Trnava (Hungarian: Nagyszombat, German: Tyrnau) is a town in western Slovakia, 45 kilometers to the north-east of Bratislava, on the Trnávka river, and at the main Bratislava-Žilina railway and Bratislava-Žilina limited-access highway. It is the capital of a region (kraj), a Higher Territorial Unit (VÚC) and of a district (okres). It is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishopric (1541-1820 and then again since 1978). The town has an historic center. Because of the many churches within its town walls, Trnava has often been called the "Slovak Rome". Slovakia is subdivided into 8 kraje (singular - kraj, usually translated as regions, but actually meaning rather county), each of which is named after their principal city. ... The Trnava Region is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. ... Shortcut: {{GR|#}} {{Cite:GR|#}} The following is a list of sources used in the creation of Wikipedia articles on various geographic topics and locations, such as cities, counties, states, and countries. ... Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum, called zero level. ... The metre, symbol: m, is the basic unit of distance (or of length, in the parlance of the physical sciences) in the International System of Units. ... This article explains the meaning of area as a physical quantity. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... Car registration plates in Slovakia: Since 1997, a car registration plate number (EČ, evidenčné číslo) generally takes the form XX-NNNYY, where XX is a two letter code corresponding to a district (okres), NNN is three digit number and YY are two letters (assigned alphabetically). ... Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia and the countrys largest city, with a population of some 430,000. ... Žilina (Hungarian: Zsolna, German: Sillein) is a city in northwestern Slovakia. ... A kraj (plural: kraje) is the highest-level administrative unit in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and historically in Czechoslovakia. ... Slovakia is subdivided into 8 kraje (singular - kraj, usually translated as regions, but actually meaning rather county), each of which is named after their principal city. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop heading a diocese of particular importance due to either its size, history, or both, called an archdiocese. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ...

Gothic St. Nicolas’ Church in Trnava.

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Name

The name of the town is derived from the Slovak word tŕnie (=thornbush) which characterized the river banks in the region.

History

Permanent settlements on the town‘s territory are known from the neolithic period onwards. An important market settlement arose here at the junction of two important roads (from Bohemia to Hungary and from the Mediterranean to Poland) in the Middle ages. The Neolithic, (Greek neos=new, lithos=stone, or New Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. ... Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

The first written reference to Trnava dates from 1211. In 1238, Trnava was the first town in Slovakia to be granted a town charter (civic privileges) by the king. The former agricultural centre gradually became a centre of manufacture, trade and crafts. At the turn of the 13th and 14th century, a part of Trnava was enclosed by a (very long) town wall. The original Slovak market settlement, as well as the settlement of numerous German settlers (who were invited to the territory in the early 13th century and especially after the Tatar invasion of 1242), however, stayed behind this wall. The term Tatar may refer to A member of the Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Crimean Tatars Tatar language, Crimean Tatar language Native people of Crimea, Tatarstan See also: Turkic peoples, Turkic languages. ...

The town was also the place of many important negotiations: Charles Robert, the king of Hungary, signed here a currency agreement with the Czech King John of Luxemburg in 1327, and the emperor Louis I the Great (who often stayed in the town and died there in 1380) signed here a friendship agreement with the Czech King Charles IV in 1360. Charles I of Hungary (Anjou France 1288 or 1291 - Hungary July 16, 1342), also called Charles Robert, Carobert and Charles I Robert, was the king of Hungary from August 27, 1310. ... John the Blind of Luxemburg (August 10, 1296 - August 26, 1346) was King of Bohemia and Count of Luxemburg. ... Louis the Great Louis I (the Great), Ludwik Węgierski (1326 - 1382) became king of Hungary in 1342. ...

The temporary German population majority in the town ceased in favour of the Slovaks during the campaigns undertaken by the Czech Hussites in the 15th century, who were enemies of Germans and made Trnava the center of the campaigns in south-western Slovakia from 1432 to 1435. The town, along with the rest of the territory of present day Slovakia, gained importance after the conquest of most of what is today Hungary by the Turks in 1541, when Trnava became the see (1541 – 1820) of the Archbishopric of Esztergom (before 1541 and after 1820 the see was the town of Esztergom, which was conquered by the Turks in 1543). The cathedrals of the archbishopric were the Saint John the Baptist Cathedral and the Saint Nicholas Cathedral in the town. Many ethnic Hungarians fleeing from the Turks moved to the town after 1541 from present-day Hungary. The Hussites comprised an early Protestant Christian movement, followers of Jan Hus. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop heading a diocese of particular importance due to either its size, history, or both, called an archdiocese. ... Esztergom (German Gran, Slovak Ostrihom) is a small city in northern Hungary, about 70 km north-west of Budapest. ... John the Baptist (also called John the Baptizer or John the Dipper) is regarded as a prophet by at least three religions: Christianity, Islam, and Mandaeanism. ... Saint Nicholas, also known as Nikolaus in Germany and Sinterklaas (a contracted form of Sint Nicolaas) in the Netherlands and Flanders, is the common name for the historical Saint Nicholas of Myra, who lived in 4th century Byzantine Anatolia, (now in modern Turkey) and had a reputation for secret gift...

In the 16th and especially the 17th century, Trnava was an important center of the Counter-Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary (which was largely identical with the territory of present-day Slovakia and a strip of western Hungary at that time). The Archbishop Nicolas Oláh invited the Jesuits to Trnava in 1561 in order to develop the municipal school system. Subsequently, he had a seminary opened in 1566 and in 1577 Trnava’s priest Nicolas Telegdi founded a book-printing house in Trnava. The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... Nicolaus Olahus Nicolaus Olahus (Nicholas, the Vlach; Romanian: Nicolae Olahus; Hungarian: Miklós Oláh) was the Archbishop of Gran and Primate of Hungary and a distinguished prelate. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...

The Jesuit Trnava University (1635-1777), the only university of the Kingdom of Hungary at that time, was founded by Archbishop Peter Pázmány. Originally founded to support the counter-reformation, it soon became a center of Slovak education and literature, since most of the teachers, one half of the students and the majority of the town’s inhabitants were Slovaks. From the late 18th century Trnava became a center of the literary and artistic Slovak National Revival. The first standard codification of the Slovak language (by the priest Anton Bernolák in 1787) was based on the Slovak dialect used in the region of Trnava. The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Roman Catholic priest LCDR Allen R. Kuss (USN) aboard USS Enterprise A priest or priestess is a holy man or woman who takes an officiating role in worship of any religion, with the distinguishing characteristic of offering sacrifices. ... 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

The 17th century was also characterized by many anti-Habsburg uprisings in the country – these revolts of Stephen Bocskay, Gabriel Bethlen, George Rákóczi and Imre Thököly negatively affected Trnava’s life. Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania (1580-1629) Gabriel (Gabor) Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Slovak: Gabriel Betlen) (1580-1629), prince of Transylvania (1613-1629) and leader of a anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary on the territory of present-day Slovakia. ... Imre Thököly (Thököly/Tököly/Tökölli Imre in Hungarian; Imrich Tököli in Slovak; Emericq Thököly according to his most frequent signature) ( 1657- 1705), statesman, leader of an anti-Habsburg uprising, prince of Transylvania. ...

Till World War II, Trnava was also home to a sizable Jewish minority. Their freedom to move was restricted as early as in 1495 and 1539-1800, and 12 Jews were burned publicly in 1870 during a pogrom. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air. ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... A pogrom (from Russian: погром (meaning wreaking of havoc) is a massive violent attack on a minority people with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). ...

The importance of the town decreased in the early 19th century, when the university was moved to Buda (today: Eötvös Loránd University) and the see of the archbishopric moved back to Esztergom. It increased however partly again after 1844, when Trnava was connected with Bratislava through the first railway line in the Kingdom of Hungary, which was a horse railway (steam engines were used since 1872). The railway connection launched a modernization of the town, which started with the erection of a big sugar factory, a malt-house and of the Coburgh’s factory (later referred to as the Trnavské automobilové závody [Trnava Car Factory]). The St. Adalbert Association (Spolok sv. Vojtecha), founded in 1870 when the Slovak Foundation (Matica slovenská) was prohibited by the Hungarian authorities, kept up the Slovak national conscience at a time of strong Magyarisation in Hungary. In the 19th but mainly in the early 20th century the town grew behind its town wall and most of the town wall was demolished in the 19th century. Buda is the western part of Budapest on the bank of the Danube. ... This article is about Eötvös Loránd University, which is often referred to as University of Budapest. ... Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia and the countrys largest city, with a population of some 430,000. ...

After the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the town was one of the most industrialized towns of Slovakia. In 1978, by a decision of Pope Paul VI, Trnava became the see of a separate Slovak archbishopric. With the establishment of this archbishopric, Slovakia became independent on Hungary again also in terms of church administration for the first time in centuries. His Holiness Pope Paul VI, born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ...

After the establishment of Slovakia (1993), Trnava became the capital of the newly created Trnavský kraj (region) in 1996. The French car manufacturer PSA began construction of a large automobile plant in Trnava in 2003. PSA is an acronym which stands for: Public Service Announcement Prostate Specific Antigen, a substance that can be detected in the blood of men and which helps to determine if there may be a prostate cancer Pacific Southwest Airlines, a former U.S. airline that used to fly passenger services... 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Historic Buildings

As early as in the Middle Ages, Trnava was a significant centre of Gothic sacral as well as profane architecture. The St. Nicolas’ Church, St. Helen’s Church and the church monastery complexes (Clarist’s, Franciscan and Dominican) were built in this period.

The Renaissance (16th century) added a town tower to Trnava’s silhouette. Nicolas Oláh ordered the erection of the Seminary and Archbishop’s Palace. Peter Bornemisza and Huszár Gál, the leading personalities of the reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary, were active in Trnava for a short time. The town ramparts were rebuilt to a Renaissance fortification as a reaction to the approaching Turkish danger from the south. By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance -French Renaissance -German Renaissance -English Renaissance The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ...

The 17th century was characterized by the construction of the Pualinian Church that bears badges of Silesian Renaissance. The town was gradually redesigned to Baroque. The erection of the St. John of Baptist Church and of the university campus launched a building rush that continued with the reconstruction of the Franciscan and Clarist’s complexes. Builders and artists called to build the university also participated in improvements of the burgher architecture. The Holy Trinity Statue and the group of statues of St. Joseph, the Ursulinian and Trinitarian Church and Monastery were built in this? century. Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens: dynamic figures spiral down around a void: draperies blow: a whirl of movement lit in a shaft of light, rendered in a free bravura handling of paint The Baroque was a style in art that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce... This article concerns the Holy Trinity of Christianity and related religious denominations. ... Saint Joseph, also referred to as Joseph the Betrothed and as Joseph of Nazareth, was the foster-father of Jesus, according to the New Testament (Matthew 1:16; Luke 3:23). ...

The District hospital was built 1824. The building of the theatre started in May 1831 and the first performance was played at Christmas. Both of the Trnava synagogues, historizing structures with oriental motifs, date back to the 19th century. A synagogue (from Greek συναγωγη, transliterated sunagoge, place of assembly literally meeting, assembly) is a Jewish house of prayer and study. ...

See also: Slovakia, History of Slovakia This is the history of Slovakia. ...