|
The transmigration program (transmigrasi in Indonesia) was an initiative by the government of Indonesia to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the Indonesian archipelago. This meant moving people from the islands of Java, Bali, and Madura to areas including Papua, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Sulawesi. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
An archipelago is a landform which consists of a chain or cluster of islands. ...
Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ...
Bali is an Indonesian island located at , , one of the Lesser Sunda Islands. ...
Madura is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java, near the port of Surabaya. ...
Map showing West New Guinea region The region of West New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea and has also been known as Irian Jaya or West Papua. ...
Kalimantan is the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. ...
Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the 3rd largest island of Indonesia after Kalimantan and New Guinea. ...
Sulawesi (formerly Celebes ) is a large island in Indonesia. ...
The stated purpose of the program was to reduce poverty and overpopulation on Java, provide opportunities of hard-working poor people, and to provide a workforce to better utilize the natural resources of the outer islands. Critics of the program accused the government of Indonesia of trying to use these migrants to replace native populations, and to weaken separatist movements. The program was a cause of considerable controversy and conflict, including violence between settlers and indigenous populations. World map showing percentage of people living under national poverty lines. ...
It has been suggested that Overpopulation Debate be merged into this article or section. ...
This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...
The workforce is the labour pool in employment. ...
Political separatism is a movement to obtain sovereignty and split a territory or group of people (usually a people with a distinctive national consciousness) from one another (or one nation from another; a colony from the metropolis). ...
Look up Controversy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For other uses, see Controversy (disambiguation). ...
Violence refers to acts of aggression and abuse which causes or intends to cause criminal injury or harm to persons, and (to a lesser extent) animals and property. ...
The term has no universal, standard or fixed definition. ...
History The policy was started by the Dutch colonial government in the early nineteenth century to reduce crowding and to provide a workforce for plantations on Sumatra. The program diminished during the last years of the Dutch era, but was revived after independence in an attempt to alleviate the food shortages and weak economic performance that were a major feature of the Sukarno era. The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ...
Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the 3rd largest island of Indonesia after Kalimantan and New Guinea. ...
Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ...
Under the President Suharto, the program continued and was expanded to send migrants to more areas of the archipelago. At its peak between 1979 and 1984, 535,000 families, or almost 2.5 million people, moved under the transmigration program. It had had a major impact on the demographics of some areas; for example, in 1981 sixty percent of the three million people in the southern Sumatra province of Lampung were transmigrants. The World Bank, Asian Development Bank and bilateral donors funded the program with huge amounts of money in the 1980s. List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: Indonesia | Lists of office-holders ...
Haji Mohammad Soeharto (born June 8, 1921), more commonly referred to as simply Soeharto (Suharto in the Anglophone world), is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ...
Map showing Lampung province in Indonesia Lampung is a province of Indonesia, located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. ...
Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means...
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral/quasi-intergovernmental development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. ...
Beginning in the 1990s, there were violent conflicts between transmigrants and indigenous populations; in Kalimantan, hundreds were killed in fighting between Madurese transmigrants and the indigenous Dayak people. The Madurese are an ethnic group originally from the island of Madura but now found in many parts of Indonesia, where they are the third-largest ethnic group by population. ...
The Dayak (or Dyak) are indigenous natives of Borneo. ...
In August 2000, after the Asian financial crisis and the fall of the Suharto government, the Indonesian government officially cancelled the large-scale transmigration program, funding no longer being available to underwrite it. This article is about the year 2000. ...
The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ...
Aims The stated purpose of the program, according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community, was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java, Bali and Madura to the outer, less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density. This would alleviate poverty by providing land and new opportunities to generate income for poor landless settlers. It would also benefit the nation as a whole by increasing the utilization of the natural resources of the less-populous islands. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The program may also have been intended to encourage the unification of the country through the creation of a single Indonesian national identity to augment or replace regional identities; whether this change would be desirable remains hotly disputed in Indonesia. For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation) A nation is a community of people who live together in an area (or, more broadly, of their descendants who may now be dispersed); and who regard themselves, or are regarded by others, as sharing some common identity, to which certain...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Criticism Indonesia's transmigration program was the target of extensive opposition, particularly from indigenous populations in the regions where transmigrants settled. Some foreign and domestic observers also criticized the program's intentions or implementation. The meaning of opposition-Hostile attitude or action: a disapproving attitude toward something and a wish to prevent it, or action taken to show disapproval of and prevent something Public opposition to the plan was growing. ...
Many indigenous people saw the program as a part of an effort by the central government on Java to extend greater economic and political control over their region, by moving in people having closer personal ties to Java. This was particularly resented in areas such as Papua that had an active movement to end what was seen as an unwanted military occupation by Indonesia. The government agencies responsible for administering transmigration were often insensitive to local customary or adat land rights. Map showing West New Guinea region The region of West New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea and has also been known as Irian Jaya or West Papua. ...
This is an article about the digital recording format. ...
Transmigrants were also blamed for accelerating deforestation of sensitive rainforest areas, because of the greatly increased population in formerly sparsely-populated areas. Migrants often moved to entirely new "transmigration villages," constructed in regions that had been relatively unimpacted by human activity. Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested. ...
This article is about the rainforest in general. ...
The program was also not consistently beneficial for the migrants. While they had access to substantially more land than would be possible on their home islands, the soil of most of the outer islands is not nearly as fertile as the volcanic soil of Java and Bali. Despite major government spending—in some years thirty to forty percent of the entire budget for the outer islands—promised investment in transportation, water, and education was lacking.
Current Status Under the restructured Department of Manpower and Transmigration (Bahasa Indonesia: Departemen Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi) the Indonesian government maintains the transmigration program, although on a far smaller scale than in previous decades. The department assists in annually relocating approximately 15,000 families, or nearly 60,000 people. The rate has shown gradual increases in recent years with funding for transmigration activities at $270 million (2.3 trillion IDR) and a target of relocating 20,500 families in 2006.[1] Sample of Rupiah banknote The rupiah is the monetary unit of Indonesia (currency code IDR). ...
See also Indonesias 242 million people make it the worlds fourth-most populous nation. ...
Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one locality to another, often over long distances or in large groups. ...
Historically, people who migrated to settle permanently in colonies controlled by their country of origin were called colonists or settlers. ...
Political migration is any migration motivated primarily by political interests. ...
This is a partial listing of alleged human rights violations in western New Guinea under Indonesian rule (currently comprised of the provinces of West Irian Jaya and Papua). ...
Bumiputra or Bumiputera (Sanskrit, translated literally, it means sons of the Earth; Malay, translated literally, it means princes of the Earth), is an official definition widely used in Malaysia, embracing ethnic Malays as well as other indigenous ethnic groups. ...
This article defines the legal defination of Bumiputera as defined in Brunei. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
for the historical event see: History of Western Sahara for the aerobatic team see: Marche Verte This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Further reading
External links - Indonesia - World Bank Admits Transmigration Failures, Martin Colchester, 1994. Report on settler-Dayak confict in Kalimantan.
- Kalimantan's Agony: The failure of Transmigrasi, American CNN news report, 2001.
- "Indonesia's transmigration programme: an update, 2001 report by "Down to Earth," a UK-based organization working on Indonesian environmental issues. Many details on the Suharto-era program and the changes since then. DtE is highly critical of transmigration.
The Cable News Network, usually referred to as CNN, is a cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner [1][2]. It is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System, owned by Time Warner. ...
References - Hardjono, J. 1989. The Indonesian transmigration program in historical perspective. International migration 26:427-439.
- Hollie, Pamela. 1981. Jakarta fights overcrowding Bali and Java. The New York Times January 11.
- Rigg, Jonathan. 1991. Land settlement in Southeast Asia: the Indonesian transmigration program. In: Southeast Asia: a region in transition. London: Unwin Hyman. 80-108.
- MacAndrews, Colin. 1978. Transmigration in Indonesia: prospects and problems. Asian Survey 18(5):458-472.
|
Feeds |
Contact