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This article is about the astronomical phenomenon. For other meanings, see Transit of Venus (disambiguation). The 2004 transit of Venus A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the Sun's disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black disk moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually measured in hours (the transit of 2004 lasted six hours). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon, but, although the diameter of Venus is almost 4 times that of the Moon, Venus appears much smaller because it is much farther away from Earth. Before the space age, observations of transits of Venus helped scientists use the parallax method to calculate the distance between the Sun and the Earth. A Transit of Venus occurs when Venus passes between the Sun and the Earth. ... Download high resolution version (1375x1406, 98 KB)Transit of Venus Source: German Wikipedia: de:Image:Venustransit 2004-06-08 07-49. ... Download high resolution version (1375x1406, 98 KB)Transit of Venus Source: German Wikipedia: de:Image:Venustransit 2004-06-08 07-49. ... A photograph taken at 15:39 Hong Kong time (07:39 UTC) from Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong. ... Sol redirects here. ... This article is about the astronomical term. ... For other uses, see Venus (disambiguation). ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... 2003 Transit of Mercury The term transit or astronomical transit has two meanings in astronomy: A transit is the astronomical event that occurs when one celestial body appears to move across the face of another celestial body, as seen by an observer at some particular vantage point. ... Photo taken during the 1999 eclipse. ... This article is about Earths moon. ... The Space Shuttle takes off on a manned mission to space. ... For other uses, see Parallax (disambiguation). ... Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable astronomical phenomena and currently occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years. Before 2004, the last pair of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882. The first of a pair of transits of Venus in the beginning of the 21st century took place on June 8, 2004 (see Transit of Venus, 2004) and the next will be on June 6, 2012 (see Transit of Venus, 2012). After 2012, the next transits of Venus will be in December 2117 and December 2125.[1] is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A photograph taken at 15:39 Hong Kong time (07:39 UTC) from Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2012 (MMXII) will be a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The next transit of Venus will occur on June 5–June 6 in 2012. ... A transit of Venus can be safely observed by taking the same precautions as when observing the partial phases of a solar eclipse. Staring at the brilliant disk of the Sun (the photosphere) with the unprotected eye can quickly cause serious and often permanent eye damage.[2] Photo taken during the 1999 eclipse. ... The photosphere of an astronomical object is the region at which the optical depth becomes one for a photon of wavelength equal to 5000 angstroms. ... Contents 1 Conjunctions 2 Ancient history 3 Modern observations 4 Past and future transits 5 Grazing and simultaneous transits 6 Observing 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links [edit] Conjunctions Diagram of transits of Venus and the angle between the orbital planes of Venus and Earth Normally when the Earth and Venus are in conjunction they are not aligned with the Sun. Venus' orbit is inclined by 3.4° to the Earth's so it appears to pass under (or over) the Sun in the sky.[3] Transits occur when the two planets happen to be in conjunction at (or very near) the line where their orbital planes cross. Although the inclination is only 3.4°, Venus can be as far as 9.6° from the Sun when viewed from the Earth at inferior conjunction.[4] Since the angular diameter of the Sun is about half a degree, Venus may appear to pass above or below the Sun by more than 18 solar diameters during an ordinary conjunction.[3] Diagram showing how transits of Venus occur and why they dont occur frequently. ... Diagram showing how transits of Venus occur and why they dont occur frequently. ... Conjunction is a term used in positional astronomy and astrology. ... The angular diameter of an object as seen from a given position is the diameter measured as an angle. ... Sequences of transits occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with transits occurring eight years apart followed by a gap of 121.5 years, then a gap of eight years and then another long gap of 105.5 years. The pattern repeats every 243 years because 243 sidereal orbital periods of the Earth (365.25636 days - slightly longer than the tropical year) is 88757.3 days, and 395 sidereal orbital periods of Venus (224.701 days) is 88756.9 days. Thus, after this period both Venus and Earth have returned to very nearly the same point in each of their respective orbits. This period of time corresponds to 152 synodic periods of Venus.[5] The sidereal year is the time for the Sun to return to the same position in respect to the stars of the celestial sphere. ... A tropical year is the length of time that the Sun, as viewed from the Earth, takes to return to the same position along the ecliptic (its path among the stars on the celestial sphere). ... The orbital period is the time it takes a planet (or another object) to make one full orbit. ... The pattern of 105.5, 8, 121.5 and 8 years is not the only pattern that is possible within the 243-year cycle, due to the slight mismatch between the times when the Earth and Venus arrive at the point of conjunction. Prior to 1518, the pattern of transits was 8, 113.5 and 121.5 years, and the eight inter-transit gaps before the 546 transit were 121.5 years apart. The current pattern will continue until 2846, when it will be replaced by a pattern of 105.5, 129.5 and 8 years. Thus, the 243-year cycle is relatively stable, but the number of transits and their timing within the cycle will vary over time.[5][6] [edit] Ancient history Ancient Greek, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Chinese observers knew of Venus and recorded the planet’s motions. The early Greeks thought that the evening and morning appearances of Venus represented two different objects, Hesperus - the evening star and Phosphorus - the morning star.[7] Pythagoras is credited with realizing they were the same planet. In the 4th century BC, Heraclides Ponticus proposed that both Venus and Mercury orbited the Sun rather than Earth. There is no evidence that any of these cultures knew of the transits.[8] Venus was important to ancient American civilizations, in particular for the Maya, who called it Noh Ek, "the Great Star" or Xux Ek, "the Wasp Star"; [9] they embodied Venus in the form of the god Kukulkán (also known or related to Gukumatz and Quetzalcoatl in other parts of Mexico). In the Dresden Codex, the Maya chart Venus' full cycle, but despite their precise knowledge of its course, there is no mention of the transit.[10] Babylonia was a state in southern Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq, combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Pythagoras of Samos (Greek: ; between 580 and 572 BC–between 500 and 490 BC) was an Ionian (Greek) philosopher[1] and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. ... Heraclides Ponticus (387 - 312 BCE), also known as Heraklides, was a Greek philosopher who lived and died at Heraclea, now Eregli, Turkey. ... This list of pre-Colombian civilizations includes those civilizations and cultures of the Americas which flourished prior to the European colonization of the Americas. ... This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... Quetzalcoatl (feathered snake, in Nahuatl: Ketsalkoatl, in Spanish: Quetzalcóatl) is the Nahuatl name for the Feathered-Serpent deity of ancient Mesoamerica, one of the main gods of many Mexican and northern Central American civilizations. ... In Maya mythology, Gukumatz (feathered serpent) was a feathered snake god, one of all three groups of gods who created Earth and humanity. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... Maya codices (singular codex) are books written by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, using the Maya hieroglyphic script. ... [edit] Modern observations Measuring Venus transit times to determine solar parallax Aside from its rarity, the original scientific interest in observing a transit of Venus was that it could be used to determine the size of the solar system by employing the parallax method. The technique is to make precise observations of the slight difference in the time of either the start or the end of the transit from widely separated points on the Earth's surface. The distance between the points on the Earth can then be used as a baseline to calculate the distance to Venus and the Sun via triangulation.[11] Image File history File links Venus_Transit_&_Parallax. ... Image File history File links Venus_Transit_&_Parallax. ... This article is about the Solar System. ... For other uses, see Parallax (disambiguation). ... Triangulation can be used to find the distance from the shore to the ship. ... Although by the 17th century astronomers could calculate each planet's relative distance from the Sun in terms of the distance of the Earth from the Sun (an astronomical unit), an accurate absolute value of this distance had not been calculated. The astronomical unit (AU or au or a. ... Despite Johannes Kepler being the first to predict a transit of Venus in 1631, no one in Europe observed it because Kepler's predictions were not sufficiently accurate to predict that the transit would not be visible in most of Europe.[12] Kepler redirects here. ... Jeremiah Horrocks makes the first observation of the transit of Venus in 1639. The 1882 transit of Venus. The first European scientific observation of a transit of Venus was made by Jeremiah Horrocks from his home in Much Hoole, near Preston in England, on 4 December 1639 (November 24 under the Julian calendar then in use in England). His friend, William Crabtree, also observed this transit from Salford, near Manchester. Kepler had predicted transits in 1631 and 1761 and a near miss in 1639. Horrocks corrected Kepler's calculation for the orbit of Venus and realised that transits of Venus would occur in pairs 8 years apart, and so predicted the transit in 1639. Although he was uncertain of the exact time, he calculated that the transit was to begin at approximately 3:00 pm. Horrocks focused the image of the Sun through a simple telescope onto a piece of card, where the image could be safely observed. After observing for most of the day, he was lucky to see the transit as clouds obscuring the Sun cleared at about 3:15 pm, just half an hour before sunset. Horrocks' observations allowed him to make a well-informed guess as to the size of Venus, as well as to make an estimate of the distance between the Earth and the Sun. He estimated the distance of the Sun from the Earth at 59.4 million miles (95.6 Gm, 0.639 AU) - about half the correct size of 93 million miles (149.6 million km), but a more accurate figure than any suggested up to that time. However, Horrocks' observations were not published until 1661, well after his death.[13] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Source: http://www. ... Source: http://www. ... Jeremiah Horrocks making the first observation of the transit of Venus in 1639 Jeremiah Horrocks (1618 – January 3, 1641), sometimes given as Jeremiah Horrox, was an English astronomer who was the only person to predict, and one of only two people to observe and record, the transit of Venus of... Much Hoole is a small village on the outskirts of Preston, Lancashire. ... This article is about Preston, Lancashire. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Julian calendar was a reform of the Roman calendar which was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... William Crabtree (1610–1644?), English astronomer, mathematician and merchant. ... For other uses, see Salford (disambiguation). ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... Kepler redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A gigametre (American spelling: gigameter) (symbol: Gm) is a unit of length equal to 109 metres. ... The astronomical unit (AU or au or a. ... Based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the Petersburg Observatory, Mikhail Lomonosov predicted the existence of an atmosphere on Venus. Lomonosov detected the refraction of solar rays while observing the transit and inferred that only refraction through an atmosphere could explain the appearance of a light ring around the part of Venus that had not yet come into contact with the Sun's disk during the initial phase of transit.[14] Saint Petersburg  listen (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991... For other uses, see Lomonosov (disambiguation). ... Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass. ... The transit pair of 1761 and 1769 were used to try to determine the precise value of the astronomical unit (AU) using parallax. This method of determining the AU was first described by James Gregory in Optica Promota in 1663. Following the proposition put forward by Edmond Halley (who had died almost twenty years earlier),[11] numerous expeditions were made to various parts of the world in order to observe these transits; an early example of international scientific collaboration. In an attempt to observe the first transit of the pair, scientists and explorers from Britain, Austria and France travelled to destinations around the world, including Siberia, Norway, Newfoundland and Madagascar.[15] Most managed to observe at least part of the transit, but excellent readings were made in particular by Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason at the Cape of Good Hope.[16] For the 1769 transit scientists travelled to Hudson Bay, Baja California (then under Spanish control) and Norway, as well as the first voyage of Captain Cook in order to observe the transit from Tahiti.[17] The Czech astronomer Christian Mayer was invited by Catherine the Great to observe the transit in Saint Petersburg, but his observations were mostly obscured by clouds.[18] The unfortunate Guillaume Le Gentil spent eight years travelling in an attempt to observe either of the transits; his unsuccessful journey led to him losing his wife and possessions and being declared dead (his efforts became the basis of the play Transit of Venus by Maureen Hunter).[15] The astronomical unit (AU or au or a. ... For other uses, see Parallax (disambiguation). ... James Gregory For other people with the same name, see James Gregory. ... // Portrait of Edmond Halley painted around 1687 by Thomas Murray (Royal Society, London) Portrait of Edmond Halley Bust of Edmond Halley in the Museum of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Edmond Halley FRS (sometimes Edmund; IPA: ) (November 8, 1656 – January 14, 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Latin: Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Capital St. ... Jeremiah Dixon (July 27, 1733 – January 22, 1779) was an English surveyor and astronomer who is perhaps best known for his work with Charles Mason, from 1763 to 1767, in determining what was later called the Mason-Dixon line. ... Charles Mason (1730–1787) was an English astronomer. ... For other uses, see Cape of Good Hope (disambiguation). ... New York Harbor, the outflow for Hudson River, is sometimes called Hudsons Bay. Hudson Bay, Canada. ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Baja California Country Capital Municipalities 5 Largest City Tijuana Government  - Governor José Guadalupe Osuna Millán (PAN)  - Federal Deputies PAN: 8  - Federal Senators Alejandro González (PAN) Rafael Díaz (PAN) Fernando Castro (PRI) Area Ranked 12th  - Total 69,921 km² (26,996. ... British explorer James Cook is most noted for having discovered Australia and Hawaii. ... Tahiti is the largest island in the Windward group of the French Polynesia, located in the archipelago of Society Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean. ... Christian Mayer (August 20, 1719 – April 16, 1783) was an Czech astronomer and teacher. ... Catherine II (Екатерина II Алексеевна: Yekaterína II Alekséyevna, April 21, 1729 - November 6, 1796), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka, known as Catherine the Great, reigned as empress of Russia from... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Guillaume Joseph Hyacinthe Jean-Baptiste Le Gentil de la Galaisière (September 12, 1725 – October 22, 1792) was a French astronomer. ... Transit of Venus is a play by Canadian playwright Maureen Hunter. ... Maureen Hunter (born 1948) is a Canadian playwright who lives in Winnipeg, Manitoba. ... The "black drop effect" visible during the 2004 transit Unfortunately, it was impossible to time the exact moment of the start and end of the transit due to the phenomenon known as the "black drop effect". The black drop effect was long thought to be due to Venus' thick atmosphere, and initially it was held to be the first real evidence that Venus had an atmosphere; however recent studies demonstrate that it is an optical effect caused by the smearing of the image of Venus by turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere or imperfections in the viewing apparatus.[19][20] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1687x1370, 101 KB) Beschreibung Beschreibung: Venustransit am 08. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1687x1370, 101 KB) Beschreibung Beschreibung: Venustransit am 08. ... The black drop effect is an optical phenomenon visible during a transit of Venus. ... In 1771, using the combined 1761 and 1769 transit data, the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande, calculated the astronomical unit to have a value of 153 million kilometres(±1 million km). The precision was less than hoped-for because of the black drop effect, but still a considerable improvement on Horrocks' calculations.[15] Transit observations in 1874 and 1882 allowed this value to be refined further. The American astronomer, Simon Newcomb, combined the data from the last four transits and derived a value of 149.59 million kilometres (±0.31 million km). Modern techniques, such as space probe telemetry and radar observations of solar system objects, have allowed a precise value for the astronomical unit to be calculated (to an accuracy of ±30 m), and so negated the need for parallax calculations.[15][20] Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande (July 11, 1732 – April 4, 1807) was a French astronomer. ... Simon Newcomb. ... Technicians work on the Ulysses space probe. ... Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator. ... For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Solar System. ... There was however a good deal of interest in the 2004 transit as scientists attempted to measure the pattern of light dimming as Venus blocked out some of the Sun's light, in order to refine techniques that they hope to use in searching for extrasolar planets.[20][21] Current methods of looking for planets orbiting other stars only work for a few cases: planets that are very large (Jupiter-like, not Earth-like), whose gravity is strong enough to wobble the star sufficiently for us to detect changes in proper motion or Doppler shift changes in radial velocity, Jupiter or Neptune sized planets very close to their parent star, or through gravitational microlensing by planets which pass in front of background stars with the planet-parent star separation comparable to the Einstein ring.[22] Measuring light intensity during the course of a transit, as the planet blocks out some of the light, is potentially much more sensitive, and might be used to find smaller planets.[20] However, extremely precise measurement is needed: for example, the transit of Venus causes the Sun's light to drop by a mere 0.001 magnitude, and the dimming produced by small extrasolar planets will be similarly tiny.[23] An extrasolar planet, or exoplanet, is a planet beyond the Solar System. ... This article is about the astronomical object. ... Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 70 kPa Hydrogen ~86% Helium ~14% Methane 0. ... Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ... The proper motion of a star is the motion of the position of the star in the sky (the change in direction in which we see it, as opposed to the radial velocity) after eliminating the improper motions of the stars, which affect their measured coordinates but are not real... The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency or wavelength of a wave that is perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the waves. ... Radial velocity is the velocity of an object in the direction of the line of sight. ... Artists impression of roaster extrasolar planet HD 209458b (Osiris). ... Gravitational microlensing is an astronomical technique used to detect planets - stellar mass objects in space using the gravitational lens effect. ... Some observed partial Einstein rings In observational astronomy a Chwolson ring or Einstein ring is the deformation of the light from a source (such as a galaxy or star) into a ring through gravitational deflection of the sources light by a lens (such as another galaxy, or a black... The apparent magnitude (m) of a star, planet or other celestial body is a measure of its apparent brightness as seen by an observer on Earth. ... [edit] Past and future transits Transits can currently occur only in June or December (see table). These dates are slowly getting later; before 1631, they were in May and November.[5] Transits usually occur in pairs, on nearly the same date eight years apart. This is because the length of eight Earth years is almost the same as 13 years on Venus, so every eight years the planets are in roughly the same relative positions. This approximate conjunction usually results in a pair of transits, but it is not precise enough to produce a triplet, since Venus arrives 22 hours earlier each time.[5] The last transit not to be part of a pair was in 1396. The next will be in 3089; in 2854 (the second of the 2846/2854 pair), although Venus will just miss the Sun as seen from the centre of the Earth, a partial transit will be visible from some parts of the southern hemisphere.[24] Past Transits of Venus Transits of Venus Date(s) of transit Time (UTC) Notes Transit Path (HM Nautical Almanac Office) Start Mid End 1396 November 23 15:45 19:27 23:09 Last transit not part of a pair. Some believe Aztec astronomers may have seen this transit. [1] 1518 May 25-26 22:46 May 25 01:56 May 26 05:07 May 26 [2] 1526 May 23 16:12 19:35 21:48 Last transit before invention of telescope [3] 1631 December 7 03:51 05:19 06:47 Predicted by Kepler [4] 1639 December 4 14:57 18:25 21:54 First transit observed by Horrocks and Crabtree [5] 1761 June 6 02:02 05:19 08:37 Lomonosov observes the atmosphere of Venus [6] 1769 June 3-4 19:15 June 3 01:35 June 4 Captain Cook's voyage to Tahiti [7] 1874 December 9 01:49 04:07 06:26 Pietro Tacchini leads expedition to Muddapur, India. [8] 1882 December 6 13:57 17:06 20:15 John Phillip Sousa composes a march, "The Transit of Venus", in honor of the transit.[20] [9] 2004 June 8 05:13 08:20 11:26 Various media networks globally broadcast live video of the Venus transition. [10] Future Transits of Venus Transits of Venus Date(s) of transit Time (UTC) Notes Transit Path (HM Nautical Almanac Office) Start Mid End 2012 June 5-6 22:09 June 5 01:29 June 6 04:49 June 6 Visible in its entirety from Hawaii, Alaska, Australia, the Pacific and eastern Asia, with the beginning of the transit visible from North America. [11] 2117 December 10-11 23:58 December 10 02:48 December 11 05:38 December 11 Visible in entirety in eastern China, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Australia. Partly visible on extreme U.S. West Coast, and in India, most of Africa, and the Middle East. [12] 2125 December 8 13:15 16:01 18:48 Visible in entirety in South America and the eastern U.S. Partly visible in Western U.S., Europe, and Africa. [13] 2247 June 11 08:42 11:33 14:25 Visible in entirety in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Partly visible in East Asia and Indonesia, and in North and South America. [14] 2255 June 9 01:08 04:38 08:08 Visible in entirety in Russia, India, China, and western Australia. Partly visible in Africa, Europe, and the western U.S. [15] 2360 December 12-13 22:32 December 12 01:44 December 13 04:56 December 13 Visible in entirety in Australia and most of Indonesia. Partly visible in Asia, Africa, and the western half of the Americas. [16] 2368 December 10 12:29 14:45 17:01 Visible in entirety in South America, western Africa, and the U.S. East Coast. Partly visible in Europe, the western U.S., and the Middle East. [17] 2490 June 12 11:39 14:17 16:55 Visible in entirety through most of the Americas, western Africa, and Europe. Partly visible in eastern Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. [18] 2498 June 10 03:48 07:25 11:02 Visible in entirety through most of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Africa. Partly visible in eastern Americas, Indonesia, and Australia. [19] ... Events September 25 - Bayazid I defeats Sigismund of Hungary and John of Nevers at the Battle of Nicopolis. ... is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political and military dominance over large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the Late post-Classic... Events A plague of tropical fire ants devastates crops on Hispaniola. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // Events February 5 - Roger Williams emigrates to Boston. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Kepler redirects here. ... Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jeremiah Horrocks making the first observation of the transit of Venus in 1639 Jeremiah Horrocks (1618 – January 3, 1641), sometimes given as Jeremiah Horrox, was an English astronomer who was the only person to predict, and one of only two people to observe and record, the transit of Venus of... William Crabtree (1610–1644?), English astronomer, mathematician and merchant. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The name Lomonosov may refer to: Mikhail Lomonosov, a polymath and writer of Imperial Russia Lomonosov Gold Medal, an annual award given by the Russian Academy of Sciences Lomonosov, Russia, a city named for Mikhail Lomonosov (formerly Oranienbaum) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other... Venus, the second planet from the Sun, has an atmosphere very different from that of Earth. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... British explorer James Cook is most noted for having discovered Australia and Hawaii. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Pietro Tacchini (March 21, 1838–March 24, 1905) was an Italian astronomer. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... John Philip Sousa John Philip Sousa (November 6, 1854 - March 6, 1932), is probably the most famous marching band conductor (although his band rarely marched) and composer in history. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... 2012 (MMXII) will be a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... (21st century - 22nd century - 23rd century - other centuries) The twenty-second century comprises the years 2101 to 2200. ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... (21st century - 22nd century - 23rd century - other centuries) The twenty-second century comprises the years 2101 to 2200. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... [edit] Grazing and simultaneous transits Sometimes Venus only grazes the Sun during a transit. In this case it is possible that in some areas of the Earth a full transit can be seen while in other regions there is only a partial transit (no second or third contact). The last transit of this type was on 6 December 1631, and the next such transit will occur on 13 December 2611.[5] It is also possible that a transit of Venus can be seen in some parts of the world as a partial transit, while in others Venus misses the Sun. Such a transit last occurred on November 19, 541 BC, and the next transit of this type will occur on 14 December 2854.[5] is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events February 5 - Roger Williams emigrates to Boston. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... (26th century - 27th century - 28th century - more centuries) The 27th century (Gregorian Calendar) comprises the years 2601-2700. ... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The simultaneous occurrence of a transit of Mercury and a transit of Venus is possible, but only in the distant future. Such an event will next occur on 26 July, 69163, and again in 224508.[25][26] The simultaneous occurrence of a solar eclipse and a transit of Venus is currently possible, but very rare. The next solar eclipse occurring during a transit of Venus will be on 5 April, 15232.[25] The day after the transit of Venus on June 3, 1769 there was a total solar eclipse,[27] which was visible in Northern America, Europe and Northern Asia. Transit of Mercury (time lapse showing entire event) Transit of Mercury 11-8-06 - Photographed by Eric S. Kounce of the West Texas Astronomers (www. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The 11th millennium and beyond is a period of time which will begin on 1 January, 10001. ... The 11th millennium and beyond is a period of time which will begin on 1 January, 10001. ... Photo taken during the 1999 eclipse. ... is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The 11th millennium and beyond is a period of time which will begin on 1 January, 10001. ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... [edit] Observing Eclipse viewing glasses can be used to observe the transit. The safest way to observe a transit is to project the image of the Sun through a telescope, binoculars, or pinhole onto a screen, but the event can be viewed with the naked eye using filters specifically designed for this purpose, such as an astronomical solar filter with a vacuum-deposited layer of chromium, eclipse viewing glasses, or Grade 14 welder's glass. An earlier method of using exposed black-and-white film as a filter is no longer regarded as safe, as small imperfections or gaps in the film may permit damaging UV rays to pass through. Also, processed color film (unlike black-and-white film) does not contain silver, and is transparent to infra-red. This may result in burns to the retina. Observing the Sun directly without filters can cause a temporary or permanent loss of visual function, as it can damage or destroy retinal cells.[2][28] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 1894 KB) Summary sun eclipse glasses Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Solar eclipse Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 1894 KB) Summary sun eclipse glasses Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Solar eclipse Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Porro-prism binoculars with central focusing Binocular telescopes, or binoculars, (also known as field glasses) are two identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. ... Vacuum deposition is a process used to create a thin layer of a substance (a coating) on a solid object (the substrate). ... REDIRECT [[ Insert text]]EWWWWWWWWWWWWW YO General Name, symbol, number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... Also see Personal protective equipment: Eye protection. ... This article is about motion pictures. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... There are four named "contacts" during the transit - moments when the circumference of Venus touches the circumference of the Sun at a single point: First contact (external ingress): Venus is entirely outside the disk of the Sun, moving inward Second contact (internal ingress): Venus is entirely inside the disk of the Sun, moving further inward Third contact (internal egress): Venus is entirely inside the disk of the Sun, moving outward Fourth contact (external egress): Venus is entirely outside the disk of the Sun, moving outward.[2] A fifth named point is that of greatest transit, when Venus is at the middle of its path across the disk of the Sun and which marks the halfway point in the timing of the transit.[2] [edit] See also Astronomical transit Black Drop Effect 2003 Transit of Mercury The term transit or astronomical transit has two meanings in astronomy: A transit is the astronomical event that occurs when one celestial body appears to move across the face of another celestial body, as seen by an observer at some particular vantage point. ... The black drop effect is an optical phenomenon visible during a transit of Venus. ... [edit] Notes ^ John E. Westfall (2003-11). June 8, 2004: The Transit of Venus. Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ a b c d Transit of Venus - Safety. University of Central Lancashire. Retrieved on 21 September, 2006. ^ a b Venus compared to Earth. European Space Agency (2000). Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ Juergen Giesen (2003). Transit Motion Applet. Retrieved on 26 September, 2006. ^ a b c d e f Fred Espenak (2004-02-11). Transits of Venus, Six Millennium Catalog: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE. NASA. Retrieved on 21 September, 2006. ^ John Walker. Transits of Venus from Earth. Fourmilab Switzerland. Retrieved on 21 September, 2006. ^ Paul Rincon (2005-11-07). Planet Venus: Earth's 'evil twin'. BBC. Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson (1999-04). Heraclides of Pontus. Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ Morley, Sylvanus G. (1994). The Ancient Maya, 5th ed., Stanford Univ Press. ISBN 9780804723107.  ^ Bohumil Böhm and Vladimir Böhm. The Dresden Codex — the Book of Mayan Astronomy. Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ a b Dr. Edmund Halley. A New Method of Determining the Parallax of the Sun, or His Distance from the Earth, Sec. R. S., N0 348, 454.  ^ HM Nautical Almanac Office (2004-06-10). 1631 Transit of Venus. Retrieved on 28 August, 2006. ^ Paul Marston (2004). Jeremiah Horrocks - young genius and first Venus transit observer. University of Central Lancashire, 14–37.  ^ Mikhail Ya. Marov (2004). "Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union: 209–219. Cambridge University Press.  ^ a b c d Prof. Richard Pogge. How far to the sun? The Venus Transits of 1761 & 1769. Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ National Dictionary of Biography - Biography of Jeremiah Dixon. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ (1999) in Ernest Rhys: The Voyages of Captain Cook. Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 29–30. ISBN 1-84022-100-3.  ^ Christian Mayer. "An Account of the Transit of Venus: In a Letter to Charles Morton, M. D. Secret. R. S. from Christian Mayer, S. J. Translated from the Latin by James Parsons, M. D.". Royal society (GB). Philosophical transactions 54: 163.  ^ Explanation of the Black-Drop Effect at Transits of Mercury and the Forthcoming Transit of Venus. AAS (2004-01-04). Retrieved on 21 September, 2006. ^ a b c d e Transits of Venus - Kiss of the goddess. The Economist (2004-05-27). Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ Maggie McKee (2004-06-06). Extrasolar planet hunters eye Venus transit. New Scientist. Retrieved on 27 September, 2006. ^ A. Gould, A. Udalski, D. An, D. P. Bennett, A.-Y. Zhou, S. Dong, N. J. Rattenbury, B. S. Gaudi, P. C. M. Yock, I. A. Bond, G. W. Christie, K. Horne, J. Anderson, K. Z. Stanek, D. L. DePoy, C. Han, J. McCormick, B.-G. Park, R. W. Pogge, S. D. Poindexter, I. Soszyński, M. K. Szymański, M. Kubiak, G. Pietrzyński, O. Szewczyk, Ł. Wyrzykowski, K. Ulaczyk, B. Paczyński, D. M. Bramich, C. Snodgrass, I. A. Steele, M. J. Burgdorf, M. F. Bode, C. S. Botzler, S. Mao, and S. C. Swaving (2006 June 10). "Microlens OGLE-2005-BLG-169 Implies That Cool Neptune-like Planets Are Common". The Astrophysical Journal 644 (1): L37 - L40. The American Astronomical Society.  ^ Fred Espenak (2002-06-18). 2004 and 2012 Transits of Venus. NASA. Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ Steve Bell (2004). Transits of Venus 1000 AD – 2700 AD. HM Nautical Almanac Office. Retrieved on 25 September, 2006. ^ a b "Hobby Q&A", Sky&Telescope, August 2004, p. 138. ^ Fred Espenak (2005-04-21). Transits of Mercury, Seven Century Catalog: 1601 CE to 2300 CE. NASA. Retrieved on 27 September, 2006. ^ de La Lande, M.; Messier, M. (1769). "Observations of the Transit of Venus on June 3, 1769, and the Eclipse of the Sun on the Following Day, Made at Paris, and Other Places. Extracted from Letters Addressed from M. De la Lande, of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, and F. R. S. to the Astronomer Royal; And from a Letter Addressed from M. Messier to Mr. Magalhaens". Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775) 59: 374–377.  ^ Fred Espenak. Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses (Adapted from NASA RP 1383 Total Solar Eclipse of 1998 February 26, April 1996, p. 17.). Retrieved on 21 September, 2006. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Photograph taken c. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Charles Messier Charles Messier (June 26, 1730 – April 12, 1817) was a French astronomer who in 1774 published a catalogue of 45 deep sky objects such as nebulae and star clusters. ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... [edit] External links Chasing Venus, Observing the Transits of Venus Smithsonian Institution Libraries Predictions for the 2012 transit of Venus Venus Transit FAQ The 2004 Transit of Venus   Time Series for Ingress, Maximum and Egress. Reanimating the 1882 Transit of Venus, in Sky and Telescope magazine online Transit of Venus Transit of Venus Historical observations of the transit of Venus Two exoplanets discovered by transit light dimming method The transit of Venus across the Sun The transit of Venus: a stroke of luck for teachers venus2004,  v • d • e Transit visibility from planets superior to the transiting body Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury Venus Venus Venus Venus Venus Venus Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Mars Mars Mars Mars