Treblinka II was a Nazi extermination camp in German-occupied Poland during World War II. Extermination camps like the one at Treblinka were used in the Holocaust for the systematic genocide of people categorized as "sub-humans" by the Nazis. It operated from July 1942 until October 1943. Over 780,000^[1] people were killed there, an amount second only to Auschwitz II (Birkenau) as the site with the most victims killed in the Holocaust. There are many famous Holocaust survivors who survived the Nazi genocides in Europe and went on to achievements of great fame and notability. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This is a list of people who helped Jewish people and others to escape from the Nazi Holocaust during World War II, often called rescuers. The list is not exhaustive, concentrating on famous cases, or people who saved the lives of many potential victims. ... Holocaust resources for main article The Holocaust. ... Book cover The Destruction of the European Jews is a three-volume work published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Functionalism versus intentionalism is a historiographical debate about the origins of the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. ... The extermination camps were the facilities established by Nazi Germany in World War II initially for the killing of the Jews of Europe as part of what was later deemed The Holocaust. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... “Shoah” redirects here. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Untermensch (German for under man, sub-man, sub-human; plural: Untermenschen) is a term from Nazi racial ideology used to describe inferior people, especially the masses from the East, that is Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Soviet Bolshevists, and anyone else who was not a Nordic or Germanic Gentile. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ...

The nearby Treblinka I was a forced labour camp. Arbeitslager is a German language word which means Labor camp. ...

Establishment of Treblinka

A memorial built on the site of Treblinka. Each stone represents a Jewish town or city, the population of which was exterminated at the camp

Treblinka II was one of four camps of Operation Reinhard, the other three being Belzec, Sobibór and Majdanek.^[2] Kulmhof (Chelmno) extermination camp was originally built as a pilot project for the development of the other camps. Operation Reinhard was overseen by Nazi Germany official Heinrich Himmler, commander of the SS, and headed by Odilo Globocnik in Poland. Unlike other Nazi concentration camps, Operation Reinhard camps reported directly to Himmler's office (the Reichs Sicherheits Hauptamt) in Berlin. Himmler kept the control of the program close to him but delegated the work to Globocnik. Operation Reinhard used the euthanasia program (Action T4) for site selection, construction and trained personnel.^[3] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 689 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Treblinka extermination camp Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 689 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Treblinka extermination camp Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Operation Reinhard (Aktion Reinhard, Einsatz Reinhard, Aktion Reinhardt or Einsatz Reinhardt in German) was the code name given to the Nazi plan to murder Polish Jews in the former General Government and rob their possessions. ... Bełżec was the first of the Nazi German extermination camps created for implementing Operation Reinhard during the Holocaust. ... Sobibór was a Nazi German extermination camp that was part of Operation Reinhard, the official German name was SS-Sonderkommando Sobibor. ... Majdanek in the winter, 2005 Majdanek is the site of a German Nazi concentration and extermination camp, roughly 2. ... Chełmno is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capitol of Chelmno Land also known as Kulmland. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( ; October 7, 1900 – May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ... “SS” redirects here. ... Odilo Globocnik Odilo Globocnik (April 21, 1904 - May 31, 1945) was a prominent Austrian Nazi and later an SS leader. ... See also the related List of German concentration camps Concentration camp in Nazi Germany. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Operation Reinhard (Aktion Reinhard, Einsatz Reinhard, Aktion Reinhardt or Einsatz Reinhardt in German) was the code name given to the Nazi plan to murder Polish Jews in the former General Government and rob their possessions. ... Euthanasia (from Greek: ευθανασία -ευ, eu, good, θάνατος, thanatos, death) is the practice of terminating the life of a person or animal in a presumably painless or minimally painful way. ... This poster reads: 60,000 Reichsmarks is what this person suffering from hereditary defects costs the community during his lifetime. ...

Before Operation Reinhard over half a million Jews had been killed by the Einsatzgruppen, mobile SS units whose sole purpose was to murder Jews and commissars in territories conquered by the German army. It became evident, however, that they could not handle millions of Jews that the Nazis had concentrated in the ghettos of Poland. So Treblinka, along with the other Operation Reinhard camps were especially designed for the rapid elimination of the Jews in ghettos. Treblinka was ready on July 24, 1942, when the shipping of Jews began: "According to the SS Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop report, a total of approximately 310,000 Jews were transported in freight trains from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka during the period from July 22 to October 3, 1943."^[4] A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to shoot a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942. ... Commissar is the English translation of an official title (комисса́р) used in Russia after the Bolshevik revolution and in the Soviet Union, as well as some other Communist countries. ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background and united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ... July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Brigadeführer was an SS rank that was used in Nazi Germany between the years of 1932 and 1945. ... Jürgen Stroop in custody for war crimes Jürgen Stroop, (born Josef Stroop, September 26, 1895 in Detmold – March 6, 1952 in Warsaw), was an SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS und Polizei, who served as the SS and Police Leader of the Poland-Warsaw area during... An electric container freight train Freight wagons filled with limestone await unloading, at sidings in Rugby, England An SP freight train west of Chicago in 1992. ... The Ghetto Heroes Memorial The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in General Government during the Holocaust in World War II. In the three years of its existence, starvation, disease and deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps dropped the population of the... July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ...

Memorial at Treblinka, 2005, the largest stone represents Warsaw, which sent over 310,000 Jews to Treblinka in just over three months.

The camp of Treblinka was located 100 km northeast of the Polish capital Warsaw,^[5] 500 m from the Malkinia-Koskow highway, 2.5 km from the Treblinka railroad station.^[6] The camp was organized in two subdivisions: Treblinka I and Treblinka II. Image File history File linksMetadata Treblinka_memorial. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Treblinka_memorial. ... The Ghetto Heroes Memorial The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in General Government during the Holocaust in World War II. In the three years of its existence, starvation, disease and deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps dropped the population of the... This article is about a city that serves as a center of government and politics. ... Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa, see also other names, in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... Three villages in Poland, located in MaÅ‚kinia Górna Commune (Gmina MaÅ‚kinia Górna): MaÅ‚kinia Dolna MaÅ‚kinia Górna MaÅ‚kinia MaÅ‚a-Przewóz Category: ... Highway in Pennsylvania, USA The Pan-American Highway, in the Peruvian town of Máncora, where it serves as the main street. ... Passengers bustle around the typical grand edifice of Londons Broad Street Station in 1865. ...

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.

Treblinka I was further divided into two parts: The first part was the administrative section, which included barracks for the SS troops, the Ukrainian guards, the camp commander's barrack, a bakery, a storage and barracks for the 1,000 prisoners who were used to operate the camp. A road left this part of the camp and rejoined the highway. The second section of Treblinka I was the receiving area where the railroad extended from the Treblinka station into the camp. There were two barracks near the tracks that were used to store the belongings of prisoners; one was disguised to look like a railroad station. There were two other buildings about 100 m from the track. All of the buildings were used to contain the clothing and belongings of the prisoners. One was used as an undressing room for the women, who were also shorn of all of their hair. There was a cashier's office which collected money and jewelry for "safekeeping". There was also an infirmary, where the sick, old, wounded and already dead were taken. It was a small barrack painted white with a red cross on it. There, the prisoners were led to the edge of a ditch where bodies were continuously burning. They had to strip naked and then sit in the edge of the pit before they were shot in the back of the head. Then they fell in the ditch and burned.^[7] Image File history File links Circle-question-red. ... Barracks are military housing. ... A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Treblinka II was on a small hill. From camp one there was an uphill path (cynically called Himmelstraße—the Road to Heaven—by the SS) lined with barbed wire fences—der Schlauch, "the tube"—which led directly into the gas chambers building. Behind this building there was a large pit, one meter wide by twenty meters long, inside of which burned fires. Rails were laid across the pit and the bodies of gassed victims were placed on the rails to burn. There was also a barrack for the prisoners who operated camp II.^[7] A selection of forms of barbed wire. ... A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. ...

At the very beginning, people were buried in mass graves or piled up in camp II because the workers did not have time to bury them. The stench from the decomposing bodies could be smelled up to ten kilometers away (p.54). The Jews waiting in the train wagons knew what would happen and thousands committed suicide in the trains. In September 1942, new gas chambers were built. They could murder three hundred people in two hours (p.61). Grave in Sarajevo during the siege in 1992-1993. ...

Organization of the camp

Symbolic concrete blocks mark the path of the former railway line at Treblinka

The camp was operated by 20–25 SS (Germans and Austrians) and 80–120 Ukrainian guards. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2288x1712, 752 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Treblinka extermination camp Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2288x1712, 752 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Treblinka extermination camp Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital...

The work was performed by 700–800 Jewish prisoners, organized into special squads (Sonderkommandos). The blue squad was responsible for unloading the train, carrying the luggage and cleaning the wagons. The red squad had the task of undressing the passengers and taking their clothes to the storage areas. The Geldjuden ("money Jews") were in charge of handling the money, gold, stocks, and jewelry. They were forced to search the prisoners just before the gas chambers. Another, the dentist, would open the mouths of the dead and pull out gold teeth with a pair of pliers. Then there were the Totenjuden, the Jews of death, who lived in Treblinka II and were forced to carry the dead from the gas chamber to the furnace and sifted through the ashes of the dead, ground up recognizable parts, and buried the ashes in pits. There also were the court Jews, who took care of the upkeep of the camp. There was the camouflage commando, which went every day into the forest and gathered branches to camouflage the camp and the "funnel" by weaving branches in the barbed wires.^[8] The work squads prisoners were continuously whipped and beaten by the guards and were often killed. New workers (usually the most healthy people) were selected from the daily arrivals and pressed into the commandos. Sonderkommandos were work units of Nazi death camp prisoners forced to aid the killing process. ...

There was a bruise rule; if a prisoner had been bruised on the face, he would be shot that evening at roll call, or the next morning if the bruise had begun to show. Many prisoners, in utter despair at the horrible deaths of their families and unwilling to go on living, committed suicide by hanging themselves in the sleeping barracks with their belts.^[9] Normally, the work crews were almost entirely replaced every three to five days. ^[7] Published Monday to Thursday when the United States Congress is in session and Mondays only during recess, Roll Call provides its readers with up-to-the-minute news of the legislative and political maneuvers that happen every day on Capitol Hill. ...

Mass slaughter

A mass grave in Treblinka opened in March 1943, the bodies were removed for burning in this picture taken by the camp's deputy commander. In the background, dark gray piles of ash from cremated bodies can be seen.

At Treblinka, arriving train passengers were savagely pulled from the train, separated by sex, and ordered to strip naked. In winter, the temperature often dropped to -20 °C (5 °F). The guards chose who would go to the "infirmary". The technique was to rush the whole process while beating everyone so nobody would have the chance to resist. The guards would first whip the men and force them to run uphill through the thirteen feet wide funnel all the way to the gas chambers. The men were locked in and asphyxiated with carbon monoxide from two captured Soviet tank engines. Making them run also raised their heartbeat, which made the process go faster (Lanzmann). It took thirty to forty minutes, then the "Jews of death" unloaded the dead and cleaned the chambers. Then the young girls and women were rushed in, and everyone was crammed as much as possible. The children that were "thrown into the chambers hit the ceiling and then, disfigured, sometimes with broken heads, fell on the heads of the prisoners."^[7] Image File history File links Treblinkagrave. ... Image File history File links Treblinkagrave. ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ...

When the gassing was in progress, begun with a "Ivan, water!" by one of the guards, the prisoners screamed and pounded on the walls of the chamber. There was a little peephole so the soldiers could see if the prisoners were dead yet.^[7] While the men were being gassed, the women were waiting naked in the funnel. They could hear their fathers, husbands, and sons dying. They experienced the "death panic", which caused them to empty their bowels involuntarily, because of the fear of imminent death. The ground in the funnel was covered with piles of excrement afterwards.^[7]

When the doors were opened, "the disfigured, bitten prisoners, with ears torn off, lay on top of each other in the most varied posture." The bodies were then carried to the furnace to be burned. Sometimes, the people were not dead and began to revive in the fresh air, especially pregnant women. They were shot by the guards and burned like the others. Some 800–1,000 bodies were burned at the same time. They would burn for five hours. The incinerator was operated twenty-four hours a day.^[10]

The killing centers had no other function. They were not part of the war effort, so the prisoners were just killed as soon as possible^[7]. But the prisoners, mostly Jewish, would believe anything in the face of such a monstrosity. So everything was eventually set up to make them feel better. The Germans had the camp decorated into a train station, complete with train schedules, posters of far away lands and a real-looking clock (in reality, a prisoner would move the hands to the approximate time before each convoy arrived). The Nazis did not do this in order to make things more humane for the prisoners, but rather to have less work. Originally, the prisoners, as soon as they realized where they were, went mad and began to run around in horror, screamed horribly and tried to escape or commit suicide by jumping onto the barbed wires. This caused a lot of work for the soldiers. After the camp had been camouflaged as a station, the people did not suspect that their death was imminent.^[11] The camp and the whole gastly process of slaughter is vivdly described by Vasilliy Grossman, a Jewish correspondent serving in the Red Army, in his work "A Hell Called Treblinka", which was used as evidence and distributed at the Nuremberg Trials.

Resistance

In August of 1943, the prisoners in the work details rebelled. They seized small arms, sprayed kerosene on all the buildings and set them ablaze. In the confusion, many German soldiers were killed but many more prisoners perished. Of 1,500 prisoners, only 40 known survived the revolt. The camp ceased operation. Camp commander Kurt Franz recalled during his testimonies: "After the uprising in August 1943 I ran the camp single-handedly for a month; however, during that period no gassings were undertaken. It was during that period that the original camp was leveled off and lupins were planted."^[12] There was also a revolt at Sobibór around the same time. Uprising is another word for rebellion. ... Kerosene or paraffin oil (British English, not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin wax or just paraffin) is a colorless flammable hydrocarbon liquid. ... Sobibór was a Nazi extermination camp that was part of Operation Reinhard. ...

After the revolt, it was decided to shut down the death camp and shoot the last of the Jewish prisoners [Arad, p.373]. The camp had been badly damaged by the fire, and the murder of the Polish Jews was also largely complete. Odilo Globocnik wrote to Himmler: "I have on [October 19, 1943], completed Operation Reinhard, and have dissolved all the camps."^[13] The final group of about thirty Jewish girls at Treblinka were shot at the end of November. From the Middle Ages until the Holocaust, Jews were a significant part of the Polish population. ... Odilo Globocnik Odilo Globocnik (April 21, 1904 - May 31, 1945) was a prominent Austrian Nazi and later an SS leader. ...

Death toll and aftermath

A picture taken of the Treblinka site in 1945. Among the ashes and bone fragments in the disturbed mass burial pits are larger fragments of bone and various personal effects.

In 1965, after a report by Dr. Helmut Krausnick, director of the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich, the Court of Assize in Düsseldorf concluded that the minimum number of people killed in Treblinka was 700,000^{[citation needed]}. In 1969, the same court, after new evidence revealed in a report by expert Dr. Wolfgang Scheffler, reassessed that number to 900,000^{[citation needed]}. According to the German and Ukrainian guards who were stationed in Treblinka, the figure ranges from 1,000,000 to 1,400,000.^[7] It is somewhat difficult to assess exactly the actual number of those killed, however the approximate number can be established on the basis of the Hoefle telegram and surviving transports documentation. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (813x570, 97 KB) Photo of Treblinka site from 1945, mass graves were disturbed, and bones and personal effects are visible. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (813x570, 97 KB) Photo of Treblinka site from 1945, mass graves were disturbed, and bones and personal effects are visible. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ...

In 2001, a copy of a decrypted telegram sent by the deputy commander of the Operation Reinhart was discovered among recently declassified information in Britain. The Höfle Telegram listed 713,555 Jews killed in Treblinka up to the end of December 1942. With the addition of 1943 transports listed in Yitzhak Arad's book, one may arrive at the figure 800,000. On the basis of the telegram and additional data for 1943 Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk estimates the minimum death toll as 780,863.^[14] 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. ... The Hofle Telegram. ...

In Israel on April 25, 1988, John Demjanjuk was sentenced to death for war crimes committed in the camp. He was accused of being a notorious guard known as "Ivan the Terrible" by survivors, then later acquitted in 1993. April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (116th in leap years). ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Demjanjuk John Demjanjuk (b. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Footnotes

1. ^ Treblinka - ein Todeslager der "Aktion Reinhard", in: "Aktion Reinhard" - Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement, Bogdan Musial (ed.), Osnabrück 2004, pp. 257-281.
2. ^ Höfle Telegram Public Record Office, Kew, England, HW 16/23, decode GPDD 355a distributed on January 15, 1943, radio telegrams nos 12 and 13/15, transmitted on January 11, 1943.
3. ^ Lanzmann, Claude, Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust.
4. ^ Court of Assizes in Düsseldorf, Germany. Excerpts From Judgments (Urteilsbegründung). AZ-LG Düsseldorf: II 931638.
5. ^ Steiner, Jean-Francois, and Weaver, Helen. Treblinka.
6. ^ United States Department of Justice. Excerpts from Interrogation of Defendant Pavel Vladimirovitch Lelenko.
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h}
8. ^ Steiner & Weaver, pp. 92–95.
9. ^ Steiner & Weaver, p. 84.
10. ^ Klee, Ernst., Dressen, W., Riess, V. The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders.
11. ^ Lanzmann.
12. ^ Arad, p.247.
13. ^ The Nizkor Project. The Killing Centers.
14. ^ Treblinka - ein Todeslager der "Aktion Reinhard", in: "Aktion Reinhard" - Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement, Bogdan Musial (ed.), Osnabrück 2004, pp. 257-281.

Bogdan Musial or Bogdan Musiał is German historian of Polish background[1] specializing in history of the Second World War. ... The Hofle Telegram. ... Claude Lanzmann is a Paris-based filmmaker and professor of documentary film at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland where he conducts a summer workshop. ... Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and (together with Cologne and the Ruhr Area) the economic center of Western Germany. ... DOJ headquarters in Washington, D.C. Justice Department redirects here. ... Ernst Klee is a German teacher, writer, and filmmaker. ... The Nizkor (Hebrew: we will remember) Project is an ongoing Internet-based project run by Ken McVay which is dedicated to countering Holocaust revisionism. ... Bogdan Musial or Bogdan Musiał is German historian of Polish background[1] specializing in history of the Second World War. ...

References

• Court of Assizes in Düsseldorf, Germany. Excerpts From Judgments (Urteilsbegründung). AZ-LG Düsseldorf: II 931638, 1965. Online. (ftp://ftp1.us.nizkor.org/pub/camps/aktion.reinhard/treblinka/german.court)
• Arad, Yitzhak, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987. ISBN 0-253-34293-7
• Glazar, Richard. Trap with a Green Fence. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, 1999.
• Klee, Ernst., Dressen, W., Riess, V. The Good Old Days: the Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders. New York: The Free Press, 1988. ISBN 1-56852-133-2
• Lanzmann, Claude, Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust. New York: Pantheon Books. 1985.
• The Nizkor Project. The Killing Centers. 1995. Online. Available: (ftp://ftp1.us.nizkor.org/pub/camps/aktion.reinhard/treblinka/killing.cntr)
• Steiner, Jean-François. Treblinka. Trans. Helen Weaver. New York, Simon and Schusters, Inc. 1967.
• Rückerl, Adalbert, hrsq. NS-Prozesse. Karlsruhe, Germany: Verlag C F Muller, 1972.
• "Treblinka." Encyclopedia Americana. Ed. unknown.
• United States Department of Justice. Excerpts from Interrogation of Defendant Pavel Vladimirovitch Lelenko. Original source: Directorate of Counterintelligence of the 2nd Belorussian Front, USSR. 1978. Acquired by US in 1994. Available online: [1], [2])
• Originally based on writing by Christopher Mahan as a Pierce College English 101 assignment: http://www.christophermahan.com/writ/treblinka.html
• Sereny, Gitta Into That Darkness: An Examination of Conscience, 1983
• Vassily Grossman's article The Treblinka Hell (1944) was disseminated at the Nuremberg Trials as a document for the prosecution. (The original in Russian: Треблинский ад)
• Martin Gray, For Those I Loved, Little Brown Company, 1984, hardcover, ISBN 0-316-32576-7, 351 pages
• Testimony of Treblinka survivor Ya'akov Wiernik during the Adolf Eichmann trial: http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-066-03.html
• Höfle Telegram, Public Record Office, Kew, England, HW 16/23, decode GPDD 355a distributed on January 15, 1943, radio telegrams nos 12 and 13/15, transmitted on January 11, 1943.

Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and (together with Cologne and the Ruhr Area) the economic center of Western Germany. ... Yitzhak Arad is a renowned Israeli historian. ... Ernst Klee is a German teacher, writer, and filmmaker. ... Claude Lanzmann is a Paris-based filmmaker and professor of documentary film at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland where he conducts a summer workshop. ... The Nizkor (Hebrew: we will remember) Project is an ongoing Internet-based project run by Ken McVay which is dedicated to countering Holocaust revisionism. ... DOJ headquarters in Washington, D.C. Justice Department redirects here. ... The 2nd Belorussian Front (alternative spellings are 2nd Byelorussian Front and 2nd Belarusian Front) was one of the Soviet Army fronts during World War II. The term front was used by the Soviets army in World War II to describe a grouping of two or more armies in the same... The farm at Los Angeles Pierce College Los Angeles Pierce College, also known as Pierce College or Pierce, is a two-year community college that serves over 18,500 students in Woodland Hills, a community within the San Fernando Valley district of the City of Los Angeles. ... Gitta Sereny (born March 13, 1921) is a Hungarian-born British biographer, historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on the Holocaust and abused children. ... Vasily Semyonovich Grossman (alternatively spelled Vassily, Vasiliy, Russian language: Василий Гроссман), December 12, 1905 – September 14, 1964, was a prominent Soviet-era writer and journalist. ... The Süddeutsche Zeitung announces The Verdict in Nuremberg. ... Martin Gray is an anthropologist and photographer. ... Otto Adolf Eichmann (known as Adolf Eichmann; March 19, 1906 – June 1, 1962) was a high-ranking Nazi and SS Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel). ... The Hofle Telegram. ...

See also

• Umschlagplatz
• Franz Stangl, commandant of Treblinka, who was eventually caught, arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in prison.
• Richard Glazar

Jews loading onto trains at the Umschlagplatz In the Holocaust, the Umschlagplatz (German literally meaning change-place) in the Warsaw Ghetto was where Jews gathered for deportation to the Treblinka extermination camp. ... Franz Stangl (March 26, 1908 – June 28, 1971) was an SS officer, commandant of the Sobibór and of the Treblinka Nazi extermination camps. ... Richard Glazar was a Czech Jew who lived through World War II, one of only a few survivors of the death camp Treblinka. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Treblinka

• Treblinka from Holocaust Survivors' Network --iSurvived.org
• A YEAR IN TREBLINKA Eye-witness report by an escaped prisoner of the camp, Yankel Wiernik.
• Frontline - Treblinka
• Treblinka II (Polish)
• Treblinka
• The Way to Treblinka

Coordinates: 52°37′35″N, 22°2′49″E Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Yankel Wiernik (born 1889) was a Jewish Holocaust survivor from Poland who was an influential figure in the Treblinka extermination camp revolt of 1943. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...