In France, the Tribunal d'instance (Court of Instance) is a civil court for minor litigation and a criminal court for minor offences (contraventions). These are first instance courts, meaning that their rulings can be appealed (appel or cassation). Civil law has at least three meanings. ... Kenneth Appel is a mathematician who, in 1976 with colleague Wolfgang Haken at the University of Illinois in Urbana, solved one of the most famous problems in mathematics, the four-color theorem. ... The Cour de cassation is the main court of last resort in France. ...

In the Court of Instance proceedings are in principle oral and it not compulsory to be represented by an attorney (avocat or avoué) as in most other courts.

Other First instance courts of the judiciary system (i.e. not including the administrative courts which are apart) are:

Juge de proximité (for very minor civil litigation)

• Tribunal de grande instance (Court of Large Instance) (the ordinary court for civil litigation and for indictable offences (délits)

• Tribunal de commerce (Trade Court)

Conseil des Prud'hommes (Industrial Court)

Tribunal paritaire des baux ruraux (Court for rural tenancy)

Tribunal des Affaires de Sécurité Sociale (Court for Social Security Affairs)

Cour d'Assises (for felonies (crimes))

Degrees of jurisdiction

As a general rule, the French court system is organized with three degrees of jurisdiction:

• The first degree hears the case when it is first brought up;
• The second degree (appel) hears appeals against the decisions of the first degree;
• The third degree (cassation) hears appeals against the interpretation of the law by inferior courts.

Duties

The Court of First Instance rules on personal or movable litigation concerning sums of money up to 10,000 Euros, as well as on of other litigations for which it has exclusive competence:^{[citation needed]} A lawsuit is a civil action brought before a court in order to recover a right, obtain damages for an injury, obtain an injunction to prevent an injury, or obtain a declaratory judgment to prevent future legal disputes. ... The Greek name for the rainy, stormy southeast wind. ...

• The leases of private dwellings.
• Disputes relating to the elections of personnel delegates.
• the distance questions and height of the plantations.
• the movable credit to the consumption until 21,500 €.
• the seizure of remunerations.
• Civil actions for slander and insults.
• Guardianships of minors and disabled persons.

registration of voters In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ... An insult is a statement or action which affronts or demeans someone. ... The term minor (from Latin smaller, lesser) has several meanings: Minor is a legal term for a young person, see Minor (law). ...

For litigation concerning sums above 10,000 Euros, unless they enter into the areas of exclusive competence outlined above, the competent court is the tribunal de grande instance (High court).^{[citation needed]} // Glossary and basic concepts Note: There exist significant problems with applying non-French terminology and concepts related to law and justice to the French justice system. ...

See also

Justice in France // Glossary and basic concepts Note: There exist significant problems with applying non-French terminology and concepts related to law and justice to the French justice system. ...

Court of Cassation (France) The Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation in French) is the main court of last resort in France. ...

Cour d'assises The French Cour dAssises (Assize Court) is the court charged to judge people accused of felonies (crimes as known by French law), and one of the only to be composed of a popular jury. ...

External links

• Competences of the TI, proximity jurisdiction and TGI, national Assembly (February 24 2005)

• Guide practices procedure in front of the tribunal d'instance (partie 2 partie 3)