Transoxiana (sometimes also spelled Transoxania) is the now-largely obsolete name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan and southwest Kazakhstan. Geographically, it means the region between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. When used in the present, it usually implies that one is talking about that region in the time prior to about the 8th century, although the term continued to remain in use for several centuries after. This dividing line is used, as this was the point at which Islam came to dominate the region, after a century-long power struggle with Tang DynastyChina.
The name, however, is Greek, and literally means "Beyond the Oxus River", - an older name for the Amu Darya - which describes the region perfectly from the viewpoint of an ancient Greek. The name stuck in Western consciousness because of the exploits of Alexander the Great, who extended Greek culture into the region with his conquests of the 4th century BC; Transoxiana represented the uttermost northeastern point of the Hellenistic culture, and in fact kept a hybrid Greek/Indian/Chinese Buddhist culture, dubbed Serindian, until the Islamic conquest. During this time, when Transoxiana was cut off from the rest of Western culture by the Sassanid Empire, it is often called Sogdiana - a provincial name taken from early Persian, and used to distinguish it from nearby Bactria.
Transoxiana's major city and cultural center was Samarkand, while another was Bokhara. Both were on the southern fringes of Transoxiana, however (literally on the Oxus itself), and the majority of the region was dry but fertile plains.
Following the Arab conquest of this area, it became known as Ma Wara'a n-Nahr ("what is beyond the river").
Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in 1219 during his conquest of Khwarazm. After his death in 1227 it was assigned to his son Chagatai, and it became part of the Chagatai Khanate. In 1364Timur the Lame began his empire by expelling the Chagatai from Transoxiana, and Samarkand became the core of his empire.
During this period, he received an arrow-wound in the leg, as a result of which he was nicknamed Timur i Lenk or Timur the Lame, corrupted in the West to Tamerlane.
After the death in 1357 of Transoxonia's ruler, Amir Kazgan, Timur declared his fealty to the khan of nearby Kashgar, Tughluq Temur, who had overrun Transoxonia's chief city, Samarkand, in 1361.
Khorasan and all eastern Persia fell to him in 1383-85; Fars, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mesopotamia and Georgia all fell between 1386 and 1394.In the intervals, he was engaged with Toktamish, then khan of the Golden Horde whose forces invaded Azerbaijan in 1385 and Transoxonia in 1388,defeating Timur's generals.
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