NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Trading with the Enemy Act

I'm sorry, I don't really know how to use Wikipedia. But this section is just plain wrong. I wish I had time to write a memo on IEEPA...but IEEPA and TWEA are actually two entirely different laws. TWEA can be found at 12 USC 95 and IEEPA at 50 USC 1701.

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, commonly known as the Trading with the Enemy Act, is a United States law allowing presidents to prohibit transactions in which a foreign government or national has an interest. The official description of the Act, as part of Public Law, is: "An Act To define, regulate, and punish trading with the enemy, and for other purposes." For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Public law is the area of the law governing the relationship between individuals (citizens, companies) and the state. ...

History

The law was passed by Congress in 1917, in order to prevent American citizens from doing business with the German Empire, a nation with which the U.S. was at war. The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... The term German Empire commonly refers to Germany, from its consolidation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ...

The most significant use of the law was Franklin Roosevelt's 1933 order that closed all banks by prohibiting transactions in gold. At the same time, Congress amended the act to authorize the president to invoke it for any "national emergency" of foreign origin, thereby setting a precedent for increasingly creative exercises of the act's powers. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), often referred to as FDR, was the 32nd (1933–1945) President of the United States. ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ...

Roosevelt used the act later in his presidency to freeze Axis interests in World War II. These included the Union Banking Corporation, directed by Prescott Bush. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that engulfed much of the globe... The Union Banking Corporation (UBC) was a banking corporation in the US which was seized, under the Trading with the Enemy Act, during World War II in October 1942. ... Prescott Sheldon Bush (May 15, 1895, Columbus, Ohio â€“ October 8, 1972, New York City) was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut and a Wall Street executive banker with Brown Brothers Harriman. ...

The act had no sunset provision for automatically terminating emergencies, so Roosevelt's orders remained in force for decades. President Harry Truman declared another emergency to deal with the Korean War. In the 1970s Congress became concerned about the shift of power to the executive branch. The National Emergencies Act of 1976 established a sunset period of one year, terminated all standing emergencies, and restored congressional oversight. In public policy, a sunset provision or sunset clause is a provision in a statute or regulation that terminates or repeals all or portions of the law after a specific date, unless further legislative action is taken to extend it. ... For the victim of Mt. ... The Korean War (Korean: í•œêµì „ìŸ/éŸ“åœ‹æˆ°çˆ), from June 25, 1950 to cease-fire on July 27, 1953 (technically speaking, the war has not yet ended), was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ... The 1970s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1970 and 1979. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In the later years of the Cold War, the act became a convenient means for presidents to order embargos of specific countries. More recently presidents have used the act to shut down organizations and cut off support to individuals. For the generic term for a high-tension struggle between countries, see cold war (war). ... This article is about the economic term. ...

Urban legend

Right wing groups, particularly tax protesters, sometimes claim that the 1933 emergency remains in force and places the United States under a state of emergency that suspends the Constitution. However, the act merely grants the President of the United States the authority to act pursuant to the statute. Although there has been some controversy about presidential interpretations of the phrase "national emergency," no president claimed to suspend constitutional provisions. The Supreme Court made several rulings during the emergency that limited executive authority on constitutional grounds (e.g. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, United States v. Nixon) indicating that the court did not believe such a suspension had occurred. Furthermore, Congress terminated all existing national emergencies effective September 14, 1978. Some versions of the legend go on to say that U.S. citizens have been declared foreign enemies of the government, but engaging in a prohibited transaction does not make a US citizen a "foreign enemy," just as buying produce does not make someone a farmer. In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... In United States tax law enforcement, a tax protester (or tax protestor) is a person who resists or refuses payment of a tax for which he or she is liable based on a belief that the tax laws are inapplicable or unconstitutional. ... A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ... Seal of the Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. ... Holding The President did not have the inherent authority to seize private property in the absence of either specifically enumerated authority under Article Two of the Constitution or statutory authority conferred on him by Congress. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ...

Alleged and actual violations

In 1983, financier Marc Rich was convicted of violating the act by trading in oil with Iran during the Iran hostage crisis. He was one of many people pardoned by President Bill Clinton in his last days in office. 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Marc Rich (born Marc David Reich on December 18, 1934) is a billionaire international commodities trader who fled the United States in 1983 to live in Switzerland in order to avoid prosecution on charges of tax evasion and illegally making oil deals with Iran during the hostage crisis. ... The Iran hostage crisis was a 444-day period during which the new government of Iran after the Iranian Revolution held hostage 66 diplomats and citizens of the United States. ... Clinton Pardons List On January 20, 2001, President Bill Clinton pardoned and commuted 140 people. ... A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. ...

There have been accusations that Dick Cheney violated the Trading with the Enemy Act when a subsidiary of Halliburton Corporation opened an office in Tehran, Iran, while Cheney was CEO of that company. Richard Bruce Cheney (born January 30, 1941), widely known as Dick Cheney, is an American politician and businessman affiliated with the U.S. Republican Party. ... In business, a subsidiary is a company controlled by another, usually largeâ€”and often multinationalâ€”company or corporation. ... Halliburton Energy Services NYSE: HAL is a multinational corporation based in Houston, Texas. ... Tehran is a metropolis of 14 million situated at the foot of the towering Alborz range. ...

More recently, United States Department of Justice has used the act to prosecute "Human shields" who travelled to Iraq in advance of the 2003 invasion, on the basis that they spent money while in Iraq to act as human shields. Justice Department redirects here. ... Human shield is a military term describing the use of civilians to deter an enemy from attacking certain targetsâ€”in particular military targets. ... This article covers invasion specifics. ...

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act is Public Law 65-91, 65th Congress, Session I, Chapters 105, 106, October 6, 1917. In the United States Code it is 50 USC 1701-1706. Public law is the area of the law governing the relationship between individuals (citizens, companies) and the state. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... The United States Code (U.S.C.) is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal Law of the United States. ...

Current subjects of IEEPA emergencies

States

The Iran hostage crisis was a 444-day period during which the new government of Iran after the Iranian Revolution held hostage 66 diplomats and citizens of the United States. ...

Designated terror organizations

The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), or simply Abu Sayyaf, also known as Al Harakat Al Islamiyya, is a separatist group of islamist terrorists based in and around the southern islands of the Philippines, primarily Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao. ... The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), also called the Islamic Jihad and the Jihad Group, is an Egyptian Islamic group active since the late 1970s with origins in the Lebanon and Yemen. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique ArmÃ©; Arabic al-Jamaah al-Islamiyah al-Musallah) is a militant Islamist group with the declared aim of overthrowing the Algerian government and replacing it with an Islamic state. ... The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) is a movement to overthrow the government of Uzbekistan and replace it with a theocracy. ... The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) is the most powerful radical faction waging holy war against Colonel Moammar al-Qadhafi. ... The Maktab al-KhadamÄt, also Maktab KhadamÄt al-MujÄhidÄ«n al-Arab (Arabic: Ù…ÙƒØªØ¨ Ø§Ù„Ø®Ø¯Ù…Ø§Øª or Ù…ÙƒØªØ¨ Ø®Ø¯Ù…Ø§Øª Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¬Ø§Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠÙ† Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨, MAK), also known as the Afghan Services Bureau, is reliably believed to have been founded in 1984 by Dr. Abdullah Azzam and Osama bin Laden to raise funds and recruit foreign mujahidin for... The Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (French Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat) is an Algerian Islamist guerilla group which aims to overthrow the Algerian state and institute some sort of Islamic republic. ... Flag flown by the Taliban. ...

Designated terrorists

Mohammed Atef (also transliterated as Muhammad Atef, Muhammed Atef, and several other ways) was the alleged military chief of the international terrorist organization al-Qaida. ... Abu Zubaydah is the highest_ranking al-Qaida leader in U.S. custody Abu Zubaydah (1973 - present) (Arabic: ابو زبيدة) was a high_ranking member of al-Qaida and close associate of Osama bin Laden. ... Ayman al-Zawahiri Ayman al-Zawahiri (Arabic: ) (born June 19, 1951) is a prominent member of the al-Qaeda group and formerly the head of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad paramilitary organization. ... Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM) (previously Harakat al-Ansar), the HUM is an Islamic militant group based in Pakistan that operates primarily in Kashmir. ... Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi is a Libyan paramilitary trainer for Al Qaeda. ... Mohammed Atef (also transliterated as Muhammad Atef, Muhammed Atef, and several other ways) was the alleged military chief of the international terrorist organization al-Qaida. ... Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad, is the presumed alias of a terrorist operative who is believed to have provided funds to Mohammed Atta, the suspected hijack ringleader in the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... One of the only known photographs of Omar (date unknown) Mullah Mohammed Omar (ملا محمد عمر; born 1959) is the reclusive leader of the Taliban of Afghanistan and Afghanistans former de facto Head of State who has been in hiding since the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2002. ... Osama bin Laden in a photo from the 1990s UsÄmah bin Muhammad bin `Awad bin LÄdin (born March 10, 1957) (Arabic: ), commonly known as Osama bin Laden, or Usama bin Laden, (Arabic: ), is a controversial Saudi religious leader and the founder of al-Qaeda, a Sunni Islamist network...

Classes

Official languages MacedonianÂ¤,2 Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado BuÄkovski Area â€“ Total â€“ % water Ranked 145th 25,713 kmÂ² 1. ... The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The peace process describes efforts by interested parties to effect a lasting solution to long-running conflicts, such as in Northern Ireland (see Belfast Agreement) or the Arab-Israeli conflict. ... The term terrorism is largely synonymous with political violence, and refers to a strategy of using coordinated attacks that typically fall outside the time, manner of conduct, and place commonly understood as representing the bounds of conventional warfare. ... Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) generally include nuclear, biological, chemical and, increasingly, radiological weapons. ... The term narcotic, derived from the Greek word for stupor, originally referred to a variety of substances that induced sleep (such state is narcosis). ... Baath Party flag The Ba‘ath Parties (also spelled Baath or Ba‘th; Arabic: اﻟﺒﻌﺚ) comprise political parties representing the political face of the Ba‘ath movement. ...

Past subjects of IEEPA emergencies

Categories: United States trade law | 1917 in law The Great Depression was a massive global economic recession (or depression) that ran from 1929 to approximately 1941. ... The Korean War (Korean: í•œêµì „ìŸ/éŸ“åœ‹æˆ°çˆ), from June 25, 1950 to cease-fire on July 27, 1953 (technically speaking, the war has not yet ended), was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ... For the Mexican stage and film actor, see Manuel Manolo Noriega General Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (born February 11, 1938) was a Panamanian general and the de facto military leader of Panama from 1983 to 1989. ... UNITA sticker The União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA) is an Angolan political faction. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that engulfed much of the globe...

Contents

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