The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (in Japanese, 日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の相互協力及び安全保障条約, Treaty of mutual cooperation and security between Japan and the United States of America) was signed between the United States and Japan in Washington on January 19, 1960. It strengthened Japan's ties to the "West" during the Cold War era. The treaty also included general provisions on the further development of international cooperation and on improved future economic cooperation. Jump to: navigation, search January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search For the generic term for a high-tension struggle between countries, see cold war (war). ...

Specifics

The earlier Mutual Security Assistance Pact of 1952 provided the initial basis for the Japans's security relations with the United States. It was signed after Japan gained full sovereignty at the end of the allied occupation. Jump to: navigation, search // Surrender Representatives of Japan stand aboard the USS Missouri prior to signing of the Instrument of Surrender Japan surrendered to the Allies on August 14, 1945, when Emperor Hirohito accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration. ...

Bilateral talks on revising the 1952 security pact began in 1959, and the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was signed in Washington on January 19, 1960. When the pact was submitted to the Diet for ratification on February 5, it became the subject of bitter debate over the Japan-United States relationship and the occasion for violence in an all-out effort by the leftist opposition to prevent its passage. It was finally approved by the House of Representatives on May 20. Japan Socialist Party deputies boycotted the lower house session and tried to prevent the LDP deputies from entering the chamber; they were forcibly removed by the police. Massive demonstrations and rioting by students and trade unions followed. These outbursts prevented a scheduled visit to Japan by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and precipitated the resignation of Prime Minister Kishi Nobusuke, but not before the treaty was passed by default on June 19, when the House of Councillors failed to vote on the issue within the required thirty days after lower house approval. The National Diet of Japan (国会; Kokkai) is Japans legislature. ... The House of Representatives (衆議院; Shugi-in) is the lower house of the Diet of Japan. ... The Japan Socialist Party (日本社会党) (in Japanese Nihon Shakai-to) was a former Japanese political party with a socialist, left-wing ideology, which functioned between 1945 and 1996. ... Jump to: navigation, search Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ... The Prime Minister of Japan (内閣総理大臣 Naikaku sōri daijin) is the English political nomenclature of the head of government of Japan. ... Nobusuke Kishi (岸 信介 Kishi Nobusuke November 13, 1896–August 7, 1987) was a Japanese politician and the 56th and 57th Prime Minister of Japan from February 25, 1957 to June 12, 1958 and from then to July 19, 1960. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search The House of Councillors (参議院; Sangi-in) is the upper house of the Diet of Japan. ...

The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security declares that both nations will . Also, it maintains that an armed attack on either country in territories administered by Japan will be considered dangerous to the safety of the other. However, Japan was relieved by its constitutional prohibition of participating in external military operations from any obligation to defend the United States if it were attacked outside of Japanese territories.

Under the treaty, both parties assumed an obligation to maintain and develop their capacities to resist armed attack in common and to assist each other in case of armed attack on territories under Japanese administration. It was understood, however, that Japan could not come to the defense of the United States because it was constitutionally forbidden to send armed forces overseas (Article 9). In particular, the constitution forbids the maintenance of "land, sea, and air forces." It also expresses the Japanese people's renunciation of "the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes". The scope of the new treaty did not extend to the Ryukyu Islands, but an appended minute made clear that in case of an armed attack on the islands, both governments would consult and take appropriate action. Unlike the 1952 security pact, the new treaty provided for a ten-year term, after which it could be revoked upon one year's notice by either party. The Constitution of Japan has the Article 9 No War clause. ... Location of Ryukyu Islands Flag of same The Ryukyu Islands (琉球列島 Ryūkyū-rettō), also known as the Nansei-shoto (南西諸島 Nansei-shotō, which translates literally as the Southwest Islands), are an island chain stretching southwestward from the island of Kyushu in Japan. ...

Article 6 of the treaty contains a status-of-forces agreement on the stationing of United States forces in Japan, with specifics on the provision of facilities and areas for their use and on the administration of Japanese citizens employed in the facilities. The Agreed Minutes to the treaty specified that the Japanese government must be consulted prior to major changes in United States force deployment in Japan or to the use of Japanese bases for combat operations other than in defense of Japan itself. Also covered are the limits of the two countries' jurisdictions over crimes committed in Japan by United States military personnel. United States Forces Japan, or USFJ, refers to the various divisions of the United States Armed Forces that are stationed in Japan. ... There is still dispute as to whether Japan is a constitutional monarchy or a republic. ...

The Mutual Security Assistance Pact of 1952 initially involved a military aid program that provided for Japan's acquisition of funds, matériel, and services for the nation's essential defense. Although Japan no longer received any aid from the United States by the 1960s, the agreement continued to serve as the basis for purchase and licensing agreements ensuring interoperability of the two nations' weapons and for the release of classified data to Japan, including both international intelligence reports and classified technical information.

Opposition movement

In Japan the treaty is known as anpo (安保, a contraction of 安全保障 anzenhoshō) and the student movements in the 1960s and 1970s who opposed it were known as anpo hantai.

The treaty in fiction

In the manga First President of Japan, the US government had fictionally terminated the treaty by the year 2000, which directly resulted in the activation of the SDF's Counter-Terrorist unit, Red Card. Official patch of the Red Card commando unit in Shueishas First President of Japan. ...

See also

• Japan-United States relations
• United States Forces Japan
• National security of Japan

United States Forces Japan, or USFJ, refers to the various divisions of the United States Armed Forces that are stationed in Japan. ...

Wikisource

• Full English text of the treaty at Wikisource

Reference

• This article incorporates public domain text from the Library of Congress Country Studies. - Japan