In electrical engineering, a transient response or natural response is the electrical reponse of a system to a change from equillibrium. A simple example would be the output of a 5 volt DC power supply when it is turned on: the transient response is from the time the switch is turned on and the output is a steady 5 volts. At this point the power supply reaches its steady-state response of a constant 5 volts. This article treats electronics engineering as a subfield of electrical engineering, though this is not typical use in some areas. ... Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ... Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ... A power supply unit (sometimes abbreviated power supply or PSU) is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. ... In electrical engineering, a steady-state response is the electrical response of a system at equillibrium. ...

The transient response is not necessarily tied to "on/off" events but to any event that affects the equillibrium of the system. If in an RC circuit the resistor or capacitor is replaced with a variable resistor or variable capacitor (or both) then the transient response is the response to a change in the resistor or capacitor. A resistor-capacitor circuit (RC circuit), or RC filter or RC network, is one of the simplest analogue infinite impulse response electronic filters. ... Resistor symbols (US and Japan) Resistor symbols (Europe) A pack of resistors A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that resists an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohms law. ... A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of conductors on which equal magnitude but opposite sign electric charges have been placed. ... Schematic symbol for a potentiometer. ... A variable capacitor is a capacitor whose capacitance may be intentionally and repeatedly changed mechanically or electronically. ...

The impulse response and step response are transient responses to a specific input (an impulse and a step, respectively). In the language of mathematics, the impulse response of a linear transformation is the image of Diracs delta function under the transformation. ... In control theory the unit step response is the response of a dynamic system to the Heaviside step function. ...

Damping

Main article: damping

The response can be classified as one of three types of damping that describes the output in relation to the steady-state value. Damping is any effect, either deliberately engendered or inherent to a system, that tends to reduce the amplitude of oscillations of an oscillatory system. ...

Underdamped

An underdamped response is one that oscillates within a decaying envelope. The more underdamped the system, the more oscillations and longer it takes to reach steady-state. The form of envelope treated here is a manifold that manages to be tangent to some point of each member of a family of manifolds. ...

Critically damped

A criticially damped response is the response that reaches the steady-state value the fastest without being underdamped. It is related to critical points in the sense that it straddles the boundary of underdamped and overdamped responses. In mathematics, a critical point (or critical number) is a point on the domain of a function where the derivative is equal to zero. ...

Overdamped

An overdamped response is the response that does not oscillate about the steady-state value but takes longer to reach than the critically damped case.

Properties

Rise time

Time required for system response to rise from:

0% to 90% (Overdamped); 5% to 95%; 0% to 100% (Underdamped)

of the final steady state value of the desired response.

Overshoot

Maximum Overshoot is the maximum peak value of the response curve measured from the desired response of the system.

Settling time

Time required for response to reach and stay within 2% of final value.

Steady-state error

The steady state error of a system is the difference between the input and output of the system in the limit as time goes to infinity, i.e. when the transient response reaches a steady state. With no overshoot the steady state error is eliminated when the steady state velocity of the vehicle reaches the desired velocity.

See also

• Damping ratio