This is a 19th century design for a COA of a proposed Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth which never came into being. It consists of the Polish White Eagle, the Lithuanian White Knight and Ruthenian Archangel Michael.

The Treaty of Hadiach (Polish: ugoda hadziacka) was a treaty signed on September 16, 1658, in Hadiach (Hadziacz, Hadiacz, Гадяч) between representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (represented by S. Bieniewski and K. Jewłaszewski) and Cossacks (represented by ataman Ivan Vyhovsky and starshyna (sztarszna, the elders) Yurii Nemyrych, architect of the treaty, and Pavlo Teteria). It was designed to elevate the Cossacks and Ruthenians to the position equal to that of Poland and Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Union and in fact transforming the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into a Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów, "Commonwealth of Three Nations"). Image:Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow. ... Image:Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Coat of Arms of Poland consists of a White Eagle on a red shield. ... Vytis The Coat of arms of the Republic of Lithuania is the Vytis (the Knight) or Pogoń. ... Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. ... Guido Renis archangel Michael (in the Capuchin church of Sta. ... A treaty is a binding agreement under international law concluded by subjects of international law, namely states and international organizations. ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who has plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (Storebælt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann, Turkish: Ataman) was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1568 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Ivan Vyhovsky (Іван Виговський)(reigned 1657-1659) was a hetman (or otoman) of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and the successor to the famous hetman and rebel leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky (see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks). ... Starshina, or Starshyna (Ukrainian and Russian: , from старший, starshyi, senior), had a number of meanings, all related to the position of chiefdom. ... Ruthenian may refer to: Ruthenia, a name applied to various parts of Eastern Europe Ruthenians, the peoples of Ruthenia Ruthenian language, a name applied to several Slavic languages This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The term Polish-Lithuanian Union refers to a series of acts and alliances between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lead to the creation of the Republic of Both Nations in 1569 and eventually to creation of a unified state in 1791. ... Rzeczpospolita (pronounced: , zhech-poss-POH-lee-tah) is a Polish calque translation of the Latin expression res publica (public affair). It has been used in Poland since at least 16th century, originally to denote any democratic state. ...

Features

The specific features of the Treaty of Hadiach were:

1. creation of the Ruthenian Duchy or Grand Duchy of Rus (Polish: Księstwo Moskiewskie) from Czernichów Voivodship, Kijów Voivodship and Braclaw Voivodship (The Cossack negotiators had originally demanded that Galicia Voivodship, Wolhynian Voivodship, Belz Voivodship, Podole Voivodship, Pynske Voivodship, Starodub Voivodship, and Ovruch Voivodship be included as well), which would be governed by a Cossack ataman, elected for life from among four candidates presented by the Cossacks and confirmed by the king of Poland;
2. creation of parallel Ruthenian offices, tribunal, academy (Kiev's Orthodox Collegium would be raised to the status of an academy; a second Orthodox higher institution of learning would be founded; and as many schools and printing presses "as were necessary" would be established), a judicial system, treasury and mint as existed in Poland and Lithuania (see Offices in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth);
3. the Duchy would be connected with the Commonwealth by the common king. There would be only one national parliament (Sejm) and one foreign policy;
4. admission to the Senate of Poland of Orthodox ecclesiastic members: the Archbishop (metropolita) of Kiev and other Orthodox bishops (of Lutske, Lviv, Peremyshl, Kholm, and Mstsislau) and elevation of the Orthodox religion and Church to the same level as Catholicism. No Uniate monasteries or churches were to be built in the Duchy - the Union of Brest would be dissolved on the territory of the Ruthenian Duchy;
5. ennoblement of Cossack elders (starszyzna kozacka). Each year the ataman would recommend to the king 1,000 Cossacks to receive a patent of hereditary nobility, and up to 100 Cossacks in each military regiment could be personally-ennobled as well.
6. establishment of a Cossack army, in the form of the Cossack register of 30,000. The officers of these forces would be elected by their own members. The Cossacks' own forces would be supplemented by 10,000 regular mercenaries, paid from public taxes. No other Commonweatlh troops were to be allowed in Rus' without the consent of the Cossack hetman, except in the event of war, and then they would come under the Cossack hetman's command;
7. return of land and property to Commonwealth nobility (szlachta), which had been confiscated by Cossacks after the 1648 Chmielnicki Uprising;
8. a general anmesty for previous crimes would be decreed.

Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. ... Voivodship Czernichów (Polish: Województwo Czernihowskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) since 1635 till the partitions of Poland in 1772/1795. ... Województwo Kijowskie coat of arms The Kijów (Kiev) Voivodship (Polish: Województwo Kijowskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 14th century till 1569 and of the Kingdom of Poland since 1569 till 1793/1795. ... The Bracław Voivodship (Polish: Województwo Bracławskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 14th century till 1569 and of the Kingdom of Poland since 1569 till 1793/1795. ... Volhynian Voivodship (województwo wołyńskie) was one of the 16 voivodships of Poland prior to 1939 in Second Polish Republic and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Bełz Voivodship (Polish: Województwo Bełskie, Latin: Palatinatus Belzensis) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772_1795. ... The Podole Voivodship (Polish: Województwo Podolskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland, since the 14th century till 1793/1795. ... Following the title of hetmans of Poland and Lithuania, at the end of 16th century commanders of the Cossacks were also called Hetmans (or atamans). ... Poland was ruled by dukes (c. ... Offices in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth article presents the organizational structure and administrative system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... This article is about the lower chamber of Polish parliament. ... For the American magazine, see Foreign Policy. ... The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... This article is about the Christian buildings of worship. ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop heading a diocese of particular importance due to either its size, history, or both, called an archdiocese. ... For other uses, see Bishop (disambiguation). ... The decision of the (Ruthenian) Church of Rus, the Metropolia of Kiev-Halych and all Rus, to break relations with the Patriarch of Constantinople and place themselves under the (patriarch) Pope of Rome in 1595-1596 is termed the Union of Brest (Belarusian: Берасьце́йская ву́нія). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A Cossack host or Cossack voisko (Казачье войско, kazachye voysko, sometimes incorrectly translated as Cossack Army) was an administrative subdivision of Cossacks in Imperial Russia. ... Registered Cossacks (Polish: Kozacy rejestrowi) is the term used for Cossacks (mostly from the Zaporizhian Sich) who were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth armies. ... Polish Szlachcic. ... Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. ...

History and importance

Historian Andrew Wilson has called this "one of the great 'What-ifs?' of Ukrainian and East European history", noting that "If it had been successfully implemented, the Commonwealth would finally have become a loose confederation of Poles, Lithuanians and Ruthenians. The missing Ukrainian buffer state would have come into being as the Commonwealth's eastern pillar. Russian expansion might have been checked and Poland spared the agonies of the Partitions or, perhaps just as likely, it might have struggled on longer as the 'Sick Man of Europe.'" (p. 65) Andrew Wilson could refer to: Andrew Wilson, a theologian for the Unification Church Andrew Wilson, a former member of the Scottish Parliament Andrew Wilson, a composer Andrew Wilson, an English footballer Andrew Wilson, a basketball player Andrew Wilson, a 19th century artist Andrew Wilson, brother of Richard Wilson and Emma...

In spite of considerable Roman Catholic opposition, the Treaty of Hadiach was approved by Polish king and parliament (Sejm) on 22 May 1659. It was a Commonwealth attempt to regain influence over the Ukrainian territories, lost after the series of Cossack uprisings (like the Chmielnicki Uprising) and growing influence of Muscovy over the Cossacks (like the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav). This article is about the lower chamber of Polish parliament. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ... Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. ... Pereyaslav Rada The Treaty of Pereyaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereyaslav during the meeting known as Pereyaslavska Uhoda (Pereyaslav Treaty). ...

Ataman Vyhovsky supported the negotiations with the Commonwealth, especially after he suppressed a revolt led by the colonel of Poltava, Martyn Pushkar, and severed relations with Muscovy for its violations of the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654. The Treaty of Hadiach was, however, viewed by many Cossacks as 'too little, too late', and they especially opposed the agreement to return land property to the szlachta. After the 1648 revolt, the Commonwealth was very unpopular with ordinary Cossacks. Rank-and-file Cossacks saw Orthodox Moscow as their natural ally and did not care for alliance with the Commonwealth. Furthermore, Hadiach was too much a deal that merely benefited the elite of the Cossacks—the "starshyna"—who wanted to be recognized as equal to the Polish nobility. Thus, while some Cossacks, among them the ataman Ivan Vyhovsky supported the Commonwealth, many did not, and Cossack unrest continued in Ukraine. Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... Pereyaslav Rada The Treaty of Pereyaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereyaslav during the meeting known as Pereyaslavska Uhoda (Pereyaslav Treaty). ... Ivan Vyhovsky (Іван Виговський)(reigned 1657-1659) was a hetman (or otoman) of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and the successor to the famous hetman and rebel leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky (see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks). ...

The Commonwealth position was further weakened by the agression of Muscovy. Muscovy felt threatened by the Treaty of Hadiach, which weakend their hold on Cossacks. The Muscovites saw the treaty as an act of war, and even before it was ratified sent an army into Ukraine. Although Polish forces under hetman Stefan Czarniecki dealt defeat to Muscovy forces at the battle of Polonka, and recaptured Wilno in 1660, lack of other Commonwealth military successes, especially in Ukraine, further undermined Cossack support of the Commonwealth. Vyhovsky's early success at the battle of Konotop in June 1659 was not descisive enough, and was followed by a series of defeats. The Muscovite garrisons in Ukraine continued to hold out; a Zaporozhian attack on the Crimea forced Vykhovsky's Tatar allies to return home, and unrest broke out in the Poltava region. Finally, several pro-Moscow colonels rebelled and accused Vykhovsky of "selling Ukraine out to the Poles." Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann, Old Slavonik vatamman, Turkish: Ataman) was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Noble Family Czarniecki Coat of Arms Łodzia Parents  ? Consorts  ? Children  ? Date of Birth 1599 Place of Birth Czarnce, Poland Date of Death July 18, 1665 Place of Death  ? Stefan Czarniecki, Stephen Czarniecki (1599-July 18, 1665) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth general and nobleman (szlachcic). ... The Battle of PoÅ‚onka took place near PoÅ‚onka during the Polish-Russian War on June 28, 1660 and was fought between Polish-Lihuanian and Muscovy forces. ... Vilnius Old Town Vilnius (sometimes Vilna; Polish Wilno, Belarusian Вільня, Russian Вильнюс, see also Cities alternative names) is the capital city of Lithuania. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... The Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Russian transliteration: Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym, Russian: Автономная Республика Крым, Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, , pronounced cry-MEE-ah in English) is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea. ... The term Tatar may refer to A member of the Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Crimean Tatars Tatar language, Crimean Tatar language Native people of Crimea, Tatarstan See also: Turkic peoples, Turkic languages. ... Poltava (Ukrainian: ) is a city and oblast center in Poltava Oblast of eastern Ukraine with some 313,400 inhabitants (2004). ...

Unable to continue the war, Vykhovsky resigned in October 1659 and retired to Poland. The situation was further complicated by the Ottoman Empire, which tried to gain control of the disputed region and played all factions against each other. Meanwhile, the Commonwealth was weakened by the rokosz of Jerzy Lubomirski. The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El-Muzaffer Daima (Ottoman Turkish for the Ever Victorious) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (Ä°stanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... Rokosz was a privilege of szlachta in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to refuse the Kings orders and legally act against him if the monarch were to break the laws and privileges of the szlachta. ...

In the end, Muscovy was victorious, as seen in the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo and the 1686 Eternal Peace. Cossacks fell under the Muscovite sphere of influence, with much fewer priviliges under the Hetmanate than would have been granted under the treaty of Hadiach. By the end of the 18th century, Cossack political influence has been almost completely destroyed by the Russian Empire. // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Treaty of Andrusovo, 1667 (Polish Rozejm w Andruszowie, Russian Андрусовское перемирие, Ukrainian Андрусівське перемиря), a truce for 13,5 years between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which were at war since 1654 over the territories of modern day Ukraine and Belarus. ... Events The League of Augsburg is founded. ... The Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686 (Polish Pokój wieczysty or Pokój GrzymuÅ‚towskiego, Russian Вечный мир) was a treaty between Russia and Poland, signed by Polish envoys: voivod of PoznaÅ„ Krzysztof GrzymuÅ‚towski and chancellor (kanclerz) of Lithuania Marcjan OgiÅ„ski and Russian knyaz Vasily Golitsyn on May 6, 1686... The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start...

Second Treaty of Hadiach

In the aftermath of the November Uprising in 1861, there was an attempt to recreate the Treaty of Hadiach, to form a Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth to throw off the partitions of Poland. It was then that the coat of arms of the proposed Commonwealth was created. The planned convention in Hadiach was declared illegal by the Russians, who stationed close to 2,000 soldiers there to ensure that no meetings or demonstrations take place and blocked passage through nearby bridges. Despite these precautions, a mass and a celebration involving 15–20,000 people and over 200 priests (both Catholic and Orthodox) took place near Hadiach. The November Uprising (1830-1831) was an armed rebellion against Russias rule in Poland. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Partitions of Poland (Polish Rozbiór or Rozbiory Polski) happened in the 18th century and ended the existence of a sovereign state of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ...

References

• Andrew Wilson, The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation, New Haven: Yale University Press. 2000, review online
• Paul Robert Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, University of Washington Press, 1996, ISBN 0295975806
• Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, University of Toronto Press, 2000, ISBN 0802083900 excerpts online

Andrew Wilson could refer to: Andrew Wilson, a theologian for the Unification Church Andrew Wilson, a former member of the Scottish Parliament Andrew Wilson, a composer Andrew Wilson, an English footballer Andrew Wilson, a basketball player Andrew Wilson, a 19th century artist Andrew Wilson, brother of Richard Wilson and Emma...

External links

• Treaty of Hadiache - in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
• The Question of Russo-Ukrainian Unity and Ukrainian Distinctiveness in Early Modern Ukrainian Thought and Culture, by Zenon E. Kohut (PDF format)
• Jak powstała Rzeczpospolita Trzech Narodów, Zbigniew Święch, Alma Mater, 39/2002 (Polish language) describes the circumstances of Second Treaty of Hadich