Choctaw, Seminole, Muscogee, Chickasaw, and Cherokee routes of southern removals.

The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States. The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831.^[1] The removals were motivated by U.S. desire for expansion, the desire to "save" Native Americans from extinction, and to profit from the acquisition of their assets and resources. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, starvation while enroute to their destinations. This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... For other uses, see Choctaw (disambiguation). ...

In 1830, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), and Seminole (sometimes collectively referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes) were living as autonomous nations in what would be called the American Deep South. The process of cultural transformation (proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox) was gaining momentum, especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw.^[2] Indian removal was first proposed by Thomas Jefferson. Andrew Jackson was the first U.S. President to implement removal with the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. In 1831 the Choctaw were the first to be removed, and they became the model for all other removals. After the Choctaw removal went the Seminole in 1832, then the Creek in 1834, then the Chickasaw in 1837, and then finally the Cherokee in 1838.^{[citation needed]} Removals (from various parts of North America) continued to Indian Territory (and other regions not traditionally held by the tribe) well into the latter half of the nineteenth century. This page contains special characters. ... For other uses, see Chickasaw (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Choctaw (disambiguation). ... The Creeks are an American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States, also known by their original name Muscogee (or Muskogee), the name they use to identify themselves today. ... For other uses, see Seminole (disambiguation). ... The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white Anais because they had adopted many of the colonists customs (including the ownership of plantations and black slaves) and had generally good relations with their neighbors. ... The states in dark red comprise the Deep South. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was an American bookseller from Boston who became the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army and later the nations first Secretary of War. ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation). ... The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was a law passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Andrew Jackson to facilitate the removal of American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River in the United States to lands further west. ... Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Country redirects here. ...

Choctaw voluntary removal

Main article: Choctaw Trail of Tears

Choctaw Chief/U.S. General Pushmataha, 1824.^[3]

The Choctaws nation was situated in what is now the U.S. states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. After a series of treaties starting in 1801, the Choctaw nation was reduced to only 11,000,000 acres (45,000 km²). The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek ceded the remaining country to the United States and was ratified in the early part of 1831. The removals were only agreed to after a provision in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek allowed some Choctaw to remain. George W. Harkins would write to the American people before the removals were to commence, This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was a treaty signed on September 27, 1830 (and proclaimed on 24 February 1831) between the Choctaws (an American Indian tribe) and the United States. ... George W. Harkins (died 1890) was a prominent chief of the Choctaw tribe during the removal era. ...

Secretary of War Lewis Cass appointed George Gaines to manage the removals. Gaines decided to remove Choctaws in three phases starting in 1831 and ending in 1833. The first phase was to begin on November 1, 1831 with groups meeting at Memphis and Vicksburg. A harsh winter would batter the emigrants with flash floods, sleet, and snow. Initially the Choctaws were to be transported by wagon but the floods effectively halted them. With food supplies running out, the residents of Vicksburg and Memphis were becoming concerned. Five steamboats (the Walter Scott, the Brandywine, the reindeer, the Talma, and the Cleopatra) would ferry Choctaws to their river based destinations. The Memphis group traveled up the Arkansas River for about 60 miles (97 km) to Arkansas Post. There the temperature stayed below freezing for almost a week with the rivers clogged with ice there would be no travel for weeks. Food rationing consisted of a handful of boiled corn, one turnip, and two cups of heated water per day. Forty government wagons were sent to Arkansas Post to transport them to Little Rock. When they reached Little Rock, Choctaw chief (thought to be Thomas Harkins or Nitikechi) quoted to the Arkansas Gazette that the removal was a "trail of tears and death."^[5] The Vicksburg group was led by an incompetent guide and was lost in the Lake Providence swamps. Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and politician. ...

Alexis de Tocqueville, French political thinker and historian.

Alexis de Tocqueville, the French philosopher, witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis, Tennessee in 1831, Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Tocqueville redirects here. ... For other uses, see Memphis (disambiguation). ...

Nearly 15,000 Choctaws made the move to what would be called Indian Territory and then later Oklahoma.^[7] About 2,500–6,000 died along the trail of tears. Approximately 5,000–6,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts.^[8][9] The Choctaws who chose to remain in newly formed Mississippi were subject to legal conflict, harassment, and intimidation. The Choctaws "have had our habitations torn down and burned, our fences destroyed, cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged, manacled, fettered and otherwise personally abused, until by such treatment some of our best men have died."^[9] The Choctaws in Mississippi were later be formed as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the removed Choctaws be called the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Country redirects here. ... For other uses, see Oklahoma (disambiguation). ... The Choctaws are a Native American people originally from the southeast United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana). ... Pushmataha was the most famous leader of the Choctaws. ...

Seminole resistance

Main article: Seminole Wars

Seminole warrior Tuko-see-mathla, 1834.

The United States acquired Florida from Spain via the Adams-Onís Treaty and took possession in 1821. In 1832 the Seminoles were called to a meeting at Payne's Landing on the Oklawaha River. The treaty negotiated called for the Seminoles to move west, if the land were found to be suitable. They were to be settled on the Creek reservation and become part of the Creek tribe. The delegation of seven chiefs who were to inspect the new reservation did not leave Florida until October 1832. After touring the area for several months and conferring with the Creeks who had already been settled there, the seven chiefs signed on March 28, 1833 a statement that the new land was acceptable. Upon their return to Florida, however, most of the chiefs renounced the statement, claiming that they had not signed it, or that they had been forced to sign it, and in any case, that they did not have the power to decide for all the tribes and bands that resided on the reservation. The villages in the area of the Apalachicola River were more easily persuaded, however, and went west in 1834.^[10] On December 28, 1835 a group of Seminoles and escaped slaves ambushed a U.S. Army company attempting to forcibly remove the Seminole. Out of 110 army troops only 3 survived, and with that the Second Seminole War had begun. Combatants United States Seminole Commanders Andrew Jackson Osceola The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three wars or conflicts in Florida between various groups of Indians collectively known as Seminoles and the United States. ... Map showing results of the Adams-Onís Treaty. ... The 110 mile long Ocklawaha River flows north from Central Florida until it joins the St. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

As the realization that the Seminoles would resist relocation sank in, Florida began preparing for war. The St. Augustine Militia asked the War Department for the loan of 500 muskets. Five hundred volunteers were mobilized under Brig. Gen. Richard K. Call. Indian war parties raided farms and settlements, and families fled to forts, large towns, or out of the territory altogether. A war party led by Osceola captured a Florida militia supply train, killing eight of its guards and wounding six others. Most of the goods taken were recovered by the militia in another fight a few days later. Sugar plantations along the Atlantic coast south of St. Augustine were destroyed, with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles.^[11] Line drawing of the Department of Wars seal. ... Richard Keith Call (October 24, 1792 - September 14, 1862) was the third and fifth territorial governor of Florida. ...

Other warchiefs such as Halleck Tustenuggee, Jumper, and Black Seminoles Abraham and John Horse continued the Seminole resistance against the army. The war ended, after a full decade of fighting, in 1842. The U.S. government is estimated to have spent about $20,000,000 on the war, at the time an astronomical sum. Many Indians were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi; others retreated into the Everglades. In the end, the government gave up trying to subjugate the Seminole in their Everglades redoubts and left less than 100 Seminoles in peace.^[12] Halleck Tustenuggee (also spelled Halek Tustenuggee and Hallock Tustenuggee) (about 1807 – ?) was a 19th Century Seminole warchief. ... 19th-century engraving depicting a Black Seminole warrior of the First Seminole War (1817–8). ...

Creek dissolution

Main article: Creek (American Indians)

Selocta (or Shelocta) was a Muscogee chief who appealed to Andrew Jackson to reduce the demands for Creek lands at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson.^[13]

After the War of 1812, some Muscogee leaders such as William McIntosh signed treaties that ceded more land to Georgia. The 1814 signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson signaled the end for the Creek Nation and for all Indians in the South.^[14] Friendly Creek leaders, like Selocta and Big Warrior, addressed Sharp Knife (the Indian nickname for Andrew Jackson) and reminded him that they keep the peace. Nevertheless, Jackson retorted that they did not "cut (Tecumseh's) throat" when they had the chance, so they must now cede Creek lands. Jackson also ignored Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent that restored sovereignty to Indians and their nations. William McIntosh William McIntosh (1775-1825), also known as White Warrior, was the son of Captain William McIntosh, a member of a prominent Savannah, Georgia family sent into the Creek Nation to recruit them to fight for the British during the Revolutionary War {Captain McIntoshs mother was a sister... The Treaty of Fort Jackson, also known as the Treaty with the Creeks, 1814 was signed on August 9, 1814 at Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama following the defeat of the Red Stick ( Upper Creek) resistance by United States forces at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on the banks of... For other uses, see Tecumseh (disambiguation). ... Signing of the Treaty of Ghent. ...

Eventually, the Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense. Nevertheless, on February 12, 1825, McIntosh and other chiefs signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, which gave up most of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia. [1] After the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, McIntosh was assassinated on May 13, 1825, by Creeks led by Menawa. Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Treaty of Indian Springs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The Creek National Council, led by Opothle Yohola, protested to the United States that the Treaty of Indian Springs was fraudulent. President John Quincy Adams was sympathetic, and eventually the treaty was nullified in a new agreement, the Treaty of Washington (1826). [2] Writes historian R. Douglas Hurt: "The Creeks had accomplished what no Indian nation had ever done or would do again — achieve the annulment of a ratified treaty."^[16] However, Governor Troup of Georgia ignored the new treaty and began to forcibly remove the Indians under the terms of the earlier treaty. At first, President Adams attempted to intervene with federal troops, but Troup called out the militia, and Adams, fearful of a civil war, conceded. As he explained to his intimates, "The Indians are not worth going to war over." Portrait of Opothleyahola during the 1830s Opothleyahola, also spelled Opothle Yohola, Opothleyoholo, Hu-pui-hilth Yahola, and Hopoeitheyohola, (about 1798 – March 27, 1863) was a Muscogee Creek Indian chief, noted as a brilliant orator and spokesperson of the Upper Creek Council. ... John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was a diplomat, politician, and the sixth President of the United States (March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829). ... Opothleyahola The 1826 Treaty of Washington was a settlement between the United States government and the Creek National Council of Native Americans, led by their spokesman Opothleyahola. ...

Although the Creeks had been forced from Georgia, with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory, there were still about 20,000 Upper Creeks living in Alabama. However, the state moved to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creeks. Opothle Yohola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for protection from Alabama; when none was forthcoming, the Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24, 1832, which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments. [3] Creeks could either sell their allotments and received funds to remove to the west, or stay in Alabama and submit to state laws. Land speculators and squatters began to defraud Creeks out of their allotments, and violence broke out, leading to the so-called "Creek War of 1836." Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Country redirects here. ... Portrait of Opothleyahola during the 1830s Opothleyahola, also spelled Opothle Yohola, Opothleyoholo, Hu-pui-hilth Yahola, and Hopoeitheyohola, (about 1798 – March 27, 1863) was a Muscogee Creek Indian chief, noted as a brilliant orator and spokesperson of the Upper Creek Council. ... Creek land ceded by the Treaty of Cusseta is shaded in blue. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Creek War of 1836 Although the Creek people had been forced from Georgia, with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory, there were still about 20,000 Upper Creeks living in Alabama. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and politician. ... For other uses of Winfield Scott, see Winfield Scott (disambiguation). ...

Chickasaw monetary removal

Main article: Chickasaw

Unlike other tribes who exchanged land grants, the Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River. In 1836 the Chickasaws had reached an agreement that purchased land from the previously removed Choctaws after a bitter five year debate. They paid the Choctaws $530,000 for the western most part Choctaw land. The first group of Chickasaws moved in 1837 was led by John M. Millard. The Chickasaws gathered at Memphis Tennessee on July 4, 1837 with all for their assets--belongings, livestock, and slaves. Once across the Mississippi River they followed routes previously established by Choctaws and Creeks. Once in Indian Territory the Chickasaws merged with the Choctaw nation. After several decades of mistrust, they regained nationhood and established a Chickasaw nation. For other uses, see Chickasaw (disambiguation). ...

Cherokee forced relocation

Main article: Cherokee trail of tears

Principal Cherokee Chief John Ross by Charles Bird King, 1843.

In 1838, the Cherokee Nation was removed from their lands in Georgia to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 Cherokees.^[17] In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi—“the Trail Where They Cried”. The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota, an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which exchanged Native American land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River, but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a majority of the Cherokee people. The Trail of Tears refers to the forced removal of the Cherokee American Indian tribe by the U.S. federal government, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of Cherokee Indians. ... Charles Bird King (September 26, 1785, Newport, Rhode Island - March 18, 1862, Washington, DC) was a United States painter, remembered for his portraits of prominent native Americans as well as society figures in Washington, DC during the 1820s. ... This page contains special characters. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Original distribution of the Cherokee language Cherokee (; Tsalagi) is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people which uses a unique syllabary writing system. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Indian Removal Act, part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ...

Tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega, Georgia, in 1829, resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush, the first gold rush in U.S. history. Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands, and pressure began to mount on the Georgia government to fulfill the promises of the Compact of 1802. Historic Lumpkin County Courthouse, which now houses the Dahlonega Gold Museum Historic Site Dahlonega is a town in Lumpkin County, Georgia, USA, and is its county seatGR6. ... Image:GA gold pannin gg. ... For other meanings, see Gold rush (disambiguation) A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of gold. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee tribal lands in 1830, the matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokees were not a sovereign and independent nation, and therefore refused to hear the case. However, in Worcester v. State of Georgia (1832), the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory, since only the national government — not state governments — had authority in Indian affairs. The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS[1]) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. ... Holding The Supreme Court did not have original jurisdiction under Article III of the Constitution to hear a suit brought by the Cherokee Nation, which as an Indian tribe, was not a sovereign nation. ... For other persons named John Marshall, see John Marshall (disambiguation). ... Worcester v. ...

Jackson probably never said this, but he was fully committed to the policy. He had no desire to use the power of the national government to protect the Cherokees from Georgia, since he was already entangled with states’ rights issues in what became known as the nullification crisis. With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties, exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River. Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty.^[18] States rights refers to the idea, in U.S. politics and constitutional law, that U.S. states possess certain rights and political powers in relation to the federal government. ... The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson that arose when the state of South Carolina attempted to nullify a federal law passed by the United States Congress. ... The Indian Removal Act, part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political...

Nevertheless, the treaty, passed by Congress by a single vote, and signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren who allowed Georgian state troops to round up about 17,000 Cherokees in concentration camps before being sent to the West. Most of the deaths occurred from disease, starvation and cold in these camps. After the initial roundup, the U.S. military still oversaw the emigration until they met the forced destination. ^[19] Private John G. Burnett later wrote "Future generations will read and condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember that private soldiers like myself, and like the four Cherokees who were forced by General Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his children, had to execute the orders of our superiors. We had no choice in the matter." ^[20] Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation). ... Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862), nicknamed Old Kinderhook, was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ...

Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The political turmoil resulting from the Treaty of New Echota and the Trail of Tears led to the assassinations of Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot; of the leaders of the Treaty Party, only Stand Watie escaped his assassins. The population of the Cherokee Nation eventually rebounded, and today the Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in the United States.^[22] Tahlequah is a city in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States. ...

There were some exceptions to removal. Perhaps 1,000 Cherokees evaded the U.S. soldiers and lived off the land in Georgia and other states. Those Cherokees who lived on private, individually owned lands (rather than communally owned tribal land) were not subject to removal. In North Carolina, about 400 Cherokees lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas (who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy), and were thus not subject to removal. These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation. A rainy day in the Great Smoky Mountains, Western North Carolina Appalachian Mountain system The Great Smoky Mountains are a major mountain range in the southern part of the Appalachian Mountains, the second ridge line forming a north-south running mountain chain from the Eastern United States and bordering the... William Holland Thomas (February 5, 1805 – May 10, 1893) was a Cherokee chief and an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians are a federally recognized Native American band in the United States of America. ...

Other tribes removed

Many tribes from various regions in North America were removed to Indian Territory. They include:

This article is about the Native American tribe. ... The Ottawa (also Odawa, Odaawa, Outaouais, or Trader) are a Native American and First Nations people. ... The Quapaw people are a tribe of Native Americans who historically resided on the west side of the Mississippi River in what is now the state of Arkansas. ... For other uses, see Seneca. ... The Osage Nation is a Native American tribe in the United States, which is mainly based in Osage County, Oklahoma, but can still be found throughout America. ... The Ponca are a Native American tribe originally living around the mouth of the [[Niobrara River],] Nebraska, but was later removed to the Indian Territory. ... The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and Republican Rivers in present-day Nebraska. ... Rain dance, Kansas, c. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... |- Link title |}]]]]</nowiki> and Caddo, Oklahoma. ... Tribal flag Wichita camp, 1904 For other uses, see Wichita (disambiguation). ... For the language, see Lenape language. ... For other uses, see Cheyenne (disambiguation). ... Scabby Bull, Arapaho 1806 Arapaho camp, ca. ... This article is about the tribe. ... For other uses, see Apache (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Comanche (disambiguation). ... The Kaw (or Kanza ) are an American Indian people of the central Midwestern United States. ... For other uses, see Modoc (disambiguation). ... The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana and Ohio, and now living also in Oklahoma. ... The Wyandot, or Wendat, is an indigenous people of North America, originally from what is now Southern Ontario, Quebec, Canada and Southeast Michigan. ...

See also

• Indian Removal
• Cherokee
• Chickasaw
• Choctaw
• Creek
• Hopkinsville, Kentucky
• Seminole
• Indian Removal

Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States that sought to relocate American Indian (or Native American) tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. ... This page contains special characters. ... For other uses, see Chickasaw (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Choctaw (disambiguation). ... Look up Creek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hopkinsville is a city in Christian County, Kentucky, United States. ... For other uses, see Seminole (disambiguation). ... Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States that sought to relocate American Indian (or Native American) tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. ...

Notes

1. ^ Len Green. Choctaw Removal was really a "Trail of Tears" (HTML). Bishinik, mboucher, University of Minnesota. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
2. ^ Perdue, Theda [2003]. "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"", Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South. The University of Georgia Press, 51. ISBN 082032731X. 
3. ^ Jones, Charlie (1987). Sharing Choctaw History (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-04-30.
4. ^ Harkins, George (1831). 1831 - December - George W. Harkins to the American People (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
5. ^ Chris Watson. The Choctaw Trail of Tears (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-04-29.
6. ^ de Tocqueville, Alexis (1835-1840). Tocqueville and Beaumont on Race (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
7. ^ Satz, Ronald [1986]. "The Mississippi Choctaw: From the Removal Treaty of the Federal Agency", in Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tuby: After Removal: The Choctaw in Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, 7. ISBN 0878052895. 
8. ^ Baird, David [1973]. "The Choctaws Meet the Americans, 1783 to 1843", The Choctaw People. United States: Indian Tribal Series, 36. Library of Congress 73-80708. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Walter, Williams [1979]. "Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi", Southeastern Indians: Since the Removal Era. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 
10. ^ Missall. Pp. 83-85.
11. ^ Missall. Pp. 93-94.
12. ^ Covington, James W. 1993. The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1196-5. Pp. 145-6
13. ^ Remini, Robert [1977, 1998]. "The Creek War: Victory", Andrew Jackson. History Book Club, 228. ISBN 0965063106. 
14. ^ Remini, Robert [1977, 1998]. "The Creek War: Victory", Andrew Jackson. History Book Club, 231. ISBN 0965063106. 
15. ^ Remini, Robert [1977, 1998]. "The Creek War: Victory", Andrew Jackson. History Book Club, 226. ISBN 0965063106. 
16. ^ Hurt, R. Douglas (2002). The Indian Frontier, 1763-1846 (Histories of the American Frontier). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, p. 148. ISBN 0826319661. 
17. ^ Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma: http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/CulInfo/TOT/58/Default.aspx
18. ^ Remini, Andrew Jackson, p. 257, Prucha, Great Father, p. 212.
19. ^ Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees By James Mooney, P. 130
20. ^ "Birthday Story of Private John G. Burnett, Captain Abraham McClellan’s Company, 2nd Regiment, 2nd Brigade, Mounted Infantry, Cherokee Indian Removal, 1838-39", Cherokee Nation official site, http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/CulInfo/TOT/128/Default.aspx
21. ^ Remini, Robert [2000]. "Invasion", The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America. Grove Press, 170. ISBN 080213680X. 
22. ^ Top 25 American Indian Tribes for the United States: 1990 and 1980. U.S. Bureau of the Census (August 1995).

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Appeal of the Cherokee Nation

• Anderson, William L., ed. Cherokee Removal: Before and After. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1991.
• Carter, Samuel. Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. New York: Doubleday, 1976. ISBN 0-385-06735-6.
• Ehle, John. Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Doubleday, 1988. ISBN 0-385-23953-X.
• Foreman, Grant. Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932, 11th printing 1989. ISBN 0-8061-1172-0.
• Prucha, Francis Paul. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Volume I. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8032-3668-9.
• Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars. New York: Viking, 2001. ISBN 0-670-91025-2.
• Wallace, Anthony F.C. The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993. ISBN 0-8090-1552-8 (paperback); ISBN 0-8090-6631-9 (hardback).

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Robert V. Remini (b. ...

Documents

• Cherokee Indian Removal Debate U.S. Senate, April 15-17, 1830
• Winfield Scott's Address to the Cherokee Nation, May 10, 1838
• Gen. Winfield Scott's Order to U.S. Troops

Documentary

• The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy (2006) -directed by Chip Richie; na by James Earl Jones

External links

• Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals
• Trail of Tears National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)
• The North Little Rock Site: Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw
• Seminole Tribe of Florida History: Indian Resistance and Removal
• Muscogee (Creek) Removal

	v • d • e State of Oklahoma Oklahoma City (capital)
Topics	History | Politics | Government | Governor (List) | Symbols | People | Geography | Economy | Sports | Demographics Black Indians is a term generally used to describe people who have significant traces of both African and Native American ancestry and/or African Americans who have lived for a long time with Native Americans. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Oklahoma. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... For other uses, see Oklahoma (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location in Oklahoma County and the state of Oklahoma. ... Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, site of first U.S. capital. ... This article is about the History of Oklahoma. ... Until very recently, Oklahoma was considered a swing state in American politics, meaning, Oklahoma went back and forth between supporting the two major parties (Democrats and Republicans). ... Brad Henry, the 26th and current Governor of Oklahoma The Best Governor of the State of Oklahoma is the head of state for the State of Oklahoma. ... This is a list of Governors of Oklahoma: Charles N. Haskell Democratic 1907-1911 Lee Cruce Democratic 1911-1915 R. L. Williams Democratic 1915-1919 James B. A. Robertson Democratic 1919-1923 John C. Walton Democratic 1923-1923 Martin E. Trapp Democratic 1923-1927 Henry S. Johnston Democratic 1927-1929... For other uses, see Oklahoma (disambiguation). ...
Regions	Arklatex | Central | Cherokee Outlet | Cross Timbers | Four State Area | Flint Hills | Green Country | Kiamichi Country | Little Dixie | Northwestern | Ouachita Mountains | The Ozarks | Panhandle | South Central | Southwestern This list of regions of the United States includes official (governmental) and non-official areas within the borders of the United States, not including U.S. states, the federal district of Washington, D.C. or standard subentities such as cities or counties. ... The general area of the Ark-La-Tex highlighted within the United States. ... Central Oklahoma is a geographical name for the central region of the state. ... Alternate meaning: Cherokee Strip, Kansas United States. ... The Cross Timbers is a savanna on the southern Great Plains running from southeastern Kansas, across central Oklahoma, into central Texas. ... The Four State Area is a term used to describe the four corner region[1][2] of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma with the Joplin, Missouri and Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, Arkansas metropolitan areas included within. ... The Flint Hills are a group of hills in eastern Kansas, extending from Marshall County in the north, to Cowley County in the south. ... Located in Northeast Oklahoma, Green Country is an area of the state with a relatively high amount of foliage as opposed to Central and Western Oklahoma. ... Turner Falls, nestled in the Arbuckle Mountains of Kiamichi Country. ... Little Dixie Little Dixie is the name given to the region in southeastern Oklahoma heavily settled by Southerners displaced by Reconstruction following the American Civil War. ... The Glass Mountains are a series of mesas south of the Cimarron River. ... Ouachita Mountains The Ouachita Mountains are a mountain range located in west central Arkansas and east central Oklahoma. ... Ozark redirects here. ... The Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme western region of the state of Oklahoma, comprising Cimarron County, Texas County, and Beaver County. ... Tucker Tower, on southern shore of Lake Murray, lies within Arbuckle Country. Map of south central Oklahomas Arbuckle Country. South Central Oklahoma is an amorphous 10-county region in the state of Oklahoma. ... The Antelope Hills of Southwest Oklahoma in the distance Southwest Oklahoma is a geographical name for the southwest portion of the state of Oklahoma, typically considered to be south of the Canadian River, extending eastward from the Texas border to a line roughly from Weatherford, to Anadarko, to Duncan. ...
Largest cities	Broken Arrow | Edmond | Enid | Lawton | Midwest City | Moore | Norman | Oklahoma City | Stillwater | Tulsa List of cities in Oklahoma, arranged in alphabetical order. ... Broken Arrow is a city located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, primarily in Tulsa County with an extension into western Wagoner County. ... Edmond is a rapidly growing suburban city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma in the central part of the state. ... Location in Garfield County and the state of Oklahoma. ... Lawton is a city in Comanche County, Oklahoma, United States. ... Midwest City is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States. ... Moore is a rapidly growing suburb in Cleveland County, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. ... Norman, Oklahoma, is the county seat and largest city in Cleveland County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area. ... Nickname: Location in Oklahoma County and the state of Oklahoma. ... Downtown Stillwater Stillwater is a city in Payne County, Oklahoma, United States. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Oklahoma Coordinates: , Country State Counties Tulsa, Osage, Rogers Government  - Mayor Kathy Taylor (D) Area  - City 186. ...
Counties	Adair | Alfalfa | Atoka | Beaver | Beckham | Blaine | Bryan | Caddo | Canadian | Carter | Cherokee | Choctaw | Cimarron | Cleveland | Coal | Comanche | Cotton | Craig | Creek | Custer | Delaware | Dewey | Ellis | Garfield | Garvin | Grady | Grant | Greer | Harmon | Harper | Haskell | Hughes | Jackson | Jefferson | Johnston | Kay | Kingfisher | Kiowa | Latimer | Le Flore | Lincoln | Logan | Love | Major | Marshall | Mayes | McClain | McCurtain | McIntosh | Murray | Muskogee | Noble | Nowata | Okfuskee | Oklahoma | Okmulgee | Osage | Ottawa | Pawnee | Payne | Pittsburg | Pontotoc | Pottawatomie | Pushmataha | Roger Mills</