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Encyclopedia > Triumph Spitfire
Triumph Spitfire
1971 Triumph Spitfire MKIV
Manufacturer Standard-Triumph
Production 1962-1981
Predecessor none
Successor none
Body style(s) 2 seat sports
Transmission(s) Four speed manual.
Overdrive optional from 1964.
Wheelbase 83 inches (2108 mm)
Length 145 inches (3683 mm)
Width 57 inches (1448 mm)
Height 48 inches (1219 mm) hood up.
Related Triumph Herald, Triumph Vitesse
Designer Giovanni Michelotti

The Triumph Spitfire was a small British two-seat sports car, introduced in 1962. The vehicle was based on a design produced for Standard-Triumph in 1957 by Italian designer Giovanni Michelotti. The codename for the vehicle was the "Bomb". The car was largely based on the Triumph Herald small saloon. Download high resolution version (1490x755, 140 KB)1971 Triumph Spitfire Mark IV UK-specification car with non-standard wire wheels. ... Automakers, also known as carmakers, automobile manufacturers, motor manufacturers, or the automobile industry are companies that design and manufacture automobiles. ... 1927 Standard Nine Selby Tourer 1933 Standard Ten. ... Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. ... Transmissions provide a speed-power conversion known as gear reduction (in speed) to a higher torque (rotational force) using gearsets. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Triumph Herald was a small two-door car introduced in 1959 by the Standard-Triumph Company. ... The Triumph Vitesse was a compact 6-cylinder car built by Standard-Triumph from 1962–1971. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Automotive design. ... Giovanni Michelotti (1921-1980) was one of the most prolific designers of sports cars in the 20th century. ... Triumph Logo (1978 version) 1934 Triumph Gloria Six 1937 Triumph Dolomite Roadster 1974 Triumph GT6 Coupé The Triumph Motor Company had its origins in 1885 when Siegfried Bettmann (1863-1951) and Moritz (Maurice) Schulte founded Bettmann & Co and started selling Triumph bicycles, from premises in London and from 1889 started... 1963 Jaguar E-Type, a classic sports car 1963 Chevrolet Corvette was based upon European sports cars A sports car is an automobile designed for performance driving. ... 1927 Standard Nine Selby Tourer 1933 Standard Ten. ... Giovanni Michelotti (1921-1980) was one of the most prolific designers of sports cars in the 20th century. ... The Triumph Herald was a small two-door car introduced in 1959 by the Standard-Triumph Company. ...

Contents

Models

Five separate Spitfire models were sold during the production run:

Model Name Engine Year No's Built
Triumph Spitfire Mk 1 aka

Triumph Spitfire 4

1147 cc inline 4 1962–1965 45,763[1]
Triumph Spitfire Mk.II 1147 cc inline 4 1965–1967 37,409[1]
Triumph Spitfire Mk.III 1296 cc inline 4 1967–1970 65,320[1]
Triumph Spitfire Mk.IV 1296 cc inline 4 1970–1974 70,021[1]
Triumph Spitfire 1500 1493 cc inline 4 1974–1980 95,829[1]

Origins

The Triumph Spitfire was originally devised by Standard-Triumph to compete in the small sports car market which had opened up with the introduction of the Austin-Healey Sprite. The Sprite had used the basic drive train of the Austin A30/35 in a light body to make up a budget sports car; Triumph's idea was to use the mechanics from their small saloon, the Triumph Herald, to underpin the new project. Triumph had one advantage, however; where the Austin A30 range was of unitary construction, the Herald featured a separate chassis; it was Triumph's intention therefore to cut that chassis down and clothe it in a sports body, saving the costs of developing a completely new chassis/body unit. 1927 Standard Nine Selby Tourer 1933 Standard Ten. ... The Austin-Healey Sprite was a small open sports car designed by Donald Healey. ... The A30 was a compact car produced by Austin Motor Company in the 1950s. ... The Triumph Herald was a small two-door car introduced in 1959 by the Standard-Triumph Company. ... Look up Chassis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...


The Italian designer Michelotti—who had already penned the Herald—was commissioned for the new project, and came up with a traditional, swooping body. Wind-up windows were provided (in contrast to the Sprite/Midget, which still featured sidescreens at that time), as well as a single-piece front end which tilted forwards to offer unrivalled access to the mechanics. At the dawn of the 1960s, however, Standard-Triumph were in deep financial trouble, and unable to put the new car into production; it was not until the company was taken over by the Leyland organisation that funds became available and the car was launched. Giovanni Michelotti (1921-1980) was one of the most prolific designers of sports cars in the 20th century. ... Leyland is a town in the borough of South Ribble, Lancashire, United Kingdom, approximately 6 miles south of Preston. ...


Spitfire 4 or Mk I

Triumph Spitfire Mark 1
Triumph Spitfire 4
Production 1962-1964
45,753 made
Engine(s) 1147 cc Straight-4

The mechanics were basically stock Herald components: The engine was a 4-cylinder of 1147 cc, mildly tuned for the Spitfire with twin SU carburettors. Also from the Herald came the rack and pinion steering and coil-and-wishbone front suspension up front, and at the rear a single transverse-leaf swing axle arrangement. This ended up being the most controversial part of the car: it was known to "tuck in" and cause violent over steer if pushed too hard, even in the staid Herald. In the sportier Spitfire (and later the 6-cylinder Triumph GT6 and Triumph Vitesse) it led to severe criticism. The body was bolted to a much-modified Herald chassis, the outer rails and the rear outriggers having been removed; little of the original Herald chassis design was left, and the Spitfire used structural outer sills to stiffen its body tub. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3456x2304, 913 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Triumph Spitfire Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... SU carburetteurs (named for Skinners Union, the company which produced them) were a brand of sidedraft carburetor widely used in British (Triumph, MG) and Swedish (Volvo, Saab 99) automobiles for much of the twentieth century. ... Rack and pinion animation A rack and pinion is a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. ... A swing axle suspension is a simple type of independent suspension used in automobiles. ... The straight-6 (also inline 6, I-6, or I6) is an internal combustion engine with six cylinders aligned in a single row. ... 1968 Triumph GT6 1973 Triumph GT6 1974 Triumph GT6 The GT6 was a 6-cylinder sports coupé built by Standard-Triumph and based on their popular Triumph Spitfire convertible. ... The Triumph Vitesse was a compact 6-cylinder car built by Standard-Triumph from 1962–1971. ...


The Spitfire was an inexpensive small sports car and as such had very basic trim, including rubber mats and a large plastic steering wheel. These early cars were referred to both as "Triumph Spitfire Mk I" and "Spitfire 4",[1] not to be confused with the later Spitfire Mark IV.


From 1964 an overdrive option was added to the four speed gearbox to give more relaxed cruising. Wire wheels and a hard top were also made available. Overdrive can mean any of the following: Overdrive (mechanics), a part of automobile transmissions aimed at increasing fuel efficiency Overdrive (music), the practice of forcing output of a guitar amplifier past maximum, resulting in distortion Intel 80486 OverDrive, a CPU specifically designed for personal computer upgrades Pentium OverDrive, a CPU...

Spitfire MkII

Triumph Spitfire Mark 2
Production 1965-1967
37,409 made
Engine(s) 1147 cc Straight-4

In 1965 the Spitfire Mk II was released and was very similar to the Mk I but featured a more highly tuned engine, through a revised camshaft design, a water cooled intake manifold and tubular exhaust manifold, increasing the power to 67 bhp at 6000 RPM.[1] This improved the top speed to 92 mph (148 km/h). The coil-spring design clutch of the Mk I was replaced with a Bork and Beck diaphragm spring clutch. The interior trim was also improved by covering most of the exposed surfaces with rubber cloth and the original moulded rubber floor coverings were replaced with moulded carpets.[1] The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... Computer animation of a camshaft The camshaft is an apparatus often used in piston engines to operate poppet valves. ...


It was introduced at a base price of £550 while the Sprite was priced at £505 and the Midget at £515.[1] Top speed was claimed to be 96 mph and it's 0-60 mph time of 15.5 seconds was considered "lively."[1] The factory claimed that at highway speeds (70mph) this lively car achieved 38.1 mpg.[1]


Spitfire Mk 3

Triumph Spitfire Mark 3
1969 Triumph Spitfire MK3
Production 1967-1970
65,320 made
Engine(s) 1296 cc Straight-4

The Mk 3, introduced in 1967, was the first major facelift to the Spitfire. The front bumper was raised in response to new crash regulations, and this entailed a completely different front end and bonnet. The interior was improved again with a wood-veneer instrument surround. For most of the Mk 3 range, the instrument cluster was still centre-mounted (as in the Mk 1 and Mk 2) so as to reduce parts bin counts (and thereby production costs) for RH- and LH-drive versions. Starting in 1969, however, US-bound models were produced with a "federal" dashboard design which moved the gauges in front of the driver, a layout that would be adopted for all markets with the Mk IV. The 1147 cc engine was replaced with a bored-out 1296 cc unit, as fitted on the new Triumph Herald 13/60 and Triumph 1300 saloons. In twin-carburettor form, the engine put out a claimed 75 bhp and made the MK 3 a comparatively quick car by the standards of the day.[citation needed] Popular options continued to include wire wheels, a hard top and an overdrive gearbox, giving five forward gears and far more relaxed cruising at high speeds. The Mk 3 was the fastest Spitfire yet, achieving 60 mph in 12.5 seconds.[citation needed] The Mk 3 actually continued production into 1971, well after the Mk IV was introduced.[1] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... The Triumph Herald was a small two-door car introduced in 1959 by the Standard-Triumph Company. ... The Triumph 1300 was a medium/small 4-door saloon car made by Standard Triumph under the control of Leyland Motors. ... An overdrive is sometimes a separate unit that fits into the back of a gearbox, as with this Fairey unit. ...


Spitfire Mk IV

Triumph Spitfire Mark IV
Late 1973 or early 1974 Triumph Spitfire 1500
Production 1970-1974
70,021 made
Engine(s) 1296 cc Straight-4

The MK IV brought the most comprehensive changes to the Spitfire. It featured a completely re-designed cut-off rear end, giving a strong family resemblance to the Triumph Stag and Triumph 2000 models, both of which were also Michelotti-designed. The front end was also cleaned up, and the doors were given recessed handles. The interior was much improved: a proper full-width dashboard was provided, putting the instruments ahead of the driver rather than over the centre console. The engine continued at 1296 cc, but was modified with larger big-end bearings which somewhat decreased its "revvy" nature; there was some detuning, which resulted in the new car being a little tamer than the MK 3. The gearbox gained synchromesh on its bottom gear. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 2346 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Triumph Spitfire Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... The Triumph Stag was a car sold between 1970 and 1978 by the British Triumph Motor Company. ... The Triumph 2000 was a mid-sized automobile produced by the Triumph Motor Company between 1963 and 1977. ...


By far the most significant change, however, was to the rear suspension, which was de-cambered and redesigned to eliminate the unfortunate tendencies of the original swing-axle design. The Triumph GT6 and Triumph Vitesse had already been modified, and the result on all these cars was safe and progressive handling even at the limit. 1968 Triumph GT6 1973 Triumph GT6 1974 Triumph GT6 The GT6 was a 6-cylinder sports coupé built by Standard-Triumph and based on their popular Triumph Spitfire convertible. ... The Triumph Vitesse was a compact 6-cylinder car built by Standard-Triumph from 1962–1971. ...


The Mk IV went on sale in the UK at the end of 1970 with a base price of £735.[1]


Spitfire 1500

Triumph Spitfire 1500
1975 Triumph Spitfire 1500
Production 1974-1981
95,829 made
Engine(s) 1493 cc Straight-4

In 1973 in the US and 1974 for the rest of the world, the 1500 engine was used to make the Spitfire 1500; though in this final incarnation the engine was rather rougher and more prone to failure than the earlier units, torque was greatly increased which made it much more driveable in traffic.[1]. The reason for the engine problems was due to continued use of three main bearings for the crank shaft. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ...


The US market models were considerably less powerful than the British market cars because they had to meet more stringent US emissions requirements. While the rest of the world saw 1500's with the compression ration reduced to 8.0:1, the American market model was fitted with a single Zenith-Stromberg carburettor and a compression ratio reduced to 7.5:1 to allow it to run on lower octane unleaded fuel[1] and after adding a catalytic converter and exhaust gas recirculating system, the engine only delivered 53 bhp with a 0-60 time of 14.3 seconds. [2] Catalytic converter on a Dodge Ram Van. ...


American market cars also suffered from poorer handling due to the longer front springs that Triumph fitted to bring the headlights up to the height required by US law. American market Spitfire 1500s are easily identified by their big plastic overiders, and wing mounted reflectors on the front and back wings. The US specification model years of 1978 and previous still have chrome bumpers, however the 1979 and 1980 models were fitted with black rubber bumpers with built-in overriders. Detail improvements continued to be made throughout the life of the MK IV, and included reclining seats with head restraints, wood-veneer dash, hazard flashers and electric washers (previously these had been operated by a manual pump on the dashboard). Options such as the hard top, tonneau cover, map light and overdrive continued to be popular, though wire wheels ceased to be available.


The 1980 model was the last and the heaviest of the entire run weighing in at 1875 lbs.[1] Base prices for the the 1980 model year were $5,995 in the US and £3631 in the UK.[1] The last Spitfire, an Inca Yellow UK-market model with hardtop and overdrive, rolled off the assembly line in August 1980.


The Spitfire today

Despite having sold more than the MG Midget and produced for longer than any other Triumph car (18 years), the little Triumph often suffered from the comparison to the MG, due partly at least to the inadequate rear suspension of the early models, corrected in later models. The reputation of the Spitfire, which like many types of smaller two-seat roadsters suffered during the 1980s and early 1990s, has undergone a major revival through the classic car movement. Throughout the world there are many British car clubs and Triumph car clubs whose members have many fine examples of Triumph Spitfires. The popularity of the car as an affordable classic was underlined when it appeared in the computer game 'Gran Turismo 4'.


One key reason for the popularity of the Spitfire is number of improvements that can be made to the standard car at reasonable cost. Many owners upgrade the engine, drivetrain, brakes and suspension to improve the cars performance and handling. The Spitfire was a popular contender in the SCCA and many of the improvements available have their origins in the 'Competition Preperation Manual' by 'Kas' Kastner to assist with preparing cars for this form of motorsport. In recent years reduction in the cost of machining has resulted in a number of companies producing lightweight alloy parts for the Spitfire.


References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Robson, Graham (1982). Triumph Spitfire and GT6. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 187. ISBN 0-85045-452-2. 
  2. ^ "Triumph Spitfire: Still attractive after all these years", Sports & GT cars

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Triumph Spitfire

  Results from FactBites:
 
Triumph Spitfire - definition of Triumph Spitfire in Encyclopedia (1002 words)
The Triumph Spitfire was originally devised by Standard-Triumph to compete in the small sports car market which had opened up with the introduction of the Austin-Healy Sprite.
Triumph had one advantage, however; where the Austin A30 range was of unitary construction, the Herald featured a seperate chassis; it was Triumph's intention therefore to cut that chassis down and clothe it in a sports body, saving the costs of developing a completely new chassis/body unit.
The Triumph GT6 and Triumph Vitesse had already been modified, and the result on all these cars was safe and progressive handling even at the limit.
Triumph Spitfire 4 Road Test, Car & Driver Magazine, January 1963. (1104 words)
Triumph Spitfire 4 is a most exciting new, small sports.car.
The Spitfire does not oversteer until it is really forced into a comer, when the sliding of the rear end is fully controllable.
Men and women with narrower shoulders would not notice the lack of space, but I felt that a slight modification of the right door would be a good idea, and it might even be possible to move the seat fractionally towards the centre of the car.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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