iTruffle
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Ascomycetes Order: Pezizales Family: Tuberaceae Genus: Tuber
Species
Tuber melanosporum Tuber brumale Tuber aestivum Tuber uncinatum Tuber mesentericum Tuber magnatum Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 2091 KB) Summary Photo taken by Poppy in January 2006. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota The fungi (singular fungus) are a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Classes Archaeascomycetes Hemiascomycetes Euascomycetes Neolectomycetes Pezizomycotina Pneumocystidomycetes Saccharomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes mitosporic Ascomycota Members of the Division Ascomycota are known as the Sac Fungi and are fungi that produce spores in a distinctive type of microscopic sporangium called an ascus (Greek for a bag or wineskin). This monophyletic grouping was formerly... Families Ascobolaceae Helvellaceae Morchellaceae Otidiaceae Pezizaceae Pyronemataceae Sarcoscyphaceae Thelebolaceae Tuberaceae Pezizales is a class of the subphylum Pezizomycotina within the phylum Ascomycota. ...

Truffle describes a group of edible mycorrhizal (symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant) fungi (genus Tuber, class Ascomycetes, division Ascomycota). A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, Greek for fungus roots) is the result of a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic grouping. ... Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Classes Archaeascomycetes Hemiascomycetes Euascomycetes Neolectomycetes Pezizomycotina Pneumocystidomycetes Saccharomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes mitosporic Ascomycota Members of the Division Ascomycota are known as the Sac Fungi and are fungi that produce spores in a distinctive type of microscopic sporangium called an ascus (Greek for a bag or wineskin). This monophyletic grouping was formerly... In biology, the equivalent of a phylum in the plant or fungi kingdom is called a division. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Truffles are found anywhere from two to 16 inches (5 to 40 cm) below the ground, usually in a circular formation about four to five feet (120 to 150 cm) from the base of an oak tree. A number of varieties exist including desert truffles found in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The species of the Terfezia genus, together with Tirmania, are called desert truffles, being endemic to arid and semi-arid areas of the Mediterranean Region, where they are associated with Helianthemum species. ...

The ascoma (fruiting body) of truffles is highly prized as food. It has a smell similar to deep-fried sunflower seeds or walnuts, though not all people are able to catch the smell of this mushroom. The water after soaking truffles can taste a bit like soy sauce. Brillat-Savarin called the truffle "the diamond of the kitchen" and praised its aphrodisiacal powers. While the aphrodisiacal characteristics of truffles have not been established, it is still held in high esteem in traditional French, northern Italian and Istrian cooking, and in international haute cuisine. white truffle washed and cut Truffle describes a group of edible mycorrhizal (subterranean) mushrooms (genus Tuber, class Ascomycetes, division Mycota). ... Mushroom In fungi, the fruiting body (also known as sporocarp) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. ... The sunflower seed is the seed of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). ... Species See text The walnuts (genus Juglans) are plants in the walnut family Juglandaceae. ... Look up smell in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The relative sizes of the Cap (pileus) and Stalk (stipe) vary widely. ... Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. ... Binomial name Glycine max Soybeans (US) or soya beans (UK) (Glycine max) are a high-protein legume (Family Fabaceae) grown as food for both humans and livestock. ... Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (April 1, 1755, Belley, France - February 2, 1826, Paris), a French lawyer and politician, was quite possibly the most famous French epicure and gastronome of all. ... An aphrodisiac is an agent which acts on the mind and causes the arousal of the mood of sexual desire. ... Coat of arms Istria (Istra, pronounced in Croatian and Slovenian; Istria, pronounced in Italian, Istrien, pronounced in German) is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... Haute cuisine (literally high cooking in French) is a cookery style that originated in Napoleonic France under the influence of the chef Antoine Carême and was elaborated by Auguste Escoffier. ...

Edible usage

Because of their high price and their pungent taste, truffles are used sparingly.

White truffles are generally served uncooked and shaved over steaming buttered pasta or salads. White or black paper-thin truffle slices may be inserted in meats, under the skins of roasted fowl, in foie gras preparations, in pâtés, or in stuffings. Some specialty cheeses contain truffles as well. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Flesh redirects here. ... A fowl is a bird of any kind, although some types of birds use the word specifically in their names (for example, Guineafowl and Peafowl). ... Pâté de foie gras (right) with pickled pear. ... A pâté (also spelled paté) is a spreadable paste, usually made from meat although vegetarian variants exist, and often served with toast as a starter. ... In cooking, stuffing, also known as dressing, is usually a mixture of various ingredients used to fill a cavity in another food item. ...

The flavor of black truffles is far less pungent and more refined than their white cousins. It is reminiscent of fresh earth and mushrooms, and when fresh, their scent fills a room almost instantly. Loess field in Germany Soil horizons are formed by combined biological, chemical and physical alterations. ... Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ...

White truffle washed and cut

White truffle cut in slices

Download high resolution version (855x689, 132 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (855x689, 132 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1372x824, 269 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1372x824, 269 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Social history

Italy in the Classical Period produced two kinds of truffles: the Tuber melanosporum and the Tuber magnatum. To the Romans, however, the term "truffle" referred to the terfez (Terfezia bouderi), a mushroom which resembles a truffle and which is sometimes called a "desert truffle." Terfez used in Rome came from Greece and especially from Libya, where the coastal climate was less dry in ancient times. Their substance is pale, tinged with rose. Unlike truffles, terfez have no taste of their own. The Romans used the terfez as a carrier of flavor, because the terfez have the property to absorb surrounding flavors. This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

The only trace of truffles in Medieval cooking is at the court of the popes in Avignon; though perhaps the black and subterranean truffles were avoided elsewhere as satanic, the papal kitchens adopted them when the popes relocated to Avignon, near the producing regions of upper-Provence. Truffles were honored at the court of King Francis I of France. However, it was not until the 17th century that Western (and in particular French) cuisine abandoned "heavy" oriental spices, and rediscovered the natural flavor of foodstuffs. Truffles were very popular in Paris markets in the 1780s, imported seasonally from truffle grounds, where peasants had long enjoyed their secret. They were so expensive they appeared only at the dinner tables of great nobles —and kept women, Brillat-Savarin (1825) noted characteristically. The greatest delicacy was a truffled turkey. "I have wept three times in my life," Rossini admitted. "Once when my first opera failed. Once again, the first time I heard Paganini play the violin. And once when a truffled turkey fell overboard at a boating picnic." The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur. ... Francis I (François Ier in French) (September 12, 1494 – March 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... Portrait Gioacchino Antonio Rossini (February 29, 1792 – November 13, 1868)[1] was an Italian musical composer who wrote more than 30 operas as well as sacred music and chamber music. ... Niccolò (or Nicolò) Paganini, (October 27, 1782 – May 27, 1840) was an Italian violinist, violist, guitarist and composer. ...

Methods of production

Truffles long eluded techniques of domestication, as Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1825) noted with his characteristic skepticism: Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. ... —Brillat-Savarin Quite possibly the most famous French epicure and gastronome of all, Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (April 1, 1755 - 1826) was born in the town of Belley,where the Rhine then separated France from Savoy, to a family of lawyers in whom eloquence flowed. ...

"The most learned men have sought to ascertain the secret, and fancied they discovered the seed. Their promises, however, were vain, and no planting was ever followed by a harvest. This perhaps is all right, for as one of the great values of truffles is their dearness, perhaps they would be less highly esteemed if they were cheaper.

"Rejoice, my friend," said I, "a superb lace is about to be manufactured at a very low price."

"Ah!" replied she, "think you, if it be cheap, that any one would wear it?"

However, contrary to stubborn legends, truffles can be cultivated. As early as 1808, there were successful attempts to cultivate truffles, known in French as trufficulture. People had long observed that truffles were growing among the roots of certain trees, under oak trees in particular, and indeed scientific research has proven that the truffles live in symbiosis with the host tree. In 1808, Joseph Talon, from Apt (département of Vaucluse) in southern France, had the idea to sow some acorns collected at the foot of oak trees known to host truffles in their root system. The experiment was successful: years later, truffles were found in the soil around the newly grown oak trees. In 1847, Auguste Rousseau of Carpentras (in Vaucluse) planted 7 hectares (17 acres) of oak trees (again from acorns found on the soil around truffle-producing oak trees), and he subsequently obtained large harvests of truffles. He received a prize at the 1855 World's Fair in Paris. This article is about oaks (Quercus desert-oak is unrelated, and instead belongs to the genus Allocasuarina. ... Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent sea anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ... The Vaucluse is a département in the southeast of France. ... The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to English counties. ... The Vaucluse is a département in the southeast of France. ... Acorns of Sessile Oak The acorn is the fruit of the oak tree (genera Quercus, Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis, in the family Fagaceae). ... Carpentras is a city and commune in the département of Vaucluse in the Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur région of France. ... The Vaucluse is a département in the southeast of France. ... Images of the Palais dIndustrie The Exposition Universelle of 1855 was a Worlds Fair held in Paris, France. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land...

These successful attempts were met with enthusiasm in southern France, which possessed the sweet limestone soils and dry hot weather that truffles need to grow. In the late 19th century, a dramatic epidemic of phylloxera destroyed much of the vineyards in southern France. Another epidemic destroyed most of the silkworms in southern France, making the fields of mulberry trees useless. Thus, large tracts of land were set free for the cultivation of truffles. Thousands of truffle-producing trees were planted, and production reached peaks of hundreds of tonnes at the end of the 19th century. In 1890 there were 750 km² (185,000 acres) of truffle-producing trees. Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, family Phylloxeridae, superfamily Aphidoidea) is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. ... Binomial name Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758 For other senses of this word, see silkworm (disambiguation). ... Species See text Mulberry (Morus) is a genus of 10–16 species of deciduous trees native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and North America, with the majority of the species native to Asia. ... A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ...

In the 20th century however, with the growing industrialization of France and the subsequent rural exodus, many of these truffle fields (champs truffiers or truffières) returned to wilderness. The First World War also dealt a serious blow to the French countryside, killing 20% or more of the male working force. As a consequence of all these events, newly acquired techniques of trufficulture were lost. Also, between the two world wars, the truffle fields planted in the 19th century stopped being productive. (The average life cycle of a truffle-producing tree is 30 years.) Consequently, after 1945 the production of truffles plummeted, and the prices have skyrocketed, reaching the zenith that we know today. In 1900 truffles were used by most people, and on many occasions. Nowadays, they are a rare delicacy reserved for the rich, or used on very special occasions. Rural exodus is a term used to describe the migratory patterns that normally occur in a region following the mechanisation of agriculture. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul...

In the last 30 years, new attempts for mass production of truffles have been started. Eighty percent of the truffles now produced in France come from specially planted truffle-fields. Nonetheless, production has yet to recover its 1900s peaks. Local farmers are opposed to a return of mass production, which would decrease the price of truffles. However, prospects for mass production are immense. It is currently estimated that the world market could absorb 50 times more truffles than France currently produces. There are now truffle-growing areas in Spain, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia, Oregon, North Carolina and the UK.

Looking for truffles in open ground is almost always carried out with specially trained pigs or dogs. Pigs were the most used in the past, but nowadays farmers prefer to use dogs, which do not eat the truffles. Both pigs and dogs have keen senses of smell, but while dogs must be trained to the scent of truffles, female pigs, or sows, need no training whatsoever. This is due to a compound within the truffle which has an uncanny resemblance to the sex pheromone of male pigs, or boars, to which the sow is keenly attracted. It may have been the strange attraction that pigs have to these fungi which prompted its discovery by early human populations. Species Sus barbatus Sus bucculentus Sus cebifrons Sus celebensis Sus domesticus(Sus scrofa domesticus) Sus heureni Sus philippensis Sus salvanius Sus scrofa Sus timoriensis Sus verrucosus Pigs, also called hogs, swine, boars (male) or sows (female), are ungulates native to Eurasia collectively grouped under the genus Sus within the Suidae... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog is a mammal in the order Carnivora. ... Fanning honeybee exposes Nasonov gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive A pheromone is any chemical or set of chemicals produced by a living organism that transmits a message to other members of the same species. ...

• Truffle production experts

Truffle species

Black truffle

The Black truffle, Tuber melanosporum comes almost exclusively from Europe, essentially France (45% of production), Spain (35%), and Italy (20%). Small productions are also found in Slovenia and Croatia. In 1900, France produced around 1,000 metric tonnes (1,100 short tons) of Tuber melanosporum. Production has considerably diminished in the past century, and nowadays production is usually around 20 metric tonnes (22 short tons) per year, with peaks at 46 metric tonnes (50 short tons) in the best years. 80% of the French production comes from southeast France: upper-Provence (départements of Vaucluse and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), part of Dauphiné (département of Drôme), and part of Languedoc (département of Gard); 20% of the production comes from southwest France: Quercy (département of Lot) and Périgord. The largest truffle market in France (and probably also in the world) is at Richerenches in Vaucluse. The largest truffle market in southwest France is at Lalbenque in Quercy. These markets are busiest in the month of January when the black truffles have their highest perfume. Black truffles on these markets sell between 200 and 600€ per kilogram ($110–$330 per pound), depending on whether the year is a bad one or a good one for harvest. The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 907. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur. ... The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to British counties. ... The Vaucluse is a département in the southeast of France. ... Alpes_de_Haute_Provence is a French département in the south of France, it was formerly part of the province of Provence. ... Flag of the Dauphiné Dauphiné is a former province in southeastern France, roughly corresponding to the present départements of the Isère, Drôme, and Hautes-Alpes. ... Drôme is a département in southeastern France named after the Drôme River. ... Coat of arms of the province of Languedoc, now being used as an official flag by the Midi-Pyrénees region as well as by the city of Toulouse Languedoc (Lengadòc in Occitan) is a former province of France, now continued in the modern-day régions of Languedoc... Gard is a département located in le midi, the south of France, named after the river Gardon (or Gard). ... Quercy coat of arms Quercy (pronounced in French;  pronunciation) (Occitan: Carsin, pronounced , locally ) is a former province of France located in the southwest of France, bounded on the north by Limousin, on the west by Périgord and Agenais, on the south by Gascony and Languedoc, and on the east... Lot is a département in the southwest of France named after the Lot River. ... Périgord (   pronunciation?) is a former province of France, corresponding to the current Dordogne département, now forming the northern part of the Aquitaine région. ... Richerenches is a commune of the Vaucluse département, in France. ... The Vaucluse is a département in the southeast of France. ... Lalbenque is a commune of the Lot département, in France. ... Quercy coat of arms Quercy (pronounced in French;  pronunciation) (Occitan: Carsin, pronounced , locally ) is a former province of France located in the southwest of France, bounded on the north by Limousin, on the west by Périgord and Agenais, on the south by Gascony and Languedoc, and on the east... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

White truffle

Superior to T. melanosporum in smell and taste is the White truffle (Tuber magnatum), hailing from the Piedmont region of northern Italy and, most famously, from the city of Alba. Like the French black truffles, Italian white truffles are very highly esteemed (illustration, right). The white truffle market in Alba is busiest in the months of October and November. The Tuber magnatum truffles sell between 200€ and 400€ per hectogram ($1000–$2000 per pound). Piedmont (Italian: Piemonte) is a region of northwestern Italy. ... Alba is an important town of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Cuneo. ...

The Tuber magnatum pico White truffle is mostly found in northern and central Italy[1], while the Tuber borchi, or Whitish truffle, is found in Tuscany, Romagna and the Marche. Tuscany (Italian: ) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... Emilia-Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. ... This article is about the Italian region. ...

Chinese truffle

The Chinese truffle (Tuber sinensis, also sometimes called Tuber indicum) is mass harvested in China. It resembles Tuber melanosporum, but its taste is bland, and its texture is chewy. Due to their low price, Chinese truffles are often exported to the West, but they should not be confused with Tuber melanosporum. Some truffle exporters or delicatessen shops sell Chinese truffles into which extracts of the real Tuber melanosporum are introduced. These fraudulent truffles are sold at a high price, pretending they are real Tuber melanosporum. Such practices are illegal, but unfortunately quite frequent. Another type of Chinese truffle is the Tuber himalayensis, which visually looks so much like the Tuber melanosporum that a microscope is needed to differentiate them, but whose taste is not as intense as the Tuber melanosporum. The Tuber himalayensis, however, is harvested in very small quantities in the Chinese Himalayas, and is not as frequently met on world markets as the Tuber sinensis. Finally, the third type of Chinese truffle is the Chinese summer white truffle,which does not have a scientific name yet. This truffle should not be confused with the much more expensive Italian Tuber magnatum. Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...

Summer truffle

The Black Summer Truffle (Tuber aestivum/unicinatum) thrives in northern Italy, central Europe and the UK but also grows in Turkey and North Africa. It is highly valued for its culinary uses and costs up to $670 a pound. Summer truffles don't have as strong of an aroma or taste as winter truffles do. They are mainly harvested from June to November . These truffles grow in symbiosis with trees such as oaks, Hazels and Beech. Their weight varies up to half a pound, and their shape is generally round.

Other species

Two lesser-used truffles include the Tuber macrosporum black truffle and the Tuber mesentericum scorzone truffle.

Truffles are also found in the Kalahari Desert. The local people of the Kalahari call the truffle a n/abba, mahupu, sand-potato or knoll. The Kalahari Desert is a large arid to semi-arid sandy area in southern Africa extending 900,000 km², covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa, as semi-desert, with huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains. ...

Truffles in New Zealand and Australia

The first Périgord black truffles (Tuber melanosporum) to be produced in the southern hemisphere were harvested in Gisborne, New Zealand in 1993. In 1999, the first Australian truffles were harvested in Tasmania, the result of eight years of work. Trees were inoculated with the truffle fungus in the hope of creating a local truffle industry. Their success and the value of the resulting truffles has encouraged a small industry to develop. Production is expanding into the colder regions of Victoria and New South Wales. For other uses of Gisborne see Gisborne (disambiguation). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Emblems: Flora - Tasmanian Blue Gum; Mineral - Crocoite Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Slogan or Nickname: The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Const. ... Inoculation was a method of minimising the harm done by infection with smallpox. ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th)  - Land 227,416 km²  - Water 10,213 km² (4. ... Capital Sydney Government Const. ...

Most expensive truffle

As truffles are considered a delicacy, their prices can be astonishingly high at times. The world's most expensive truffle was a 1.51 kilogram rare White Alba truffle. It was sold for 125,000 Euros (Hong Kong Dollar $1,250,000; US $160,000) on November 13, 2006 to Hong Kong property tycoon Sir Gordon Wu. This price beats the previous world record of 95,000 Euros for a 1.21 kilogram White Alba truffle in 2005. The 2006 auction took place at the Castle of Grinzane Cavour in Italy, with three auction houses taking part (via satellite link): Castle of Grinzane, Hong Kong, Paris. The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Sir Gordon Ying Sheung Wu (胡應湘; pinyin: hu2 ying4 xiang1; Cantonese:wu4 jing3 soeng1) (born December 1935) is the chairman of the board of Hong Kong-listed Asian infrastructure firm Hopewell Holdings Ltd. ...

See also

• Fungi in the Melanogaster genus are called false truffles.
• Chocolates made to look like truffles are called chocolate truffles.

Melanogaster is a genus of fungus that resemble truffles, and are often mistaken for them. ... Chocolate truffles coated with cocoa powder. ...

References

• Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme (December 1825). Physiologie du Goût, ou Méditations de Gastronomie Transcendante; ouvrage théorique, historique et à l'ordre du jour, dédié aux Gastronomes parisiens, par un Professeur, membre de plusieurs sociétés littéraires et savantes., Meditation VI Section VII.

Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (April 1, 1755, Belley, France - February 2, 1826, Paris), a French lawyer and politician, was quite possibly the most famous French epicure and gastronome of all. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: truffle

• Black And White Truffle - Truffle Recipes, Gourmets Food
• Truffle FAQ - Historical References, Titbits, Myth and Lore