Many lists of Trees of Britain and Ireland have been written. There are a number of issues surrounding the inclusion of a species in such a list. As can be seen from the outline of debate below, there is no 'correct' list of trees of Britain and Ireland. The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... The hierarchy of scientific classification. ...

Issues of Debate

Definition of Species

There are a number of different opinions regarding the validity of some species, notably apomictic microspecies and whether some 'species' may actually be hybrids. In particular, the number and definition of species in the genera Sorbus (rowans, whitebeams etc.), Ulmus (elms) and Salix (willows) are open to debate. The hierarchy of scientific classification. ... In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction, without fertilization and without meiosis. ... // This article is about a biological term. ... Species Sorbus subgenus Sorbus Sorbus aucuparia - European Rowan Sorbus americana - American mountain ash Sorbus cashmeriana - Kashmir Rowan Sorbus commixta - Japanese Rowan Sorbus decora - Showy mountain ash Sorbus glabrescens - White-fruited Rowan Sorbus hupehensis - Hubei Rowan Sorbus matsumurana Sorbus sargentiana - Sargents Rowan Sorbus scalaris - Ladder Rowan Sorbus sitchensis - Sitka mountain... Species Sorbus subgenus Aria Sorbus aria - Common Whitebeam Sorbus arranensis - Arran Whitebeam Sorbus bristoliensis - Bristol Gorge Whitebeam Sorbus devoniensis - Devon Whitebeam Sorbus folgneri - Folgners Whitebeam Sorbus intermedia - Swedish Whitebeam Sorbus mougeotii - Vosges Whitebeam Sorbus rupicola - Rock Whitebeam Sorbus thibetica - Tibetan Whitebeam Sorbus vestita - Himalayan Whitebeam Plus many other species... Species See Elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees making up the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. ... Species About 350, including: Salix acutifolia - Violet Willow Salix alaxensis - Alaska Willow Salix alba - White Willow Salix alpina - Alpine Willow Salix amygdaloides - Peachleaf Willow Salix arbuscula - Mountain Willow Salix arbusculoides - Littletree Willow Salix arctica - Arctic Willow Salix atrocinerea Salix aurita - Eared Willow Salix babylonica - Peking Willow Salix bakko Salix barrattiana...

Definition of Native

Native species are considered to be species which are today present in the region in question, and have been continuously present in that region since a certain period of time. When applied to the British Isles, three possible definitions of this time constraint are: This article describes the archipelago in north-Western Europe. ...

• a species that colonised these islands during the retreat of ice at the end of the last ice age
• a species that was present in these islands when the English Channel was created and the land bridge between Britain and continental Europe was flooded
• a species that has colonised without human assistance; in some cases this is uncertain.

The only endemic tree species in Britain and Ireland (that is, that are native only to this region) are some apomictic whitebeams. Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: , the sleeve) is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... This article is about modern humans. ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ...

Species that were native in the region in prehistory before the last ice age, but not subsequently, are generally regarded as extinct and no longer native. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Prehistoric man. ...

Many additional species have been imported by humans; the total list of all introduced trees numbers several thousand. A far smaller number of these have become widely naturalised, spreading by their own accord without recourse to further human assistance. In biology, naturalisation is the process when foreign or cultivated plants have spread into the wild, where they multiply by natural regeneration. ...

Definition of Tree

A tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant with secondary branches supported by a primary stem (compare with shrub). There is no set definition regarding minimum size, though most authors cite a tree species as being one which regularly reaches 6 m (20 ft) tall (see also tree). The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ...

List of species

Native trees

• Alders
  • Alder (Alnus glutinosa)

• Ashes
  • Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

• Birches
  • Silver Birch (Betula pendula)
  • Downy Birch (Betula pubescens)

• Box
  • Box (Buxus sempervirens; southern England only)

• Cherries and Plums
  • Wild Cherry (Prunus avium)
  • Bird Cherry (Prunus padus)
  • Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)

• Elms
  • Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra)
  • English Elm (Ulmus procera; southern Great Britain only; doubtfully native)
  • Smooth-leaved Elm (Ulmus minor, syn. U. carpinifolia; southern Great Britain only)

• Hawthorns
  • Common Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
  • Midland Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata; southern Great Britain only)

• Hazels
  • Common Hazel (Corylus avellana)

• Hornbeams
  • European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus; southern Great Britain only)

• Hollies
  • European Holly (Ilex aquifolium)

• Junipers
  • Common Juniper (Juniperus communis)

• Lindens (Limes)
  • Small-leaved Linden/Lime (Tilia cordata; southern Great Britain only)
  • Large-leaved Linden/Lime (Tilia platyphyllos; southern Great Britain only)

• Maples
  • Field Maple (Acer campestre; southern Great Britain only)

• Oaks
  • Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur)
  • Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea)

• Pines
  • Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

• Poplars
  • Aspen (Populus tremula)
  • Black Poplar (Populus nigra; southern Great Britain only)

• Rowans and Whitebeams
  • European Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia)
  • Common Whitebeam (Sorbus aria) and several related apomictic microspecies
  • Service Tree (Sorbus domestica; recently discovered growing wild on a cliff in south Wales)
  • Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis)

• Strawberry Tree
  • Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo; Ireland only)

• Willows (Salix spp.; several species)

• Yews
  • European Yew (Taxus baccata)

Species About 20-30 species, see text. ... Binomial name Alnus glutinosa L. Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is an alder tree native to most of Europe, including all of Britain, and locally in southwest Asia. ... Species See text European Ash in flower Narrow-leafed Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) shoot with leaves Closeup of European Ash seeds 19th century illustration of Manna Ash (Fraxinus ornus) An ash can be any of four different tree genera from four very distinct families (see end of page for disambiguation), but... Binomial name Fraxinus excelsior L. The European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is a tall tree, native to most of Europe, with the exception of northern Scandinavia (the northernmost location is in the Trondheimsfjord region of Norway) and southern Mediterranean Europe. ... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... Binomial name Betula pendula Roth. ... Binomial name Betula pubescens Ehrh. ... Species About 70 species; see text Buxus is a genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. ... Binomial name L. Buxus sempervirens (Common Box or European Box; also as Boxwood) is a flowering plant in the genus Buxus, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia, from southern England south to northern Morocco, and east through the northern Mediterranean region to Turkey. ... “Cherry tree” redirects here. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name L. The Wild Cherry (Prunus avium) is a species of Cherry, native to western Asia and brought to Europe by the Roman consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus (118-56 BC) (also known as the Sweet Cherry). ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Prunus spinosa L. The Blackthorn is a large shrub or a small tree of the genus Prunus, botanic name Prunus spinosa. ... Species See Elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees making up the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. ... Binomial nomenclature Ulmus glabra Huds. ... Binomial name Ulmus minor var. ... Species Ulmus carpinifolia Smooth-leaved Elm (Ulmus carpinifolia) is a species of Elm native to Europe, from northeast Spain and southeast England east to southwest Russia. ... Species See text Crataegus (Hawthorn) is a large genus of in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. ... Binomial name Crataegus monogyna Jacq. ... Binomial name Crataegus laevigata (Poir. ... This article is about the tree; for other meanings of hazel, see Hazel (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Corylus avellana L. Male catkins on Common Hazel The Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) is a shrub native to Europe and Asia. ... Species Carpinus betulus - European Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana - American Hornbeam Carpinus cordata - Sawa Hornbeam Carpinus fargesii - Farges Hornbeam Carpinus laxiflora - Aka-shide Hornbeam Carpinus japonica - Japanese Hornbeam Carpinus orientalis - Oriental Hornbeam Carpinus tschonoskii - Chonowskis Hornbeam Carpinus turczaninowii - Turkzaninovs Hornbeam The hornbeams (Carpinus) are a genus of relatively small hardwood... Binomial name Carpinus betulus L. The European Hornbeam or Common Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is a hornbeam native to western, central and southern Europe, extending eastward as far as western Russia and the Ukraine. ... Species Ilex ambigua—Sand Holly Ilex amelanchier—Swamp Holly Ilex aquifolium—European Holly Ilex bioritsensis Ilex buergeri Ilex canariensis—Small-leaved Holly Ilex cassine—Dahoon Holly Ilex centrochinensis Ilex ciliospinosa Ilex colchica Ilex collina Ilex corallina Ilex coriacea—Gallberry Ilex cornuta—Chinese Holly Ilex crenata—Japanese Holly Ilex cyrtura Ilex... Binomial name Ilex aquifolium L. The European Holly Ilex aquifolium is a holly native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. ... Species Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. ... Binomial name Juniperus communis L. Juniperus communis, the Common Juniper, is a shrub or small tree, very variable and often a low spreading shrub, but occasionally reaching 10 m tall. ... Species About 30; see text A lime-lined avenue in Alexandra Park, London Tilia leaf Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent... Binomial name Tilia cordata Mill. ... Binomial name Tilia platyphyllos Scop. ... Distribution Species See List of Acer species Maples are trees or shrubs in the genus Acer. ... Binomial name Acer campestre L. Field Maple (Acer campestre) is a maple native to much of Europe, north to southern Britain (where it is the only native maple), Denmark, Poland and Belarus, and also southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus (from Latin oak tree), and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... Binomial name Quercus robur L. The Pedunculate Oak or English Oak (Quercus robur) is native to most of Europe, and to Asia Minor to the Caucasus, and also to parts of North Africa. ... Binomial name Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. ... Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ... Binomial name L. Image:Scotspine map. ... This article is about woody plants of the genus Populus. ... Species Populus adenopoda Populus alba Populus grandidentata Populus sieboldii Populus tremula Populus tremuloides Aspens are trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the poplar genus, Populus sect. ... Black poplar (Populus nigra) is a species of poplar in the cottonwood section of the genus (Populus sect. ... Species Sorbus subgenus Sorbus Sorbus aucuparia - European Rowan Sorbus americana - American mountain ash Sorbus cashmeriana - Kashmir Rowan Sorbus commixta - Japanese Rowan Sorbus decora - Showy mountain ash Sorbus glabrescens - White-fruited Rowan Sorbus hupehensis - Hubei Rowan Sorbus matsumurana Sorbus sargentiana - Sargents Rowan Sorbus scalaris - Ladder Rowan Sorbus sitchensis - Sitka mountain... Species Sorbus subgenus Aria Sorbus aria - Common Whitebeam Sorbus arranensis - Arran Whitebeam Sorbus bristoliensis - Bristol Gorge Whitebeam Sorbus devoniensis - Devon Whitebeam Sorbus folgneri - Folgners Whitebeam Sorbus intermedia - Swedish Whitebeam Sorbus mougeotii - Vosges Whitebeam Sorbus rupicola - Rock Whitebeam Sorbus thibetica - Tibetan Whitebeam Sorbus vestita - Himalayan Whitebeam Plus many other species... Binomial name Sorbus aucuparia L. Sorbus aucuparia, also known as Rowan or Mountain Ash, is a small to medium tree, growing up to 20m but often smaller especially in exposed locations. ... Binomial name L. Sorbus aria, the Whitebeam or Common Whitebeam is a deciduous tree, compact and domed, with few upswept branches; it generally favours dry limestone and chalk soils. ... In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction, without fertilization and without meiosis. ... Binomial name Sorbus domestica L. The Service Tree (Sorbus domestica) is sometimes known as the True Service Tree to distinguish it from the Wild Service Tree. ... Binomial name Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz Categories: Plant stubs | Maloideae ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Arbutus unedo L. The Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the Mediterranean region and western Europe north to western France and Ireland. ... Species About 350, including: Salix acutifolia - Violet Willow Salix alaxensis - Alaska Willow Salix alba - White Willow Salix alpina - Alpine Willow Salix amygdaloides - Peachleaf Willow Salix arbuscula - Mountain Willow Salix arbusculoides - Littletree Willow Salix arctica - Arctic Willow Salix atrocinerea Salix aurita - Eared Willow Salix babylonica - Peking Willow Salix bakko Salix barrattiana... Genera Taxaceae sensu stricto Taxus Pseudotaxus Austrotaxus — Cephalotaxaceae Torreya Amentotaxus Cephalotaxus The family Taxaceae, commonly called the yew family, includes three genera and about 7 to 12 species of coniferous plants, or in other interpretations (see Classification, below), six genera and about 30 species. ... Binomial name L. Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia. ...

Native large shrubs

These larger shrubs occasionally reach tree size: A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ...

• • Alder Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula)
  • Purging Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)
  • Elder (Sambucus nigra)
  • Common Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea)
  • Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
  • Spindle (Euonymus europaeus)

Binomial name L. Rhamnus frangula commonly known as Alder Buckthorn, is a species in the family Rhamnaceae. ... Binomial name L. Rhamnus cathartica also known as (Common) Buckthorn or Purging Buckthorn, is a species in the family Rhamnaceae. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Cornus sanguinea L. The Common Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea, syn. ... Species Hippophae rhamnoides Hippophae salicifolia Hippophae tibetana The Sea-buckthorns, also known as Seaberry or Sea Berry, are deciduous shrubs in the genus Hippophae, family Elaeagnaceae. ... Binomial name L. The European Spindle (Euonymus europaeus), also known as the common spindle, is a deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Celastraceae, native to much of Europe, particularly in the centre, but is to be found in locations from Ireland and southern Scandinavia in the north, to...

Naturalised trees

• From Europe
  • Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster; rarely)
  • European Black Pine (Pinus nigra; rarely)
  • Norway Spruce (Picea abies; rarely)
  • European Larch (Larix decidua)
  • European Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris; often regarded as native)
  • European Pear (Pyrus communis; sometimes regarded as native)
  • Cherry Plum (Prunus cerasifera)
  • European Beech (Fagus sylvatica; widely considered native to southern England, but probably a stone-age human introduction)
  • Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
  • Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
  • Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa; a Roman introduction)
  • Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris)
• From Asia
  • Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi)
• From North America
  • Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)
  • Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis)
  • Black Spruce (Picea mariana; rarely)
  • Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
  • Grand Fir (Abies grandis)
  • Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
  • Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata)
  • Lawson's Cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
  • Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa; rarely)

For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Pinus pinaster Aiton The Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster) is a pine native to the western Mediterranean region. ... Binomial name Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold The European Black Pine Pinus nigra (generally called Black Pine in Europe), is a variable species of pine, occurring across southern Europe from Spain to the Crimea, and also in Asia Minor, Cyprus, and locally in the Atlas Mountains of northwest Africa. ... Binomial name Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. ... Binomial name Larix decidua Mill. ... This Tree of Life article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Binomial name Pyrus communis L. The European Pear Pyrus communis is a species of pear native to central and eastern Europe and southwest Asia. ... Binomial name Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. ... Binomial name Fagus sylvatica L. The European Beech or Common Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is a deciduous tree belonging to the beech family Fagaceae. ... Obsidian projectile point The Stone Age is part of the history of the world that encompasses the first widespread use of technology in human evolution and the spread of humanity from the savannas of East Africa to the rest of the world. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name Acer platanoides L. The Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) is a maple native to eastern and central Europe and southwest Asia, from France east to Russia, north to southern Scandinavia and southeast to northern Iran. ... Binomial name Mill. ... Binomial name Quercus cerris L. The Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris) is an oak native to southern Europe and Asia Minor. ... Binomial name Larix kaempferi (Lamb. ... Binomial name Pinus contorta Douglas Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) is a common tree in western North America. ... Binomial name Picea sitchensis (Bong. ... Binomial name Picea mariana The Black Spruce (Picea mariana) is a common coniferous tree in North America. ... Binomial name Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. ... Binomial name Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley Grand Fir or Giant Fir (Abies grandis) is a fir native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, occurring at altitudes of sea level to 1,800 m. ... Binomial name Tsuga heterophylla (Raf. ... Binomial name Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don Thuja plicata (Western Redcedar) is a species of thuja, an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, from southern Alaska and British Columbia south to northwest California and inland to western Montana. ... Binomial name Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl. ... Binomial name Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ...

See also

• Trees of the world
• Woodland management
• Coppicing
• Pollarding
• NVC National Vegetation Classification, of the above data

Trees of the world (please add to list in alphabetical order) Trees of The Americas Trees of Canada Trees of North America Trees of The Caribbean Basin Trees of Australasia List of trees of New Zealand Trees of Europe Trees of Britain and Ireland Trees of Denmark Trees of Asia... Woodland management is the practice of managing woodlands, whether for the maximising of timber production, or for the conservation of wildlife. ... A recently coppiced Alder stool in Hampshire Coppicing is a traditional method of woodland management, by which young tree stems are cut down to a low level, or sometimes right down to the ground. ... Pollarding is a woodland management method of encouraging lateral branches by cutting off a tree stem two metres or so above ground level. ... NVC is an abbreviation for a number of phrases. ...

External links

• The Woodland Trust (UK conservation charity promoting woodland restoration and expansion.)

• Tree For All (The most ambitious children's tree-planting project ever launched in the United Kingdom, with plans to help plant 12 million trees over the next five years.)

• Forestry Commission (UK government department responsible for protection and expansion of Britain's forests and woodlands.)