as an intermediate, is an automobile with a size between that of a compact and a full-size or standard-size car. ... Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. ... Renault Megane hatchback, a proper hatchback which has shown huge success in Europe Peugeot 306 hatchback, with the hatch lifted and the parcel shelf tilted for access Hatchback is a term designating an automobile design, containing a passenger cabin with an integrated cargo space, accessed from behind the vehicle by... A double overhead cam (also called a dual overhead cam, DOHC, or twincam) engine is a type of internal combustion engine where the camshafts that operate the intake and exhaust valves are mounted above the cylinders, and where there are separate camshafts for inlet and exhaust valves. ... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... VVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Toyota. ... Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ... A Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) is an administrative category within the U.S. state of California for low emission vehicles. ... “Gearbox” redirects here. ... Epicyclic gearing is used here to increase output speed. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Kerb (sometimes mis-spelled as curb by Americans) weight is the total weight of a vehicle with standard equipment, all necessary operating consumables (such as motor oil and coolant), a full tank of fuel and not loaded with either passengers or cargo. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive on a 2004 Toyota Prius. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive on a 2004 Toyota Prius. ... The Honda Insight has been the most fuel efficient of the hybrids. ... A mid-size car, frequently referred to as an intermediate, is an automobile with a size between that of a compact and a full-size or standard-size car. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... This article is about the year. ...

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the 2008 Prius is the most fuel efficient car sold in the U.S.^[4] According to the UK Department for Transport, the Prius is tied with the diesel MINI Cooper D as the second least CO₂-emitting vehicle behind the Volkswagen Polo 1.4 TDI.^[5] EPA redirects here. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport is the government department responsible for the transport network. ... MINI is the name of a Cowley, England-based subsidiary of BMW as well as that of a car produced by that subsidiary since April 2001. ... Volkswagen Derby The Volkswagen Polo is a supermini manufactured by Volkswagen of Germany. ...

The Prius has won several awards from magazines, engineering groups, and consumer groups. The Toyota Motor Corporation, plans on developing three different versions, starting in 2009. Hybrid Synergy Drive The Toyota Prius [ˈpri. ... This article is about the automaker. ...

History

In 1994, Toyota executive Takeshi Uchiyamada was given the task of creating a new car which would be both fuel efficient and environmentally friendly. ^[6] The engineering team quickly settled on a hybrid engine design, but many technical and engineering problems had to be solved within the three years that the team was given to bring the car to the Japanese market, a goal they barely achieved as the first Prius went on sale in December 1997. A main problem was the longevity of the battery, which needed to be between 7 to 10 years. The solution the engineers came up with was to keep the battery pack between 60% and 40% charged, proving to be the "sweet spot" for extending the battery life to roughly that of the other car components.^[7]

Sales in Europe began at the start of 2001, by which time the car was more than three years old. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... This article is about the year. ...

The car was a modest success in Japan and after gathering several years of test data from the Japanese early adopters, the company felt it was safe to put it on sale in the U.S. market. Sales were small at first (though the waiting list was six months for the first few years in the U.S.) but picked up substantially with a complete redesign in 2004. The Prius is considered to be a successful car for Toyota from both technical and marketing perspectives. The break-even date is uncertain, but according to the head of the Prius team, the company initially lost money on the Prius.^{[citation needed]}

The word prius is a Latin word meaning "to go before."^[8] A Toyota spokesman stated that "Toyota chose this name because the Prius vehicle is the predecessor of cars to come." ^[9] Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

Design

Technology

See also: Hybrid Synergy Drive

The Prius is a combined hybrid (sometimes referred to as series-parallel), a vehicle that can be propelled by gasoline and/or electric power. Components of the system include: Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ... Petroleum electric hybrid vehicles make use of both an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fueled power source for vehicle propulsion. ...

1. Regenerative braking, using motor-generators, which converts kinetic energy of motion into electrical energy that is stored in the traction battery and reduces wear and tear on the brake pads;
2. A 1NZ-FXE internal combustion engine (ICE) using the more efficient Atkinson cycle instead of the more common Otto cycle. The gasoline engine normally shuts off during traffic stops and the accessories (including the air conditioning) are powered by the battery pack. The engine is used both to propel the vehicle and to recharge the batteries. Because of the availability of extra power from the electric motors for rapid acceleration the engine is sized smaller than usual for increased fuel efficiency and lowered emissions with acceptable acceleration;
3. Two electric motor/generators: MG1 and MG2. MG1, reversible and up to 10,000 rpm, starts the engine and provides counter torque for the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). MG2 provides 50 kW (67 hp) between 1,200 to 1,540 rpm and 400 N·m (295 ft·lbf) torque between 0 to 1,200 rpm, contributing to performance and economy. These motor-generators are used as generators when used for regenerative braking, and as motors are capable of starting the vehicle (and gas engine if needed) and low speed (<~30 mph, 41 mph in NHW20) travel;
4. A Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) unit that combines a planetary gearset that behaves like a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) called the Power Split Device^[10] to increase efficiency. The computer controlled HSD transaxle adjusts and blends the amount of power from the gasoline engine and electric motor-generator(s) as needed by the front drive wheels and rechargeable batteries;
5. A Sealed 38 module nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery pack providing 273.6 volts, 6.5Ah capacity and weighing 53.3 kg (118 lb) [3] is supplied by Japan's Panasonic. They are normally charged to 40-60% of maximum capacity to prolong battery life as well as provide a reserve for regenerative braking;
6. Wind resistance is reduced by a drag coefficient of 0.26 (0.29 for 2000 model) with a Kammback design to reduce air resistance. Lower rolling-resistance tires are used to reduce road friction;
7. A Vacuum flask for storing hot coolant when the vehicle is powered off for reuse so as to reduce warm-up time (US market);
8. An EV mode (or Stealth Mode) that allows drivers to operate on electric power only under low-power conditions for a limited duration of time (Europe and Asian markets, aftermarket in the US). Advocates for the blind warn that the Prius is so quiet it could be hazardous to blind pedestrians and others accustomed to engine noise to warn of a nearby vehicle;
9. Vehicle weight is reduced by the use of a flexible resin gasoline tank and by the use of aluminum instead of steel for the engine bay hood and hatchback.

THS inverter unit (from NHW11)

The computer program used in the Prius shuts off the engine when the car is stopped, is reversing, or is descending hills, thereby dramatically decreasing fuel consumption in city driving . The HSD's on-board computer program determines when and how to use the engine, motor, or both to power the car and recharge the battery so as to maximize efficiency. Typically, a gasoline engine runs inefficiently at half-throttle, creating a choking condition called pumping loss, a major reason for the inefficiency of gasoline engines compared to diesels. The Prius minimizes pumping loss by using a high torque range as much as possible with the throttle fully open. Drive-by-wire throttle control technology and Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive (a torque combiner, electric drive, and computer control) are essential to this engine control. In addition to the immediate benefit of reducing fuel consumption and emissions, stopping the gasoline engine also improves the performance of the catalytic converter, as the exhaust gases from an idling engine tend to cool the catalyst below its optimal temperature. Regenerative braking is any technology which allows a vehicle to recapture and store part of the kinetic energy that would otherwise be lost to heat when braking. ... The cars of a roller coaster reach their maximum kinetic energy when at the bottom of their path. ... Electrical energy can refer to several closely related things. ... For other uses, see Battery. ... The Toyota NZ engine family is a straight-4 piston engine series. ... A colorized automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... The Atkinson cycle engine is a type of Internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. ... Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. ... For other kinds of motors, see motor. ... This article is about machines that produce electricity. ... The continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a transmission in which the ratio of the rotational speeds of two shafts, as the input shaft and output shaft of a vehicle or other machine, can be varied continuously within a given range, providing an infinite number of possible ratios. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ... Epicyclic gearing is used here to increase output speed. ... The continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a transmission in which the ratio of the rotational speeds of two shafts, as the input shaft and output shaft of a vehicle or other machine, can be varied continuously within a given range, providing an infinite number of possible ratios. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Lead-acid battery. ... Modern, high capacity NiMH rechargeable batteries A nickel metal hydride (or NiMH) battery is a type of rechargeable battery similar to a nickel-cadmium (NiCad) battery but which does not contain expensive (and environmentally risky) cadmium. ... A rechargeable lithium polymer Nokia mobile phone battery. ... Panasonic EV is the supplier of the nickel metal-hydride (NiMH) battery packs for Toyota’s hybrids, as well as for Honda (Civic and Insight) hybrids. ... The drag coefficient is a common metric in automotive design, where designers strive to achieve a low coefficient. ... A Kamm tail on a Citroen CX sedan This 1974 AMC Gremlin sports a Kamm tail according to AMC Audi A2 2004 Toyota Prius, an example of a Kammback achieving a drag coefficient of 0. ... For other uses, see Friction (disambiguation). ... Lunchbox and vacuum bottle owned by Harry S. Truman A vacuum flask or Thermos flask is a bottle that reduces heat transfer from the inside to the outside and conversely to a minimum, and therefore keeps warm drinks warm and refrigerated drinks cold. ... A coolant, or heat transfer fluid, is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive The Toyota Prius [ˈpri. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... ImageMetadata File history File links ToyotaOpenHSD.jpg The THS high voltage inverter unit. ... ImageMetadata File history File links ToyotaOpenHSD.jpg The THS high voltage inverter unit. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ... Engine efficiency of thermal engines is the relationship between the total energy contained in the fuel, and the amount of energy used to perform useful work. ... The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine; more specifically, a compression ignition engine, in which the fuel is ignited by the high temperature of a compressed gas, rather than a separate source of energy (such as a spark plug). ... Drive-by-wire technology in automotive industry replaces the traditional mechanical and hydraulic control systems with electronic control systems using electromechanical actuators and human-machine interfaces such as pedal and steering feel emulators. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ...

Consumption monitor on the 2005 Toyota Prius MFD, displaying fuel consumption for highway driving, in the previous 30 minutes, as well as the average fuel consumption for 59 miles (95 km) since last gas fill-up.

Energy Monitor on the 2005 Prius Multi-Function Display (MFD), showing energy flow to/from the engine, battery, and from the regenerative braking, as well as battery charge level.

Typical gasoline/diesel engine vehicles consume fuel when the vehicle is stopped and idling--common in city driving. The Prius typically shuts down the gasoline engine and runs solely off the battery pack at low speeds and when stopped. A non-hybrid car also gets worse fuel consumption in city driving because its engine is constantly used to accelerate the car to driving speed and then this energy is lost to friction brakes during stop-and-go driving. The Prius captures some of this energy by using regenerative braking to charge its battery pack while slowing down with its motor-generators in generator mode. For acceptable acceleration the IC engine on the "standard" car typically is much larger than needed for constant speed travel. By using both a gasoline engine and electric motors for acceleration the Prius engine can be down sized to a more efficient size and still give acceptable, even modest acceleration. This means the greatest advantages of a hybrid are mainly in city driving, though factors including driving style, air conditioning use, and short trips may offset some of this advantage. The frequent starting and stopping of the Prius engine does not cause noticeable additional wear and tear or emission problems because the electric drive motors have enough power to quickly spin the engine to optimal rpm (around 1,000) before fuel is admitted and ignition is applied. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 490 pixelsFull resolution (1618 × 991 pixel, file size: 252 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Fuel economy display of 2005 Prius File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 490 pixelsFull resolution (1618 × 991 pixel, file size: 252 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Fuel economy display of 2005 Prius File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (964x683, 373 KB) Summary Multi-Function Display (MFD) in the Toyota Prius (2005 model). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (964x683, 373 KB) Summary Multi-Function Display (MFD) in the Toyota Prius (2005 model). ... For other uses, see Revolutions per minute (disambiguation). ...

Energy screen on the 2003 Prius

For any car, aerodynamic losses, which vary roughly as the velocity squared due to air drag are much greater on the highway than in low speed city driving. The Prius hybrid has less of an advantage in higher speed open road driving, typical of intercity driving. Nevertheless, the Prius still obtains improved fuel consumption under these circumstances since it can use a smaller and more efficient engine than would otherwise be required. The electric motor(s), powered by the battery pack, can provide the extra peak power needed for acceleration, passing and limited hill climbing. The lower weight, cross sectional area and lowest drag coefficient of a production car in the U.S. market (since the cancellation of the Honda Insight) make the Prius a very efficient ^[11][12] highway traveler, getting 45 mpg–U.S. (5.23 L/100 km / 54 mpg–imp) on the highway according to the U.S. EPA. The environmental impact of the car's batteries has been questioned.^[13] To encourage battery recycling, dealers are paid a $200 fee for return of the car's batteries.^[14] Toyota has laboratory reports that some Prius battery packs have lasted the equivalent of 180,000 miles (290,000 km) ^[15] As the cars start to age, early reports have shown that in at least some cases the batteries can last in excess of 250,000 miles (400,000 km)^{[16] [17]} Individual battery longevity will vary depending upon the treatment and use history of the battery pack. A degraded battery pack will reduce performance and fuel economy, but not leave the car inoperable. Image File history File links 2003_Prius_energy_screen. ... Image File history File links 2003_Prius_energy_screen. ... Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800s. ... An object moving through a gas or liquid experiences a force in direction opposite to its motion. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Fuel consumption

The Prius is marketed as a fuel efficient car. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) test results must be posted on new vehicle windows, and are the only fuel consumption figures that can be advertised. Similar to other vehicles, Consumer Reports viewed the initial estimate as flawed^[18] and issued their own assessment^[19] giving a real-world fuel consumption of 44 mpg–U.S. (5.35 L/100 km / 52.8 mpg–imp) for the Prius instead of 55 mpg–U.S. (4.28 L/100 km / 66.1 mpg–imp) (51 mpg–U.S. (4.61 L/100 km / 61.3 mpg–imp) highway, 60 mpg–U.S. (3.92 L/100 km / 72.1 mpg–imp) city. EPA testing procedures for all vehicles were revised in 2007.^[20] According to the EPA's revised estimates, the combined fuel consumption for the 2008 Prius is 46 mpg–U.S. (5.11 L/100 km / 55.2 mpg–imp),^[21] making it the most efficient car available in the U.S. in 2008.^[4] EPA redirects here. ...

Models

A notchback full-size luxury sedan. ... Renault Megane hatchback, a proper hatchback which has shown huge success in Europe Peugeot 306 hatchback, with the hatch lifted and the parcel shelf tilted for access Hatchback is a term designating an automobile design, containing a passenger cabin with an integrated cargo space, accessed from behind the vehicle by...

1997-2000 Prius (model NHW10)

The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale in December 1997.^[22] It was sold only in Japan, though they have been imported privately to the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.^[23]

2001-2003 Prius (model NHW11)

The 2001-2003 Prius for the United States market was powered by a 1.5-liter 4 cylinder^[24] gasoline engine, a permanent magnet AC electric motor, and a 274-volt nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery pack. The gasoline engine developed 70 hp (52 kW) and 82 ft·lbf (111 N·m) of torque. The electric motor generated a maximum of 44 hp (33 kW) and 258 ft·lbf (350 N·m) of torque. Japanese versions were less powerful.^[25]

The engine and motor power were increased over the previous model. Air conditioning and a continuously variable transmission were standard equipment.^[26]

In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was marketed between the smaller Echo and the larger Corolla. The published retail price of the car was US$19,995.^[27] The California Air Resources Board (CARB) classified the car as a Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV).^[28] European sales began in September 2000.^[29] The official launch of the Prius in Australia occurred in 2001 after the Sydney Motor Show.^[30] This article is about the Echo/Yaris hatchback, for the Echo/Yaris sedan, see Toyota Belta The Toyota Vitz, Toyota Yaris liftback, and Toyota Echo hatchback are all models of a small subcompact car first launched by Toyota in 1999, designed by Sotiris Kovos. ... The Toyota Corolla is a compact car produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota, which has become very popular throughout the world since the nameplate was first introduced in 1966. ... California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the clean air agency of the state of California in the United States. ... The Aptera hybrid car, an example of a SULEV Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) is a conventionally powered or gas-electric hybrid vehicle designed to produce minimal air pollution at their point of use, typically less than 10% of that of an equivalent ordinary vehicle. ...

2004-2008 Prius (model NHW20)

2006 Prius Cut-away in Toyota Showroom in Paris

The Prius is completely redesigned into a mid-size liftback which is between the Corolla and the Camry in size. The new model is 6 inches (150 mm) longer than the previous version.^[31] Its more aerodynamic body resulted in a drag coefficient of 0.26.^[32] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2032x1524, 452 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Toyota Prius Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2032x1524, 452 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Toyota Prius Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... The Toyota Camry is a mid-size car assembled by Toyota in Tsutsumi, (Japan); Georgetown, Kentucky; Altona, Victoria, Australia and most recently Guangzhou, China. ... The drag coefficient (Cd, Cx or Cw, depending on the country) is a dimensionless quantity that describes a characteristic amount of aerodynamic drag caused by fluid flow, used in the drag equation. ...

The new Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) uses an all-electric compressor for cooling. Combined with a smaller and lighter NiMH battery, the NHW20 is more powerful and more efficient than the NHW11.^[33] Air conditioning is now operated independently of the gasoline/petrol engine, an industry first.^[34] In the U.S., the battery pack of the 2004 Prius is warranted for 160,000 km (100,000 miles) or 8 years, although Toyota has stated that they expect it to last 15 years. The warranty is extended to 240,000 km (150,000 miles) or 10 years^[35] for Prius in California, and in the seven Northeastern states that have adopted the stricter California emission control standards. Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Map of the US northeast. ... California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the clean air agency of the state of California in the United States. ...

Taxi in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Prius Taxis are common in Victoria and Vancouver , British Columbia. BC government has now proposed a regulation that requires all new taxis to be hybrids. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1296x976, 738 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1296x976, 738 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th Total 944... // Many people, places and things are named Victoria: Victoria (name), word origin and list of people Victoria of the United Kingdom, known as Queen Victoria Tomás Luis de Victoria, a Renaissance-era composer Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden Lisa Marie Varon, a professional wrestler going by the ring name... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th Total 944...

It is classified as a SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle and is certified by California Air Resources Board as an Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV).^[36] Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) is a conventionally powered or gas-electric hybrid vehicle designed to produce minimal air pollution, typically less than 10% of that of an equivalent ordinary vehicle. ... California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the clean air agency of the state of California in the United States. ... A Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) is an administrative category within the U.S. state of California for low emission vehicles. ...

NHTSA (United States) crash testing of the 2004 Prius yielded a five star driver and four star passenger rating in the frontal collision test (out of five stars). Side crash results were four out of five stars for both front and rear seats. The car scored four out of five stars in rollover testing. There was a massive 2 month waiting list for this car in the United Kingdom as they were only being produced outside Europe. ^[37]

Traffic Warden car in Örebro, Sweden.

In 2004, EuroNCAP tested the Prius. It earned the following ratings: Adult Occupant Child Occupant Pedestrian .^[38] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2816x2112, 2274 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Toyota Prius Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2816x2112, 2274 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Toyota Prius Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Örebro [œrəbruː] is a city in Närke in central Sweden. ... EuroNCAP, the European New Car Assessment Programme, is a safety assessment programme for automobiles supported by several European governments, many major manufacturers and motoring organisations across the world. ... Image File history File links 5_stars. ... Image File history File links 4_stars. ... Image File history File links Stars420. ...

Among the Prius' options are Toyota's implementation of an Advanced key called Smart Key System or SKS (the feature can be user-deactivated), a backup camera displayed on the Multi-function display (MFD), DVD navigation on the MFD, Vehicle Stability Control and Bluetooth for hands-free calling. Automated parallel and reverse parking is available in Japan and Europe. ^[39] Advanced key is the electronic access and authorization system which is available as an option in Audi A8, A6, and eventually all models which Audi produces. ... Bluetooth logo This article is about the electronic protocol named after Harald Bluetooth Gormson. ... A Bluetooth profile is a wireless interface specification between devices that use Bluetooth-based communication. ...

Production of the Prius for the China market began in December 2005 by Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor, a joint venture with First Automobile Works. The Prius has been used for police duties and in other emergency fleets. Changchun FAW Toyota Motor is an automobile manufacturing company in Changchun City, Jilin Province China. ... A joint venture (often abbreviated JV) is an entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together. ... FAW seen near Peoples Square in Shanghai. ...

The 2006 model introduced some minor cosmetic changes, such as a higher-resolution liquid crystal display, as well as new optional features such as a rear-view camera, advanced airbags and an upgraded audio system with an auxiliary input. The 2007 Prius adds advanced and side-curtain airbags standard on all models. A Touring Edition was introduced that includes an elongated larger rear spoiler as well as larger, sharper-pointed 7-spoke 16" alloy wheels with plastic hub cap cover to protect it from scratches when parking against the curb. The Touring Edition also comes with a firmer European style tuned suspension, standard high-intensity-discharge (HID) headlights and integrated (non-HID) fog lights. LCD redirects here. ...

Future of the Prius

Toyota CEO Katsuaki Watanabe said in a February 16, 2007 interview that Toyota was "aiming at reducing, by half, both size and cost of the third-generation hybrid system."^[40] However, plans to replace NiMH batteries with lithium-ion batteries have since been cancelled or delayed^[41][42]. Lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy capacity-to-weight ratio, but cost more and operate at higher temperatures, raising safety concerns.^[41][43] Katsuaki Watanabe (born 1942) is president of Toyota Motor Corporation. ... is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ... A nickel metal hydride battery, abbreviated NiMH, is a type of rechargeable battery similar to a nickel-cadmium (NiCd) battery but has a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the anode instead of cadmium. ... Lithium ion batteries (sometimes abbreviated Li-Ion) are a type of rechargeable battery commonly used in consumer electronics. ...

Toyota spokesman said that future Prius research "...is broad-reaching and being carried out from various angles."^[44]

Toyota is road testing prototype plug-in hybrid vehicles (called Toyota Plug-in HV)^[45][46]. A driving test is a test designed to test a persons ability to drive a motor vehicle. ... For other uses, see Prototype (disambiguation). ... Hybrids Plus plug-in hybrid Toyota Prius conversion with PHEV-30 (30 mile or 48 km all-electric range) battery packs A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an electric power source. ...

Hydrogen Prius

Hydrogen powered Prius cars have been developed. Ten were delivered in November 2007 to Vistorka, a consortium of companies in Iceland.^[47]

Government and corporate incentives

Government incentives

A number of governments have incentives that are intended to encourage hybrid car sales. In Belgium, the national government offers reductions in the purchase price of up to 15% for buying cars that have lower CO₂ exhaust.^[48]

The federal government in Canada offers to those who buy or lease hybrid cars a rebate.^[49] Some provincial governments also offer incentives such as in British Columbia,^[50] Manitoba,^[51] Quebec,^[52] Ontario,^[53] and Prince Edward Island.^[54]

In the United Kingdom, incentives are mostly parking-related. Parking incentives exists in Richmond upon Thames (south west London)^[55], Westminster (Central London) for resident parking permits^[56], Winchester (now discontinued)^[57][58][59], Manchester, and Brighton has similar plans.^[60] Drivers in London can register for an exemption from the £8 daily congestion charge ^[61][60][62] Some of the incentives in the United Kingdom have been criticized in the press given that non-hybrid cars, some of which have better fuel economy, are not afforded the same incentives.^[63][64] The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames is a London borough in South West London and part of Outer London. ... Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ... Winchester is a historic city in southern England, with a population of around 40,000 within a 3 mile radius of its centre. ... For other places with the same name, see Brighton (disambiguation). ... The white-on-red C marks all entrances to the congestion charge zone. ...

In the United States, the national government offers a tax credit to purchasers until a certain number of cars has been sold by a manufacturer. This has ranged from US$787 to $3,150, which expired in 2007 for hybrids sold by Toyota.^[65] Some state governments, including Colorado^[66], Connecticut^[67], Illinois^[68] offer tax incentives. Hybrid engine automobiles are exempt from high-occupancy vehicle lane restrictions in some U.S. states.^[69]) California (currently until January 1, 2011.^[70][71] Los Angeles and San Jose, California had exempted hybrid cars from paying for street parking.^[72][73] Official language(s) none (de facto English) Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport[2] Largest metro area Hartford Metro Area[3] Area  Ranked 48th in the US  - Total 5,543[4] sq mi (14,356 km²)  - Width 70 miles (113 km)  - Length 110 miles (177 km)  - % water 12. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2011 (MMXI) will be a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the Netherlands, the government has lowered the tax for class A cars (such as the Prius) to 14%. The tax on all other class cars has been raised from 22 to 25%. As a result, in the month January alone, more than 1800 cars have been sold. The importer has already indicated that he can no longer meet the demand for the year 2008.

In Sweden, private purchasers of the Prius (or any other vehicle in the environmentally less destructive class) are awarded SEK 10.000 (roughly USD 1700, €1100) after six months of ownership, in order to stimulate sales and use of such vehicles. The subsidy program has been very successful.

Corporate Incentives

Several U.S. companies offer employees incentives. Bank of America will reimburse $3000 on the purchase of new hybrid vehicles to full- and part-time associates working more than 20 hours per week.^[74] Google,^[75] software company Hyperion Solutions,^[76] and organic food and drink producer Clif Bar & Co^[74] offer employees a $5000 credit toward their purchase of certain hybrid vehicles including the Prius. Integrated Archive Systems, a Palo Alto IT company, offers a $10,000 subsidy toward the purchase of hybrid vehicles to full-time employees employed more than one year.^[74] Clothing companies Timberland and Patagonia, law firm DLA Piper, non-profit American Jewish Committee, software publisher Topics Entertainment, and research firm ABR, Inc. are among companies offering eligible employees significant discounts on certain hybrid vehicles including the Prius.^[74] Bank of America (NYSE: BAC TYO: 8648) is the largest commercial bank in the United States in terms of deposits, and the largest company of its kind in the world. ... This article is about the corporation. ... Hyperion Solutions Corporation is a business performance management software company, located in Santa Clara, California, USA. Many of its products are targeted at the Business Intelligence and Business performance management market. ... Clif Bar (stylized as CLIF) is a brand of energy bar created in 1992 by Gary Erickson. ... Timberland (NYSE: TBL) (or more informally Timbs or Timbos) is a trademark for a number of lines of outdoors wear, primarily boots, manufactured by The Timberland Company. ... Patagonia, Inc. ... DLA Piper (known until 4 September 2006 as DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary) is the third largest law firm in the world by number of attorneys after Clifford Chance and Baker & McKenzie. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Travelers Companies, a large insurance company, offers hybrid owners a 10% discount on auto insurance in most states.^[77] The Farmers Insurance Group offers a similar discount of up to 10% in most states.^[74] The Travelers Companies (NYSE: TRV) is the second largest underwriter of commercial property casualty and personal insurance in the United States. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Controversies

Lifetime energy cost

A 2006 study by CNW Marketing Research, Inc. calculated the overall energy cost of a Prius at US$3.25 per mile and a Chevrolet Tahoe SUV at US$2.94 per mile. It concluded that 2005 hybrids cost "significantly more in overall energy costs than conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles."^[78] David Friedman of the Union of Concerned Scientists commented that the study "has been completely contradicted by studies from MIT, Argonne National Laboratory, and Carnegie Mellon's Lifecycle Assessment Group."^[79] An article on the Better World Club website^[80] investigates the source of the statement "a Hummer is more energy efficient over its lifetime than a Prius", which it characterizes as an urban legend. It suggests that the source may be the CNW "Dust to dust" study,^[78] or follow-up articles by James L. Martin or Chris Demorro, and goes on to challenge some of the assumptions made in the study. A critique of the 2007 version of the CNW report by the Pacific Institute concluded that "closer inspection suggests that the report's conclusions rely on faulty methods of analysis, untenable assumptions, selective use and presentation of data, and a complete lack of peer review. Even the most cursory look reveals serious biases and flaws."^[81] CNW Marketing Research, Inc. ... A life cycle assessment (also known as life cycle analysis, life cycle inventory, ecobalance, cradle-to-grave-analysis, well-to-wheel analysis, and dust-to-dust energy cost) is the assessment of the environmental impact of a given product or service throughout its lifespan. ... USD redirects here. ... The Chevrolet Tahoe (and similar GMC Yukon) is a full-size SUV from General Motors. ... A fourth-generation (2006-) Ford Explorer, the best-selling mid-size SUV in the United States. ... USD redirects here. ... The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is an advocacy organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. ... “MIT” redirects here. ... Aerial photo of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. ... Carnegie Mellon University (also known as CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. ... The Better World Club provides services to motorists in the USA, and supports organizations seeking to reduce the environmental damage done by automobiles. ... An urban legend or urban myth is similar to a modern folklore consisting of stories often thought to be factual by those circulating them. ...

In any case, even CNW Marketing has recognized the market has changed. Their 2007 update^[82] for 2006 model year vehicles (see spreadsheet)^[83] now lists the Prius as 25% less expensive per mile than the GMC Yukon, 28% less expensive than the Hummer H1 and 30% less expensive than the Toyota Sequoia. The update however does not include any of the details present in the 2005 report, so it is not certain if their previous assumptions of 109,000 miles (175,000 km) for a Prius lifetime versus 380,000 miles (610,000 km) or more for the lifetime of a large SUV are still being used, or if came from improved economies of scale. The Chevrolet Tahoe (and similar GMC Yukon) is a full-size SUV from General Motors. ... The Hummer H1 Alpha is a civilian vehicle based on the M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), popularly known as the Humvee, which was created by AM General. ... The Toyota Sequoia is a full-size SUV built by Toyota and based on their Tundra pickup truck. ...

CO₂ claims

In the UK, the Advertising Standards Authority, an independent body charged with policing the rules of the advertising industry, ruled that a television advert for the Toyota Prius should not be broadcast again in the same form, having breached rules concerning misleading advertising. The advert claimed the Prius "emits up to one tonne less CO₂ per year," while on-screen text included: "1 tonne of CO₂ less than an equivalent family vehicle with a diesel engine. Average calculated on 20,000 km a year." Points of contention were the vehicles chosen for comparison, whether "up to one tonne less" adequately communicated that reductions could be lower, and whether the distance used was appropriate: 20,000 km per year is around a U.S. car's average annual driving distance, while a UK car's is 13,440 km.^[84] The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is the independent British self regulatory organisation (SRO) of the advertising industry. ...

An earlier compliant to the New Zealand Advertising Standards Authority, decision 03/360 2003 was also upheld. It was ruled that Toyota were in breach of the New Zealand advertising standards code of ethics, by claiming "up to 89% fewer smog forming emissions”. The figure was based on comparison with Euro 3 standards, which most new cars also meet comfortably at the time.

A similar complaint was made in Australia and the UK in regards to an advertisement in “National Geographic” magazine, November 2002. However this case was dismissed. The adverts appeared only in the Australian edition but the Australian Advertising Standards Bureau does not deal with issues of truthfulness.

Political symbolism

The large number of Prius-owning progressive celebrities in 2002 prompted the Washington Post to dub hybrids "Hollywood's latest politically correct status symbol."^[85] While conservative "Prius Patriots" were also cited in 2005,^[86] the vehicle carries an image as being a car for politically liberal environmentalists. A 2007 San Francisco Chronicle article said "Prius Progressives" were becoming an archetype, quoting conservative U.S. pundit Rush Limbaugh opining that "these liberals think they're ahead of the game on these things, and they're just suckers."^[87] The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the citys oldest papers, having been founded in 1877. ...

Some conservatives promote use of the Toyota Prius. For example, Jim Road from What Would Jesus Drive? encouraged people to drive hybrid cars because of the damage that large SUVs can do to others.

Former CIA chief R. James Woolsey, Jr. drives a Prius because of its low petrol consumption. Woolsey claims that money that pays for imports of petrol help fund terrorism and states hostile to the United States. Ben Oliver writes the following: "By rights, Woolsey ought to drive a big, bad Hummer. Instead, he drives a Prius, and he says that if you live in a country dependent on imported oil, it's your patriotic duty to do the same. His argument is simple: It's a bad thing for transport to depend on oil when the great majority of that oil lies in volatile parts of the world whose governments are hostile to the West. Moreover, he argues that, by making the Middle East so wealthy, we're indirectly subsidizing terror. For Woolsey, the cash register at your local gas station is a collection box for al-Qaeda. 'We're paying for both sides in this war, and that's not a good long-term strategy,' he says. 'I have a bumper sticker on the back of my Prius that reads, "Bin Laden hates this car."'"^[88] Robert James Woolsey Jr. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...

Fashion over function

The Prius's shape gives it a low 0.26 coefficient of drag.^[89] It is a highly functional design, despite the controversy over aesthetics.

In spite of the efficiency of the Prius's shape, in 2004, industry analyst Art Spinella of CNW Marketing Research (CNWMR), whose skepticism towards hybrids is well known (see Lifetime energy cost), said "the Prius was a fashion statement", attributing its success over the Honda Civic Hybrid, which has a nearly identical appearance to its non-hybrid versions, to its distinctive styling, which lets "other people know the driver is driving a hybrid vehicle". However, this does not explain the lack of success for the even more distinctive Honda Insight.^[90]. CNW Marketing Research, Inc. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive The Toyota Prius [ˈpri. ... Main article: Honda Civic The Honda Civic Hybrid is a hybrid version of the Honda Civic sedan. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

In July 2007 the The New York Times^[91] published an article using data from CNW Marketing Research finding that 57% of Prius buyers said their main reason for buying was that "it makes a statement about me.", while just 36% cited fuel economy as a prime motivator,. Shortly afterwards Washington Post columnist Robert Samuelson coined the term "Prius politics" to describe a situation where the driver's desire to "show off" is a stronger motivator than the desire to curb greenhouse gas emissions.^[92] The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... CNW Marketing Research, Inc. ... Top: Increasing atmospheric levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ...

Revised Fuel Consumption Ratings and Comparisons

For 2008 the US EPA has revised all fuel consumption estimates for all vehicles from 1986 to the present (including the Prius) to reflect more realistic fuel consumption results for modern driving.^[93] The following data is taken from these figures: 2007 Prius 48 mpg–U.S. (4.9 L/100 km / 57.7 mpg–imp) for city driving, 45 mpg–U.S. (5.23 L/100 km / 54 mpg–imp) for highway driving; 2001 Prius 42 mpg–U.S. (5.6 L/100 km / 50.4 mpg–imp) city, 41 mpg–U.S. (5.74 L/100 km / 49.2 mpg–imp) highway.

Quietness

The Wall Street Journal reported in February 2007 on concerns that quiet cars like the Prius may pose a safety risk to those who rely on engine noise to sense the presence or location of moving vehicles.^[94] Blind pedestrians are a primary concern, and the National Federation of the Blind advocates audio emitters on hybrid vehicles,^[95] but increased risks may also affect sighted pedestrians or bicyclists who are accustomed to audio cues from vehicles. In July 2007, a spokesperson for Toyota said the company is aware of the issue and is studying options^[96]. The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ... The National Federation of the Bblind (NFB) is an organization representing blind people in the United States It is probably the largest organization for blind people in the United States and is notable for its willingness to take controversial positions on many issues. ...

Traction control failure

Consumer Affairs in the United States issued a warning in January 2008 that; " The Prius traction control system can fail to operate properly on a snowy road", and that the "TRAC system is still inadequate on slippery inclines."^[97] A representative for Toyota named Bill Kwon stated in 2007 that the traction control system in the Prius could impact performance in snow conditions.

Navigation system

The Prius' onboard GPS navigation system (as well as other models, such as the Lexus, which use the same technology) is designed so that destinations cannot be entered while the vehicle is in motion. According to the owner's manual, this is done for the driver's own safety (so that he is not distracted by trying to operate the navigation system while driving the car). However, this feature has caused considerable complaints from many owners who travel with a passenger and who want to have the passenger operate the navigation system while the driver is driving. Some owners claim that this actually increases the danger, as pulling off a highway onto the shoulder to enter a destination and then attempting to merge back into traffic going at highway speeds may be more dangerous than simply having the passenger enter data while the driver concentrates on driving.

On Toyota Prius with model years 2005 and earlier, it is possible to override this functionality by pressing a particular sequence of buttons on the navigation screen ^[98][99]. However, in 2007, the override functionality was removed for liability reasons^[100]. As of March 2008, Coastal Electronic Technologies ^[101] sells a device for $99 which it claims can be plugged in to any 2006-2008 Prius and will override the lockout.

Some consumers ^[102] are attempting to start a petition to have the override functionality restored, many of them claiming that they were falsely informed that the override functionality was still present and that they would not have purchased the vehicle if they knew of this limitation.

Name

Prius is not a verb but a Latin comparative adjective or adverb, the neuter nominative singular form of the adjective whose corresponding masculine and feminine nominative singular forms are prior, ^[103] (see also Latin declension - Irregular adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms) with meanings "ahead, in front, leading; previous, earlier, preceding, prior; former; basic;" ^[104]. Some enthusiasts enjoy using Prii as the plural, which would be correct if prius were a regular second declension Latin noun. The actual Latin plural of the adjective is priora (Reference ^[9] is slightly in error here). All of these forms are nominative case and there are several other forms for the other cases. As for the plural of Prius in English, Toyota has said that it is simply Prius and also that owners are welcome to use whatever they like. ^[105] In grammar the comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another. ... In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjectives subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. ... Adverbs redirects here. ... The word neuter can refer to: the property of being neither biologically male or female: being asexual the sterilization (castration, spaying, etc. ... The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun. ... Latin is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. ... Latin is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. ... The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. ... In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause; such as the role of subject, of direct object, or of possessor. ...

Sales

Toyota announced on June 7, 2007 that it had sold 1 million hybrid vehicles globally, and that of those 757,600 were Prius.^[106] Nearly 345,000 of the first 1 million hybrid cars made by Toyota were sold in Japan.^[107]

U.S. sales of the Prius began in August 2000. By 2001 sales there totaled 15,556, and by 2002 had reached 20,119.^[108] In 2004 sales there were 53,991, and doubled in 2005 to 107,897, about 60% of the world total of 180,000.^[109] By 2006-06-07 266,212 Prius had been sold in the U.S., and accounted for 40% of the hybrid market there in 2006.^[110] As of November 2007 Toyota has sold 510,325 Prius in the US since its initial launch in 2000. Prius gas-electric hybrid mid-size sedan reported sales of 14,212 units for a best-ever December and best-ever year-end sales of 181,221 units, up 68.9 percent over 2006.^[111] Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Aftermarket products

EV mode

When the vehicle is turned-on with the "start" button, it is ready to drive immediately with the electric motor, while electric pumps warm the engine with previously saved hot engine coolant, before the internal combustion engine is started. The delay between starting the car and starting the internal combustion engine is approximately seven seconds. The Asian and European versions of this vehicle provide a button labeled "EV" that maintains Electric Vehicle mode after start up, under most low-load driving conditions. The North American model does not have the "EV" button, although the "EV" mode is still supported internally by the Prius Hybrid Vehicle management computer. The PRIUS+ Project^[112] offers conversion instructions for do-it-yourselfers who wish to enable the button. Toyota has now received government approval to run on public roads for tests. Researchers at the Advanced Power and Energy Program at the University of California, Irvine and the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Berkeley will begin testing two specially made Prius and analyze driver behavior, study air quality and energy use.^[113] However, electric-only driving range remains limited to around seven miles (eleven kilometers) per charge in all-electric mode at up to 100 kilometers per hour (62 miles per hour).^[114] No date has been set for public release of EV mode, and it will not be available to the public until a great deal of additional research has been done. See also: DIY Network, a cable TV network. ... The University of California, Irvine is a public research university primarily situated in suburban Irvine, California, USA. Founded in 1965, it is one of ten University of California campuses and is commonly known as UCI or UC Irvine. ... The Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Berkeley was founded in 1948. ... Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ...

Plug-in

Main article: Plug-in hybrid

Plug-in hybrids use a larger battery pack that is recharged from external sources in order to further reduce gas/petrol consumption. The batteries in a production PHEV will be built to handle deeper discharge cycles without loss of lifespan such as those in the Toyota RAV4 EV. Operation of the vehicle will be very similar to a normal hybrid, except that the electric operation will be more prevalent. In the case of a Prius PHEV, on the highway, the gasoline (petrol) engine will operate as before, leaving the car with the same ability to accelerate and use freeways. Current converted Prius also operate in a high speed blended mode which can reduce but not eliminate gasoline/petrol consumption on the freeway. When driving in slower conditions or with light loads, the batteries will be used first in a charge-depleting mode, allowing moderate commutes at low speeds (particularly under 41 mph/65 km/h) to be driven entirely on electricity. Once the batteries have been sufficiently discharged the car will automatically revert back to the charge-sustaining mode of the current stock Prius. Hybrids Plus plug-in hybrid Toyota Prius conversion with PHEV-30 (30 mile or 48 km all-electric range) battery packs A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an electric power source. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article has been renamed to blended-mode, mixed-mode may more accurately describe a single trip using a combination of pure-ev-mode, blended-mode, and the normal-hybrid-mode of opperation. ... Charge-depleting refers to vehicle operation that is dependent on energy from the Battery pack, Battery electric vehicles operate solely in this mode. ... Charge-sustaining is the mode of operation utilized to manage Battery packs in conventional hybrid vehicles. ...

Evolving from the button project, The California Cars Initiative (CalCars)^[115] converted a Prius in 2004, adding larger batteries and found out how to safely charge the batteries without affecting the hybrid system. Private companies EDrive Systems in the USA and Amberjac Projects in the UK announced plans to sell conversion kits in 2006 (pushed back to 2007).^{[citation needed]} The most recent versions, such as from OEMTek^[116] in California use a new, patented advanced safe-format Lithium Battery from Valence Technology called Saphion. Using the advanced batteries pushes the final price to an estimated $12,000 US. The energy density and far more efficient utilization of these batteries provide around 20x the available power of the standard NiMH battery pack but at only double the weight. Tests show it capable of achieving >30 miles (50 km) in all electric mode at speeds below 34 mph (55 km/h). The internal combustion engine starts only at higher speeds or when extra acceleration is needed. Fuel economy is improved to 100 mpg–U.S. (2.35 L/100 km / 120.1 mpg–imp) - 500 mpg–U.S. (0.47 L/100 km / 600.5 mpg–imp) ^[117] depending on driving conditions. City driving may be possible without using the ICE at all, eliminating the use of almost all liquid fuel in exchange for electrical energy.

PriusPlus^[118] is a similar project evolving from CalCars, using lead-acid batteries and a do-it-yourself kit. This conversion gives a car that has 100 mpg–U.S. (2.35 L/100 km / 120.1 mpg–imp) under normal driving conditions. All-electric mode can be used for 10-12 miles in street driving. In January 2007 issue of IEEE Spectrum, CalCars lead technical engineer, Ron Gremban, notes that drivers installing the CalCars Prius+ kit shouldn’t expect a 'positive financial payback.'^[119] The kit adds 135 kg (300 lb) to the car's weight, and increases efficiency. The lead-acid battery pack performance is reduced in cold weather, has a limited life of about 400 deep discharges, and must be recharged within a day to maintain this lifespan. The hope is, by the time the batteries need replacing, a better option will be on the market at a comparable price. IEEE Spectrum is a magazine edited by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. ...

However, under certain conditions, an Argonne National Lab study^[120] showed that the Prius' blended power drivetrain made an extremely poor base for a plug-in hybrid. Specifically, with the increased use of electric power, and the internal combustion engine activating less frequently, the catalytic converter never warmed up properly. As a result, the test cars' emissions actually increased over the stock version. The same study also tested a simpler series hybrid based on a Renault Kangoo, but not as rigorously. Nonetheless, some argue that a more capable series configuration would be a better base for a PHEV than HSD because the larger electric traction motor could handle the full range of speeds, thus conferring true all-electric capabilities and completely displacing petroleum use even at highway speeds. Also, while under charge-sustaining mode the internal combustion engine would act as a continuously-running auxiliary power unit, and would not suffer the same frequent cold-start problems inherent to the Prius design. Catalytic converter on a Dodge Ram Van. ... The APU exhaust at the tail end of an Airbus A380 An auxiliary power unit (APU) is a device on a vehicle whose purpose is to provide energy for functions other than propulsion. ...

Additionally, a study conducted by the aforementioned CalCars concluded that a plug-in Prius would only make technological sense when paired with a relatively small battery pack. As batteries grow more capacious and petroleum displacement becomes a priority over baseline efficiency, the authors wrote, the more a series design is likely to become the rational choice.^[121]

Awards

• 1997–98 Car of the Year Japan^[122]
• 2003 Scientific American names Toyota Motor Corporation as "Business Leader of the Year" ("Scientific American 50"; December, 2003) for its singular accomplishment in the commercialization of affordable hybrid cars.
• Motor Trend Car of the Year 2004^[123]
• Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 2004.
• North American Car of the Year award for 2004. Nominated in 2001.
• International Engine of the Year for 2004.
• "Best Engineered Vehicle for 2004" by SAE's Automotive Engineering International magazine.^[124]
• 2005 European Car of the Year (406 points, ahead of Citroën C4 with 267 points and Ford Focus II with 228).^[125]
• 2006 EnerGuide Award (Midsize)^[126]
• 2006 Intellichoice Best Overall Value of the Year, Midsize ^[127]
• 2007 Intellichoice Best in Class Winner :Best Retained Value, Lowest Fuel, Lowest Operating Costs, Lowest Ownership Costs^[128]
• Swiss government named Toyota Prius the world's greenest car in a draft study of over 6,000 cars.^[129]

Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Motor Trend is one of the oldest automotive magazines still publishing. ... Motor Trend magazine was the first to give a Car of the Year award, doing so to a Chrysler in 1949. ... Cover of Car and Driver from age of psychedelic lettering Car and Driver is an American automotive enthusiast magazine. ... Main article: Car and Driver Car and Driver magazine annually nominates a list of what it considers the Ten Best cars and Five Best trucks. ... The North American Car of the Year is an automobile award voted annually in January at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. ... The International Engine of the Year is an annual competition judged by a panel of automobile journalists from around the world and organized by the United Kingdoms largest technical motoring publication company. ... SAE International (SAE) is a professional organization for mobility engineering professionals in aerospace, automotive and the commercial vehicle industries. ... The European Car of the Year award was established in 1964 by a collective of automobile magazines from different countries in Europe. ... Rear of a Citroën C4 three-door The Citroën C4 is a small family car produced by French automaker Citroën since autumn 2004. ... The Ford Focus is a small family car made by Ford and sold in most Ford markets worldwide. ...

See also

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of

Toyota Prius FAQ

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of

Toyota Prius driving tricks

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Toyota Prius

• Comparison of Toyota hybrids
• List of hybrid vehicles
• Honda Civic Hybrid
• Hybrid Synergy Drive
• Hypermiler Driving - Drivers who exceed EPA est MPG
• Hybrid electric vehicle
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
• Toyota Camry Hybrid
• Toyota eCom
• ACT Hybrid Vehicle Authority

Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... References (1) http://www. ... This is a list of hybrid vehicles in chronological order of production: // 1899 Dr Ferdinand Porsche, then a young engineer at Jacob Lohner & Co, built the first Hybrid Car. ... Main article: Honda Civic The Honda Civic Hybrid is a hybrid version of the Honda Civic sedan. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive, (HSD) is a set of hybrid car technologies developed by Toyota and used in that companys Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Lexus GS 450h, and Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL automobiles. ... Hypermilers are drivers who exceed EPA estimated mileage on their vehicles by modifying their driving habits. ... The Honda Insight has been the most fuel efficient of the hybrids. ... The number of US survey respondents willing to pay $4,000 more for a plug-in hybrid car increased from 17% in 2005 to 26% in 2006. ... 2007 Toyota Camry Hybrid The Toyota Camry Hybrid is a hybrid version of Toyotas popular Camry sedan, introduced for the 2007 model year in May 2006. ... The Toyota eCom was an electric vehicle (EV) that Toyota produced in 1998. ...

Notes and references

Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Official USA Prius web site
• Hybrid taxi paid for itself in no time, surpasses 400,000 km (248,000 miles).
• Private Modification: Toyota Prius Convertible
• Private-owner Prius has over 336,000 miles. (Same batteries)
• "Understanding the Prius" is an excellent description, mildly technical.