Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear) refers to a branch of American conservative thought that is often called Old Right. Paleoconservatives in the 21st century often focus on their points of disagreement with neoconservatives. The term was coined in the late 20th century and derives from the Greek root palaeo- meaning "ancient" or "old". Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... In the United States, the Old Right, also called the Old Guard, was a group of libertarian, free-market anti-interventionists, originally associated with the Republicans of the interwar years led by Robert Taft. ... Neoconservatism is a somewhat controversial term referring to the political goals and ideology of the new conservatives (ultraconservative) in the United States. ... For the span of recorded history starting roughly 5,000-5,500 years ago, see Ancient history. ... Old age consists of ages nearing the average lifespan of human beings, and thus the end of the human life cycle. ...

Core beliefs

Many paleoconservatives also identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the Old Right Republicans of the interwar period who successfully kept America out of the League of Nations, reduced immigration in 1924 and opposed Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and the Immigration and Civil Rights laws of the 1960's. The Old Right refers to separate political groups in the United Kingdom and the United States. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: New Deal The New Deal is the name given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression. ... Several United States laws have been called the Civil Rights Act: Civil Rights Act of 1866 aimed to buttress Civil Rights Laws to protect freedmen and to grant full citizenship to those born on U.S. soil except Indians. ...

Paleoconservatives are most easily distinguishable from other conservatives in their emphatic opposition to open immigration, their strong opposition to affirmative action, and their general disapproval of U.S. intervention overseas. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Most paleos are concerned with the culture-eroding effects of popular culture. Economic issues are not high on their agenda, and they are divided. Many reject the ideology of free trade and laissez-faire economics, arguing that it leads to the deterioration of America's industrial base. Other paleos, however, support laissez-faire economic policies articulated by classical liberals such as Frédéric Bastiat in the nineteenth century. Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... Classical liberalism is a political and economic philosophy, originally founded on the Enlightenment tradition - established by thinkers such as Adam Smith -, as well as on the tradition of a Nordic school of liberalism even slightly before that, set in motion by a Finnish parlamentarian Anders Chydenius. ... Frédéric Bastiat Claude Frédéric Bastiat (June 30, 1801–December 24, 1850) was a French classical liberal author and political economist. ... Events and Trends Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815). ...

Intellectual precursors and modern expositors

In America, the Southern Agrarians, Charles Lindbergh, Albert Jay Nock, Garet Garrett, Robert R. McCormick, Felix Morley, and Russell Kirk, among others, articulated positions that have proved influential among contemporary paleoconservatives. Some paleos enthusiastically embrace the extreme decentralizing tenets of the Anti-Federalists, such as John Dickinson and George Mason. The southern conservative thread of paleoconservatism embodying the statesmanship of nineteenth-century figures such as John Randolph of Roanoke, John Taylor of Caroline and John C. Calhoun has proven influential as well, and has found a modern expositor in the late Mel Bradford. These Ameircan conservatives often embraced the Irish-born Edmund Burke. Also, the German-born Johannes Althusius and his tract Politica with its core emphasis on the principle of subsidiarity has proven influential as well. The Southern Agrarians or Vanderbilt Agrarians were a group of 12 American Traditionalist writers and poets from the Southern United States who joined together to publish the Agrarian manifesto, a collection of essays entitled Ill Take My Stand in 1930. ... Charles Lindbergh Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr. ... Albert Jay Nock (October 13, 1870 or 1872 - August 19, 1945) was an influential American libertarian author, educational theorist, and social critic of the early and middle 20th century. ... Garet Garrett (1878-1954) was an American journalist and author who was noted for his critiques of the New Deal and U.S. involvement in the Second World War. ... Robert R. McCormick (July 30, 1880 - April 1, 1955) was a Chicago newspaper baron and owner of the Chicago Tribune. ... Russell Kirk (1918, Plymouth, Michigan – 29 April 1994, Mecosta, Michigan), was an American political theorist, historian, moralist, social critic, and man of letters, best known as the father of modern conservatism. ... The Anti-Federalist Party, though not a true political party, but a faction, left a major legacy on the country by initiating the Bill of Rights. ... The list of John Dickinsons: John Dickinson (lawyer), (1732 – 1808) , was a conservative Philadelphia lawyer, known for urging reconciliation instead of revolution, for which he was later vilified. ... George Mason For other uses, see George Mason (disambiguation). ... Autographed portrait of John Randolph John Randolph (June 2, 1773 - May 24, 1833) was a Representative and a Senator from Virginia, USA. He was born in Cawsons, Virginia, and was known as John Randolph of Roanoke to distinguish him from relatives. ... John Taylor (December 19, 1753-August 21, 1824) of Caroline County, Virginia was a politician and writer. ... John C. Calhoun John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was a prominent United States politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. ... Melvin E. Mel Bradford was a conservative political commentator and professor of literature at the University of Dallas. ... Edmund Burke The Right Honourable Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729 – July 9, 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator and political philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. ... Johannes Althusius was born in the little town of Diedenshausen in Wittgenstein, in Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine Westphalia) in 1557. ... Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent authority. ...

Historians such as Paul V. Murphy and Isaiah Berlin have traced the paleoconservatives' intellectual ancestry to anti-modern writers who defended the hierarchy, localism, ultramontanism, monarchy and aristocracy. European precursors to paleoconservatives include Joseph de Maistre, Donoso Cortes, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and Pope Pius IX, though they tend to carry influence limited to the Roman Catholic traditionalist subsect of paleoconservatism. Sir Isaiah Berlin, OM, (June 6, 1909 – November 5, 1997) was a political philosopher and historian of ideas, regarded as one of the leading liberal thinkers of the 20th century. ... Since the beginnings of mechanization and even industrialization, there has been a strand of opinion which rejects, objects to, or has been highly critical of the costs of the changes that these trends brought about. ... For the various types of hierarchy, see hierarchy (disambiguation) A hierarchy (in Greek: Ιεραρχία, it is derived from ιερός-hieros, sacred, and άρχω-arkho, rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things or people, where each element of the system (except for the top element) is subordinate to a single other element. ... Localism usually describes social measures or trends which emphasise or value local and small-scale phenomena. ... Ultramontanism literally alludes to a policy supporting those dwelling beyond the mountains (ultra montes), that is, beyond the Alps—generally referring to the Pope in Rome. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... -1... Joseph de Maistre (portrait by Karl Vogel von Vogelstein, 1810) Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre (April 1, 1753- February 26, 1821) was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer, diplomat, writer, and philosopher. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it easier to understand, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), was Pope for a record pontificate (not counting the Apostle St. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Some modern European continental conservatives, such as Frenchmen Jacques Barzun and René Girard, have a mode of thought and cultural criticism esteemed by many paleoconservatives. Jacques Martin Barzun (born November 30, 1907 - 2005) continues to be a leading voice in the fields of literature, education, and cultural history. ... René Girard is a French philosopher, historian and philologist. ...

Paleoconservatives in modern America

Paleoconservatives consist of a disparate pool from all walks of life, including Evangelical Christians and Roman Catholic traditionalists, libertarian individualists, Midwestern agrarians, Reagan Democrats, and southern conservatives. Probably the most prominent paleo is Pat Buchanan, with the two leading publications being Chronicles, and The American Conservative, the latter which he helped found. Other contemporary luminaries include Donald Livingston, a Professor of Philosophy at Emory; Paul Craig Roberts, an attorney and former Reagan administration Treasury official; commentator Joseph Sobran; journalist Chilton Williamson; and historian Clyde N. Wilson. There are many followers of the late Murray Rothbard and Lew Rockwell who embrace paleolibertarianism, and being culturally conservative, espouse many of the same themes of paleoconservatives, but they are wholly committed to economic laissez-faire. While Congressmen Rep. Ron Paul (R -TX) and Rep. Tom Tancredo (R -CO) are not avowed paleoconservatives, their statesmanship is readily embraced by a great number of paleos. The term Reagan Democrat is used (with caution) by psephologists and (more freely) by political commentators to describe traditionally Democratic voters, especially white working-class ones, who defected their party to support Ronald Reagan, either in the 1980 election, or, more commonly, the 1984 one. ... Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938) is an American author, syndicated columnist, and television commentator. ... Chronicles is a US monthly magazine published by the paleoconservative Rockford Institute. ... The American Conservative (TAC) is a biweekly magazine founded by Scott McConnell, Pat Buchanan, and Taki Theodoracopulos, and edited by McConnell. ... Donald Livingston is an American philosophy professor based at Emory University with an expertise in the writings of David Hume. ... Paul Craig Roberts is a former Senior Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, a former assistant secretary of the treasury in the Reagan Administration and a prolific and popular journalist. ... Joseph Sobran Joseph Sobran (born February 23, 1946, Michigan) is an American writer, columnist and former magazine editor. ... Clyde N. Wilson Clyde N. Wilson is a professor of history at the University of South Carolina, a paleoconservative political commentator, and an occasional contributor to the National Review. ... Murray Newton Rothbard Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 - January 7, 1995) was an American economist and political theorist belonging to the Austrian School of Economics who helped define modern libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. ... Lew Rockwell Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr. ... Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within American libertarianism founded by Murray Rothbard and Lew Rockwell, and closely associated with the Ludwig von Mises Institute. ...

Many American paleoconservatives see themselves as iconoclasts, breaking what they regard as liberal taboos. Particular targets of their ire include "Political correctness", Martin Luther King, the Civil Rights Movement, the Frankfurt School, and Franklin Roosevelt. Some paleo figures, especially the late Samuel Francis, have had close ties to allegedly racist groups such as the Council of Conservative Citizens, American Renaissance and the journal The Occidental Quarterly. Political correctness is the alteration of language to redress real or alleged injustices and discrimination or to avoid offense. ... The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, Ph. ... Historically, the Civil Rights Movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately one generation (1960-1980) wherein there was much worldwide civil unrest and popular rebellion. ... Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist social theory (which is more akin to anarchism than communism), social research, and philosophy. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Samuel Todd Francis (April 29, 1947–February 15, 2005) was a nationally syndicated paleoconservative columnist known for his opposition to immigration, multiculturalism, and his involvement in debates concerning other controversial issues of the day. ... Council of Conservative Citizens logo. ... American Renaissance (AR) is a monthly magazine published by the New Century Foundation. ... The Occidental Quarterly is a white nationalist journal that seeks to direct American conservatism in the direction of an Anglo-Saxon cultural and racialist ideology. ...

Paleoconservatism has recently become the principal operating philosophy of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI). In its publications and conferences it often champions pre-WWII Old Right ideas, such as isolationism, limited government and cultural regionalism. While they favor free-market solutions they tend to recognize the limitations of the market, or as economist Wilhelm Roepke says, "...the market is not everything." ISI promotes various agrarian and distributist works, and the idea of a humane economy. The Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Inc. ... Isolationism is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military and political policy with a policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). ... Wilhelm Röpke (October 10, 1899, Schwarmstedt, a village near Hannover - February 12, 1966, Geneva) was one of the most important spiritual fathers of the German social market economy. ... Agrarian has two meanings: It can mean pertaining to Agriculture It can also refer to the ideology of Agrarianism and Agrarian parties. ... Distributism, also known as distributionism and distributivism, is an economic philosophy held by such Catholic thinkers as G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc. ...

The deaths in 1951 of publisher William Randolph Hearst and in 1955 of Chicago Tribune publisher Robert R. McCormick cost the movement its most important newspapers. William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper magnate, born in San Francisco, California. ... The Chicago Tribune, formerly self-styled as the Worlds Greatest Newspaper, remains one of the principal daily newspapers of the midwestern United States. ... Robert R. McCormick (July 30, 1880 - April 1, 1955) was a Chicago newspaper baron and owner of the Chicago Tribune. ...

Since the end of the Cold War, the rift within the conservative movement has deepened with the ascent of the neoconservatives and the fading from power of the paleos. There are no prominent paleos in the Bush administration. Harsh words have of late been exchanged between David Frum of National Review and Patrick Buchanan of The American Conservative. Frum charged that paleocons, in their sometimes harsh criticism of President George W. Bush and the war on terror, have become unpatriotic supporters of America's enemies and, at times, anti-Semitic. Buchanan and others have retorted that neocons influence the U.S. government towards pursuit of global empire and for the benefit of Israel and multi-national corporations with whom they have close ties. The Cold War was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... David Frum (born 1960) is a Canadian-American poltical advisor. ... National Review (NR) is a conservative political magazine founded by author William F. Buckley Jr. ... The American Conservative (TAC) is a biweekly magazine founded by Scott McConnell, Pat Buchanan, and Taki Theodoracopulos, and edited by McConnell. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States and former governor of Texas. ... The war on terrorism or war on terror (abbreviated in U.S. policy circles as GWOT for Global War on Terror) is an effort by the governments of the United States and its principal allies to destroy groups deemed to be terrorist (primarily radical Islamist organizations such as al-Qaeda... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Paleoconservatives vis-à-vis neoconservatives

Historian Thomas Woods elaborates on the divergence in the conservative movement, and the ascent of the neoconservatives, and their distinguishing features from more traditional conservatives: Thomas Woods Thomas E. Woods, Jr. ...

The conservative’s traditional sympathy for the American South and its people and heritage, evident in the works of such great American conservatives as Richard M. Weaver and Russell Kirk, began to disappear... [T]he neocons are heavily influenced by Woodrow Wilson, with perhaps a hint of Theodore Roosevelt...They believe in an aggressive U.S. presence practically everywhere, and in the spread of democracy around the world, by force if necessary....Neoconservatives tend to want more efficient government agencies; paleoconservatives want fewer government agencies. [Neoconservatives] generally admire President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his heavily interventionist New Deal policies. Neoconservatives have not exactly been known for their budget consciousness, and you won’t hear them talking about making any serious inroads into the federal apparatus.[1] Richard M. Weaver (1910 - 1963), a conservative U.S. scholar, wrote on rhetoric, the teaching of composition, the culture of Americas south, and the problem of universals. ... Russell Kirk (1918, Plymouth, Michigan – 29 April 1994, Mecosta, Michigan), was an American political theorist, historian, moralist, social critic, and man of letters, best known as the father of modern conservatism. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States (1913–1921). ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: New Deal The New Deal is the name given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression. ...

The phraseology "paleoconservative" ("old conservative") was a rejoinder issued in the 1980s to differentiate traditional conservatives from "neoconservatism". The rift is often traced back to a dispute over the director of the National Endowment for the Humanities by the incoming Reagan Administration. Reagan nominated paleo leader Mel Bradford. He was dropped after neocons argued that his hatred of Abraham Lincoln ill suited a Republican nominee. The origins of the schism between paleo and neocon can be traced back decades. In the 1960s the new neoconservative movement articulated a vision much different from the Old Right. Neoconservatives were not opposed to the New Deal, but they thought LBJ's Great Society went too far. Neoconservatives embrace an interventionist foreign policy, particularly in the Middle East. They espoused especially strong support for Israel and believe the United States should ensure the security of the Jewish state. What made this movement so potent was the number of influential neoconservative intellectuals who attained positions of power in the federal government and in the mass-media, in sharp contrast to the marginal status of the paleos. The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency created in 1965. ... Melvin E. Mel Bradford was a conservative political commentator and professor of literature at the University of Dallas. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... Neoconservatism describes several distinct political ideologies which are considered new forms of conservatism. ... The Old Right refers to separate political groups in the United Kingdom and the United States. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: New Deal The New Deal is the name given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression. ... The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969). ...

The paleoconservatives argued that neoconservatives were illegitimate interlopers in the conservative movement. The paleos feel they are purists who have been crowded into a corner by a corrupt element tied to special interest groups and to globalization.

Paleoconservatism and civil society

Paleoconservatives esteem the principles of subsidiarity and localism in recognizing that one must surely be an Ohioan, Texan or Virginian as they are an American. Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent authority. ... Localism usually describes social measures or trends which emphasise or value local and small-scale phenomena. ...

They usually embrace federalism within a broader framework of nationalism and are typically staunch supporters of states' rights. They tend to be critical of overreaching federal power usurping state and local authority. For example, they did not support the Religious Right's efforts to federalize the Terri Schiavo case in 2005. On the other hand, they joined with other conservatives in denouncing Kelo v. City of New London, even though the Supreme Court came down on the side of local decision-making. Federalism is the idea of a group or body of members that are bound together (latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. ... Nationalism is an ideology that holds that (ethnically or culturally defined) nations are the fundamental units for human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate basis for the state, and that each nation... In American politics and constitutional law, states rights are guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (i. ... Terri Schiavo before her 1990 collapse. ... Holding The governmental taking of property from one private owner to give to another in furtherance of economic development constitutes a permissible public use under the Fifth Amendment. ...

Many paleoconservatives are sympathetic to the critiques of economist Wilhelm Roepke and sociologist Robert Nisbet. Roepke was critical of political and economic centralisation, and "the cult of the colossal." Roepke recognized the interplay between the political and economic order, and held that a decentralized political federal polity was conducive to the ideal economic order most compatible with the human condition. Nisbet posited that the preoccupation with community was a result of the displacement of the intermediary institutions between the individual and the state whether the family, neighborhood, guild, church, or voluntary and civic associations. The corps intermédiaries—that is the intermediary institutions between the individual and the state—served as the only effective restraint against the centripetal forces of centralized political and economic power. The displacement of these institutions so vital to civil society and the accompanying obsession with community was precipitated by the activities and structure of the modern state. Nisbet held that the centralised state has dissolved the natural bonds and allegiances of civil society. And with totalitarian movements in Europe, there was actually a conscious effort by the state to dissolve those allegiances. Much of the later twentieth century social pathologies, dependency, poverty, and rampant crime perhaps owe to authentic community being grinded in the millstone of central state authority. As a result, paleoconservatives hope to restore authentic community by devolving power and authority back to the corp intermediaries while curtailing state power. Wilhelm Röpke (October 10, 1899, Schwarmstedt, a village near Hannover - February 12, 1966, Geneva) was one of the most important spiritual fathers of the German social market economy. ...

Paleoconservatism's economic concerns

No issue divides paleos more than trade policy. Many paleoconservatives hold protectionist conceptions of trade policy. Pat Buchanan author of The Great Betrayal: How American Sovereignty and Social Justice Are Being Sacrificed to the Gods of the Global Economy and William R. Hawkins of U.S. Business and Industry Council Education Foundation are the chief expositors of economic nationalism in our time. They warn of the peril posed by free trade and globalization. They see an erosion of America's industrial base unfolding and they lament the exorbitant trade deficits between the United States and its trading partners, particularly China. Protectionism is the economic policy of promoting favored domestic industries through the use of high tariffs and other regulations to discourage imports. ... Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938) is an American author, syndicated columnist, and television commentator. ... Balance of trade figures are the sum of the money gained by a given economy by selling exports, minus the cost of buying imports. ...

However, the southern conservatives and paleolibertarians are generally in favor of economic laissez-faire and free trade. They may even concede America has some economic ills, but they do not scapegoat foreign competition, as they recognize the value of free trade, economies of scale, comparative advantage, and specialization of labor. Many among them place culpability for America's economic ills on bad fiscal, tax and monetary policy, as well as over-regulation by the government, and accept the Austrian Theory of Trade Cycle. Nonetheless, its adherents concurrently reject the edifices of globalization such as the WTO, GATT, NAFTA, CAFTA, and FTAA. Lew Rockwell summarizes this position: Globalization (or globalisation) refers to the worldwide phenomenon of technological, economic, political and cultural exchanges, brought about by modern communication, transportation and legal infrastructure as well as the political choice to consciously open cross-border links in international trade and finance. ...

NAFTA is imperialist. It preaches to other countries about what kinds of laws and regulations they should have-the social democratic mixed economy that is impoverishing us. NAFTA is, of course, not the free trade of Jefferson, Randolph, Taylor and Calhoun. It is trade for the few and not the many, for the particular interests and not the general interests.

Thus, both paleo free traders and protectionists tend to recognize the sovereignty-eroding effects of globalization, and they are generally opposed to so called free trade treaties, and the machinery of international finance. Globalization (or globalisation) refers to the worldwide phenomenon of technological, economic, political and cultural exchanges, brought about by modern communication, transportation and legal infrastructure as well as the political choice to consciously open cross-border links in international trade and finance. ...

Paleoconservatism's foreign policy concerns

In relations with other nations, paleoconservatives are more willing to question the logic of globalization, they are more critical of immigration policy and the lack of enforcement against illegals and they characteristically embrace an isolationist foreign policy. Globalization (or globalisation) refers to the worldwide phenomenon of technological, economic, political and cultural exchanges, brought about by modern communication, transportation and legal infrastructure as well as the political choice to consciously open cross-border links in international trade and finance. ... Isolationism is a diplomatic policy whereby a nation seeks to avoid alliances with other nations. ...

A central pillar of paleoconservatism is a foreign policy based upon non-interventionism or isolationism. American isolationists have opposed political and military commitments, or alliances with, foreign powers (or for that matter international bodies,) particularly those in Europe. They find support in the wisdom of the founding fathers and a subsequent generation of antebellum statesmen. George Washington had declared, "It is our true policy to steer clear of entangling alliances with any portion of the foreign world." John Quincy Adams avowed, "America does not go abroad, in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own." Non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense. ... Isolationism is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military and political policy with a policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). ... George Washington (February 22, 1732–December 14, 1799) was the successful Commander in Chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783, and later became the first President of the United States, an office to which he was twice elected unanimously (unanimous among the Electoral... John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American lawyer, diplomat, politician, and President of the United States (March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1829). ...

In the 1930s, paleo predecessors joined with the isolationist left, including Charles Beard, to oppose American entry into any European war. Similarly, they saw no interest worth protecting in Asia. In the eyes of isolationists of the 1930s, for the United States to commit itself to the Dutch East Indies and Singapore, it served as a back door to war, and it antagonized the Japanese. Paleoconservatives often esteem the America First principles of 1940 as being commensurate with those of the founding fathers as embodied in the Neutrality Act of 1794. During the Cold War a few paleoconservatives supported overseas commitments as necessary to the defense of the United States against communist aggression. Though Senator Taft and most paleos opposed NATO almost from the impetus, and this was a central issue in the contest between Robert Taft and Dwight Eisenhower for the 1952 Republican nomination. But Taft lost; his death early in 1953 deprived the Old Right of its most articulate leader. Charles Austin Beard (November 27, 1874 _ September 1, 1948) was an American historian, author with James Harvey Robinson of The Development of Modern Europe (1907). ... America First was a series of 20th Century isolation movements that opposed United States involvement in international affairs. ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... For the current Governor of Ohio, see Bob Taft. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ...

In his 1995 book Isolationism Reconfigured, Eric Nordlinger, a Brown University scholar, observed, "[t]here is virtually no disagreement about isolationism having served the country exceptionally well throughout the nineteenth century" and he further surmises "the strategic vision of historical and contemporary isolationism is one of quiet strength and national autonomy." In the eyes of paleos, foreign interventionism is demonstrably counter-productive, and "[t]he United States is strategically immune in being insulated, invulnerable, impermeable, and impervious and thus has few security reasons to become engaged politically and militarily." Thus, while many paleos may echo old republican concerns about large standing armies, most conceptualize a foreign policy based on strategic independence, armed neutrality, and non-interventionism.

Paleoconservatism's immigration policy concerns

Where immigration allows foreigners into a nation, it then becomes a domestic policy concern. Cultural cohesiveness and some degree of cultural homogeneity are considered indispensable to paleos. Granted, many paleos are apt to celebrate differences and vibrant regional cultures in America, but many are opposed to multiculturalism and runaway Third World immigration. They see our border problem averse to our interests as it threatens to displace the historic European cultural homogenity of the United States in the next half-century. Thus, many paleos tend to reject the aphorism E Pluribus Unum since it has been co-opted into a mantra for diversity and multiculturalism. These paleos look back to a different tradition, such as the one suggested by John Jay in Federalist #2, that emphasizes cultural homogeneity: E pluribus unum is included in the Great Seal of the United States E pluribus unum was the national motto of the United States of America. ... Multiculturalism is a public policy approach for managing cultural diversity in a multiethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a countrys borders. ...

Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people — a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs... This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties.

Likewise, in modern times, the prophetic 1949 warning of British observer T.S. Eliot has elicited the attention of paleos:

The real revolution in that country was not what is called the Revolution, but is a consequence of the Civil War; after which arose a plutocratic elite; after which the expansion and material development of the country was accelerated; after which was swollen that stream of mixed immigration, bringing (or rather multiplying) the danger of development into a caste system which has not yet been quite dispelled. For the sociologist, the evidence from America is not yet ripe.

Conservative commentator Pat Buchanan's recent book The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization, the late Samuel Francis' anthology of essays entitled Revolution from the Middle and Chilton Williamson's book The Immigration Mystique are contemporary expressions of similar views. Paleos perceive Balkanization, social and ethnic strife will be the end result of runaway immigration, and the attendant failure to cope with illegal immigrants, and the myth of America being the universal nation.

Still, some paleolibertarians take an ambivalent view on the subject in keeping with their other economic differences with the rest of the paleocons.

Further reading

• Crunden, Robert, ed. The Superfluous Men: Critics of American Culture, 1900-1945, 1999. ISBN 1882926307.
• Francis, Samuel Beautiful Losers: Essays on the Failure of American Conservatism, 1993. ISBN 0826209769.
• Gottfried, Paul The Conservative Movement, 1993. ISBN 0805797491.
• Raimondo, Justin Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement, 1993. ISBN 1883959004.
• Scotchie, Joseph, ed. The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right, 1999. ISBN 1560004274.

Prominent paleoconservatives

• Virginia Abernethy
• Mel Bradford
• Peter Brimelow
• Pat Buchanan
• James Burnham
• T. Kenneth Cribb Jr.
• Mark Dankof
• Lou Dobbs
• Rowland Evans
• Thomas Fleming (author)
• John T. Flynn
• Samuel Francis
• Paul Gottfried
• Kevin Michael Grace
• Michael Hill
• Russell Kirk
• Donald Livingston
• John Lukacs
• Scott McConnell
• Jason C. Miller
• Thomas Molnar
• Robert Novak
• Rep. Ron Paul (R-TX)
• Jerry Pournelle
• Charley Reese
• William Regnery II
• Paul Craig Roberts
• Claes Ryn
• Steve Sailer
• Joe Sobran
• Jared Taylor
• Srdja Trifkovic
• Benjamin Wetmore
• Chilton Williamson
• Clyde Wilson
• John Zmirak

Virginia Abernethy (born in 1934) is an American professor (emeritus) of psychiatry and anthropology at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. ... Melvin E. Mel Bradford was a conservative political commentator and professor of literature at the University of Dallas. ... Peter Brimelow Peter Brimelow is a British-American financial journalist. ... Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938) is an American author, syndicated columnist, and television commentator. ... James Burnham (1905–1987) was an American popular political theorist, activist and intellectual, known for his work The Managerial Revolution, published in 1941, which heavily influenced George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four. Burnham was of English Catholic stock, although he was an atheist for much of his life before converting... T. Kenneth Cribb Jr. ... Louis Dobbs (born September 24, 1945) is the anchor and managing editor of CNNs hour-long weeknight program Lou Dobbs Tonight, an editorial columnist, and host of a syndicated radio show. ... Rowland Evans (?? - 2001) is an American journalist. ... Thomas Fleming is an American writer, president of the Rockford Institute, and editor of Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture, a leading paleoconservative political commentary periodical. ... John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964) originally gained fame in Washington, D.C. for his writings in the New Republic, where he wrote articles defending socialist positions. ... Samuel Todd Francis (April 29, 1947–February 15, 2005) was a nationally syndicated paleoconservative columnist known for his opposition to immigration, multiculturalism, and his involvement in debates concerning other controversial issues of the day. ... Paul Gottfried Paul Edward Gottfried is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College and a Guggenheim recipient. ... Kevin Michael Grace (born 1955 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian blogger. ... President of the League of the South. ... Russell Kirk (1918, Plymouth, Michigan – 29 April 1994, Mecosta, Michigan), was an American political theorist, historian, moralist, social critic, and man of letters, best known as the father of modern conservatism. ... Donald Livingston is an American philosophy professor based at Emory University with an expertise in the writings of David Hume. ... John Lukacs (born 31 January 1924 in Budapest his name spelled Lukács) is a Hungarian-born historian who has written more than twenty books, including Five Days in London, May 1940 and The New Republic. ... Scott McConnell (born 1953) is an American journalist best known as the current editor of The American Conservative. ... Jason Miller is a founding member of the Michigan Youth Offensive and a former College Republican state federation president for Michigan. ... Reworded from various sources. ... įRobert David Sanders Novak (born February 26, 1931) is an American journalist and political figure. ... Representative Ron Paul Ronald Ernest Paul, MD (born August 20, 1935), a physician and Texas politician, is a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Texass 14th Congressional District (map) and a former Presidential Candidate of the United States Libertarian Party. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Charley Reese (born January 29, 1937) is an American syndicated columnist. ... William Regnery II founded the Charles Martel Society in 1991, which publishes a quarterly journal called The Occidental Quarterly. ... Paul Craig Roberts is a former Senior Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, a former assistant secretary of the treasury in the Reagan Administration and a prolific and popular journalist. ... Steve Sailer Steve Sailer (born December 4, 1958) is a reporter, movie critic for The American Conservative, correspondent for United Press International, and VDARE.com columnist. ... Joseph Sobran is an American Catholic writer and conservative anarchist who has written extensively on American politics and culture. ... Samuel Jared Taylor (b. ... Srdja or Serge Trifkovic (born July 19, 1954, in Belgrade) is a Serbian historian, journalist and political analyst. ... Clyde N. Wilson is a professor of history at the University of South Carolina, a conservative political commentator, and an occasional contributor to the National Review. ...

Paleoconservative organizations

• Abbeville Institute
• Breaking All the Rules (BATR) News
• Council of Conservative Citizens
• John Randolph Club
• Rockford Institute
• Intercollegiate Studies Institute
• National Policy Institute
• VDARE
• John Birch Society
• The St. Thomas More Society
• Mark Dankof's America

Council of Conservative Citizens logo. ... The John Randolph Club (JRC) is a paleoconservative social and political organization founded in the 1980s and operated by the Rockford Institute with chapters throughout the United States. ... The Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Inc. ... The National Policy Institute is a Washington D.C.-based think tank, which speaks for White Americans. Personnel William Regnery II, Chairman Louis R. Andrews Wayne Lutton James B. Taylor Jared Taylor Samuel Francis (deceased) Brent Nelson Kevin Lamb Peter B. Gemma Kevin MacDonald Miles Wolpin Anthony Hilton Rev. ... VDARE is an editorial collective website which advocates for reduced immigration, including heightened selectivity in legal immigration into the United States. ... The John Birch Society (JBS) is an ultra-conservative, Americanist organization that was founded in 1958 to fight what it saw as growing threats to the constitution of the United States, especially a perceived Communist infiltration, and to promote the free-enterprise system. ...

External links

• The American Cause
• The American Conservative
• Breaking All the Rules (BATR)
• Chronicles Magazine
• CounterRevolution
• Intercollegiate Studies Institute
• Mark Dankof's America
• Old Right Topic News
• The University Bookman
• Paleoconservative Youth Movement, a weblog.
• Original Dissent Traditional, American Conservatism
• Virtue Magazine
• "The End of Paleoconservatism" by James Lubinskas, FrontPageMagazine, November 30, 2000
• "Unpatriotic Conservatives", National Review, by David Frum, April 7, 2003.