History of Vietnam

Hồng Bàng Dynasty (c. 2880–257 BCE) Thục Dynasty (257–207 BCE) Triệu Dynasty (207–111 BCE) First Chinese domination (111 BCE–541) Trưng Sisters' Rebellion Lady Triệu's Rebellion Anterior Lý Dynasty and Triệu Việt Vương (541–602) Second Chinese domination (602–905) Mai Hắc Đế Phùng Hưng Autonomy (905–938) Khúc Family Dương Đình Nghệ Kiều Công Tiễn Ngô Dynasty (938–967) The upheavals of Twelve warlords Đinh Dynasty (968–980) Prior Lê Dynasty (980–1009) Lý Dynasty (1009–1225) Trần Dynasty (1225–1400) Hồ Dynasty (1400–1407) Third Chinese domination (1407–1427) Later Trần Dynasty Lam Sơn Rebellion Later Lê Dynasty (1428–1788) Early Lê Restored Lê Mạc Dynasty Trịnh-Nguyễn War Tây Sơn Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) North-South Division During The Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List of Vietnamese monarchs [edit]

Procession commemorating the Trưng Sisters in the early 20^th century

The Trung Sisters, (c.AD 12 - 43), known in Vietnamese as Hai Bà Trưng ("the two Trưng ladies"'), and individually as Trưng Trắc (Traditional Chinese: 徵側; pinyin: Zhēng Cè) and Trưng Nhị (Traditional Chinese: 徵貳; pinyin: Zhēng Èr), were two 1st century women leaders who successfully repelled Chinese invasions for three years, and are regarded as national heroines of Vietnam. Tây SÆ¡n Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyá»…n Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List of Vietnamese monarchs The History... Blank map of Vietnamese provinces. ... Tây SÆ¡n Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyá»…n Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List of Vietnamese monarchs The H... The Vietnamese Thục Dynasty has only one ruler, Thục Phán himself, last prince of Shu (state) of China, who proclaimed himself king An DÆ°Æ¡ng VÆ°Æ¡ng. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nam Việt. ... Nam Việt or Nanyue (Chinese: 南越; pinyin: ) was an ancient kingdom that consisted much of modern northern Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. ... Image:Trieuau3. ... Lý Nam Đế (Lý, The Southern Emperor) was originally Lý Bí or Lý Bôn (October 17, 503 - April 13, 548, Traditional Chinese: 李賁, pinyin: Lǐ BÄ“n) is debateably considered the first emperor of Vietnam and the founder of the Early Lý (or Li/Lee) Dynasty (544 - 603) and ruled from... Triệu Việt VÆ°Æ¡ng (548-570) Triệu Quang Phục was recognized by Emperor Lý Nam Đế as the best lieutenant and general in the army. ... Second Chinese dominiation of Vietnam saw strengthen control on the region. ... Khuc family was a session of leaders whom challenge Chinese rule over Vietnam. ... Duong Dinh Nghe (937-938) was the Chinese administrator of Giao Chi in around 930 AD. He was a skillful, talented general under Khuc Hao, descendant of the Khuc family dynasty who wrestled Chinese control for 3 generations barely a dozen of years ago. ... Around the year 930 AD, as Ngô Quyen (吳權) rose to power, northern Vietnam was a province and vassal state of China and was referred to as Giao Chi (交趾). Every year the governor/administrator of Giao Chi had to pay tribute and give offerings to China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... // Đinh Bo Linhs childhood Đinh Bo Linhs father was Đinh Cong Tru, a mandarin under the reigns of Ngô Quyen (939-944) and Ngô Xuong Van (950-954). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Lý Dynasty (Vietnamese: nhà Lý, pronounced like Lee), sometimes known as the Posterior Lý Dynasty (nhà Hậu Lý), was a Vietnamese dynasty that began in 1009 when Lý Thái Tổ overthrew the Anterior Lê Dynasty (nhà Tiền Lê) and ended in 1225 when the queen L... The Trần Dynasty (陳朝 Trần Triều; or vernacularly Nhà Trần, meaning the Trần Family) was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled Vietnam (at that time known as Đại Việt) from 1225 to 1400. ... The Hồ Dynasty was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors, Hồ Quý Ly in 1400 and his second son, Hồ Hán ThÆ°Æ¡ng, who reigned from 1400 to 1407. ... Third Chinese domination of Vietnam saw two Chinese imperial dynasty rule over Chinese controlled region of Chiaozhou. ... The Le Dynasty (also known as the Later Le Dynasty) ruled Vietnam from 1428 until 1527, when the king was assassinated by Mac Dang Dung, founder of the Mac Dynasty. ... The Mạc Dynasty. ... Trịnh-Nguyen War (1627 - 1673) - A long war waged between the two ruling families in Vietnam. ... The name of Tây SÆ¡n is used in many ways referring back to the period of peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between the eras of the Lê and Nguyá»…n dynasties in history of Vietnam. ... Tây SÆ¡n Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyá»…n Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) North-South Division During The Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List... Flag Capital Hanoi Language(s) French Political structure Federation Historical era New Imperialism  - Established 1887  - Addition of Laos 1893  - Vietnam Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945  - Independence of Laos July 19, 1949  - Independence of Cambodia November 9, 1953  - Disestablished 1954 Area  - 1945 750,000 km2 289,577 sq mi Currency... Flag of the Empire of Vietnam The Empire of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, 越南帝國) was a short-lived puppet state of the Empire of Japan governing the whole of Vietnam between March 11 and August 23, 1945. ... The Indochina Wars refers to wars of national liberation that erupted in the wake of World War II, fought in Southeast Asia from 1947 until 1979, between nationalist Vietnamese against French, American, and Chinese forces. ... The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), or less commonly, Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cá»™ng Hòa), also known as North Vietnam, was proclaimed by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, September 2nd1945 and was recognized by the Peoples Republic of China and the... Motto: None Official language Vietnamese Capital Saigon First Chief Emperor Bao Dai Last Chief Ngo Dinh Diem Rule Area South Vietnam (1954-) Independence  - Provisional  - Declared  - Recognised  - Dissolved From Franch rule May 27, 1948 June 14, 1949 1954 October 26, 1955 Currency Piastre National anthem Call to the Citizens Caution: The... Official language Vietnamese Capital Saigon Last President Duong Van Minh Last Prime Minister Vu Van Mau Area  - Total  - % water 173,809 km² N/A Population  - Total  - Density 19,370,000 (1973 est. ... Map of the Republic of South Vietnam. ... Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (601x835, 133 KB) Procession commemorating two Vietnamese heroines (40-43 A. D.). From http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (601x835, 133 KB) Procession commemorating two Vietnamese heroines (40-43 A. D.). From http://www. ... Dionysius Exiguus invented Anno Domini years to date Easter. ... This article is about the year 12. ... Events Aulus Plautius, with 4 legions, landed on Britain. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ...

The sisters were born during the thousand-year Chinese occupation of Vietnam. The dates of their birth are unknown, but Trưng Trắc was older than Trưng Nhị. The exact date of their death is unknown but both died in the year AD 43.

The motivation of the Trưng sisters and what happened is open to dispute. The traditional Vietnamese account has been alleged by many to be a highly fictionalized account created in the 14th century to encourage Vietnamese patriotism. The traditional Chinese account, of course, could have been simply a history written by the victors. This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

Traditional Vietnamese account

The third book of Đại Việt Sử ký toàn thư (大越史記全書 Complete Annals of Great Viet)^[1], published in editions between 1272 and 1697, has the following to say about the Trưng Sisters: For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Events September 11 - Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy crushed Ottoman army of Mustafa II September 20 - The Treaty of Ryswick December 2 – St Pauls Cathedral opened in London Peter the Great travels in Europe officially incognito as artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov Use of palanquins increases in Europe Christopher...

Trưng Queen: Ruled for 3 years. The monarch was courageous, having expelled Tô Định (蘇定, Su Dinh), established a state and declared herself ruler, but being a woman, she wasn't able to sustain the feat.

Her real name was Trắc (側, cè), family name Trưng (徵, Zhēng). Originally from the Lạc (雒)clan, she was the daughter of the Lạc lord of Mê Linh (麊泠, Miling) County, Phong Châu, wife of Thi Sách (詩索, Shi Suǒ) in Chu Diên District (Thi Sách is also the son of a Lạc lord, they are from Lạc families marrying each other. The book Cương mục tập lãm is mistaken to say that their family name is Lạc). The capital was founded in Mê Linh.

Canh Tý, year 1 (40 AD) (16^th year of Jianwu). Spring, second month, she suffered because Governor Tô Định used the law to bind her, also had enmity with Định because he had killed her husband, together with her younger sister Nhị (貳, Èr) gathered troops and fought the provincial governor. Định fled back to his country. People of Nam Hải, Cửu Chân, Nhật Nam, Hợp Phố, including 65 strongholds in Lĩnh Nam altogether took the opportunity to rebel against imperial rule. Trung proclaimed herself to be queen, of the Trưng family.

Tân Sửu, year 2 (41 AD), (17^th year of Jianwu). Spring, second month, day 30, solar eclipse. The Han Dynasty seeing that Trưng claimed to be ruler, brought troops to retake the fortresses; the border commanderies were to bear the burden of the military reconquest. Trường Sa, Hợp Phố, and Giao Châu were to prepare wagons and boats, repair the roads and bridges, maintain the mountain passes, and supply the troops under Mã Viện, Phù Lạc, and Lưu Long to invade.

Nhâm Dần, year 3 (42 AD), (18^th year of Jianwu). Spring, first month, Mã Viện advanced along the coast, leveling the mountains to build roads of more than a thousand li; he arrived at Lãng Bạc (west of Tây Nhai of La Thành) and fought against the Queen. Seeing the enemy's superior strength, the Queen led the retreat of her troops to Cấm Khê (also written as Kim Khê). The troops also believing that the Queen being a mere woman, cannot oppose the Chinese and so they disbanded. The country was lost.

Lê Văn Hưu [one of the historians editing the annals] says: Trưng Trắc, Trưng Nhị are women, with a single cry lead the prefectures of Cửu Chân, Nhật Nam, Hợp Phố, and 65 strongholds heed their call. They established a nation and proclaimed their rule as easily as their turning over their hands. It awakened all of us that we can be independent. Unfortunately, between the fall of the Triệu Dynasty and the rise of the Ngô Dynasty, in the span of more than one thousand years, men of this land only bowed their heads and accepted the fate of servitude to the people from the North (Chinese). Shouldn't we be shamed by the two sisters of the Trưng family? Oh! It is enough to make life unworthy!

The reign of Trưng Nữ Vương [Trưng Queens], started in the year of Canh Tý and ended in Nhâm Dần, for a total of 3 years (40-42).

Events Roman Empire Caligula embarks on a campaign to conquer Britain, and fails miserably. ... Events January 24 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 AD - 24 AD  - Abdication to Cao... This article is about the year 42. ... Li: A Chinese unit of distance, 里 (Lǐ), a li is equal to 500 metres, or about 1/3 mile. ... Nanyue, Nam Việt, or Nam Yuet (Chinese: 南越; Hanyu Pinyin: ) was an ancient kingdom that consisted of the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and much of modern northern Vietnam. ... Around the year 930 AD, as Ngô Quyen (吳權) rose to power, northern Vietnam was a province and vassal state of China and was referred to as Giao Chi (交趾). Every year the governor/administrator of Giao Chi had to pay tribute and give offerings to China. ...

Early years

The Trưng sisters were born in a rural Vietnamese village, into a military family. Their father was a prefect of Mê Linh (麊泠), therefore the sisters grew up in a house well-versed in the martial arts. They also witnessed the cruel treatment of the Viets by their Chinese overlords. The Trưng sisters spent much time studying the art of warfare, as well as learning fighting skills. For other uses of War, see War (disambiguation). ...

When a neighbouring prefect came to visit Mê Linh, he brought with him his son, Thi Sách. Thi Sách met and fell in love with Trưng Trắc during the visit, and they were soon married.

Rebellion

With Chinese rule growing intolerably exacting, and the policy of forcible assimilation into the Chinese mold, Thi Sách made a stand against the Chinese. The Chinese responded by executing Thi Sách as a warning to all those who contemplated rebellion. His death spurred his wife to take up his cause and the flames of insurrection spread. In the social sciences, assimilation is the process of integration whereby immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into a generally larger community. ...

In AD 39 Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, after successfully repelling a small Chinese unit from their village, assembled a large army, consisting mostly of women. Within months, they had taken back many (about 65) citadels from the Chinese, and had liberated Nam Việt. They became queens of the country, and managed to resist all Chinese attacks on Nam Việt for over two years. Events Roman Empire Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligulas sisters. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Nam Việt (Chinese language: 南越, Pinyin: Nányuè) was an ancient kingdom that consisted much of modern northern Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. ... Cleopatra is one of the most well-known queens regnant A queen regnant (plural queens regnant) is a female monarch who possesses all the monarchal powers that a king would have without regard to gender. ...

Defeat

Their revolution was short lived however, as the Chinese gathered a huge expeditionary army to crush the native fighters. Legend has it that the Chinese army did this by going into battle unclothed. The enemy's brazenness so shamed the Vietnamese female warriors that they fled the battle scene, leaving the weakened forces easily defeated by the Chinese. Phung Thi Chinh, a pregnant noble lady was the captain of a group of soldiers who were to protect the central flank of Nam Việt. She gave birth on the frontline, and with her baby in one arm, and a sword in the other, continued to fight the battle. The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789 during the French Revolution. ... Phung Thi Chinh was a Vietnamese noblewoman who fought alongside the TrÆ°ng sisters in order to repel Chinese invaders from Nam Việt (now Vietnam) in 43 CE She was pregnant at the time, and was in charge of protecting the central flank during the incursion to Nam Vi... A pregnant woman Pregnancy is the process by which a mammalian female carries a live offspring from conception until it develops to the point where the offspring is capable of living outside the womb. ... Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a human pregnancy with the emergence of a newborn infant/s from the mothers uterus. ... A frontline is a line of confrontation in an armed conflict, most often a war. ...

Despite the many heroic efforts, the Trưng sisters realised that they had been defeated and that to fight further would mean death at the hands of the Chinese. Therefore to protect their honour, and to elude ridicule, the two queens committed suicide by drowning themselves in the Hát River (AD 43). Some of their loyal soldiers continued to fight to the death, whilst others committed suicide (including Phung Thi Chinh, who also took her newborn baby's life). There is a story of one woman who would randomly charge through Chinese camps, screaming and slaying random men. Finally, after killing many more, she committed suicide in the hope of returning to her respected commanders. Alexander Hamilton defending his honour by obliging to duel Aaron Burr. ... Suicide (Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of intentionally taking ones own life. ... Events Aulus Plautius, with 4 legions, landed on Britain. ... (UTC):This page is about loyalty as faithfulness to a cause. ...

Traditional Chinese account

The Chinese traditional historical accounts on the Trưng sisters are remarkably brief. They are found in two different chapters of Hou Han Shu, the history for the Eastern Han Dynasty, against which the Trưng sisters had carried out their uprising. The Book of Later Han (Chinese: 後漢書; pinyin: ) is one of the official Chinese historical works which was compiled by Fan Ye (Traditional Chinese: 范瞱; Simplified Chinese: 范晔; 398-445), using a number of earlier histories and documents as sources. ... The Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese characters: 漢朝, Simplified Chinese characters: 汉朝, pinyin Hàncháo 202 BC - AD 220) followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. ...

Chapter eighty six of Hou Han Shu, entitled Biographies of the Southern and the Southwestern Barbarians,^[2] has this short description:

In the 16^th year of Jianwu [40], Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) [modern northern Vietnam and extreme western Guangdong and western Guangxi] women Zhēng Cè (Trưng Trắc) and Zhēng Èr (Trưng Nhị) rebelled and attacked the commandery capital. Zhēng Cè was the daughter of the sheriff of Miling (Mê Linh; 麊泠) County, and she married a man named Shi Suo (Thi Sách; 詩索) from ....(Chu Diên) ^[3] She was a ferocious warrior. Su Ding (蘇定), the governor of Jiaozhi Commandery, curbed her with laws. Cè became angry and rebelled. The barbarian towns of Jiuzhen, Rinan, and Hepu Commanderies all joined her, and she captured sixty five cities and claimed to be queen. The governors of Jiaozhi Province and the commanderies could only defend themselves. Emperor Guangwu therefore ordered the Changsha, Hepu, and Jiaozhi Commanderies to prepare wagons and boats, to repair the roads and bridges, to open the mountain passes, and to save food supplies. In the 18^th year 42, he sent Ma Yuan the General Fupuo and Duan Zhi (段志) the General Lochuan to lead ten odd thousands of men from Changsha, Guiyang, Linling, and Cangwu Commanderies against them. In the summer of the next year 43, Ma recaptured Jiaozhi and killed Zhēng Cè, Zhēng Èr, and others in battle, and the rest scattered. He also attacked Du Yang (都陽), a rebel of the Jiuzhen Commandery, and Du surrendered and was moved, along with some 300 of his followers to Lingling Commandery. The border regions were thus pacified.

Chapter twenty four, the biographies of Ma and some of his notable male descendants, had a parallel description that also added that Ma was able to impress the locals by creating irrigation networks to help the people and also by simplifying and clarifying the Han laws, and was able to get the people to follow Han's laws. Events Roman Empire Caligula embarks on a campaign to conquer Britain, and fails miserably. ... Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Chinas Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces, east of northern Laos, and west of the Gulf of Tonkin. ... Guangdong, often spelt as Kwangtung, is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Guangxi (Zhuang: Gvangjsih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi), full name Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西壮族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 廣西壯族自治區; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ« Zhuàngzú ZìzhìqÅ«) is a Zhuang autonomous region of... Commandry (British English), or commandery (American English), was the smallest division of the European landed estate or manor under the control of a commendator, or commander, of an order of knights. ... Emperor Guangwu (January 15, 5 BC - March 29, 57), born Liu Xiu, was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in AD 25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han (the restored Han Dynasty). ... Changsha (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang-sha) is the capital of Hunan, a province of Southcentral China, located on the lower reaches of Xiangjiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. ... Ma Yuan (Traditional Chinese: 馬援; pinyin: MÇŽ Yuán) was a Chinese chiangchun who served during the Eastern Han Dynasty. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 AD - 24 AD  - Abdication to Cao...

The traditional Chinese account therefore does not indicate abuse of the Vietnamese population by the Chinese officials, although that appears to be quite likely based on the negative implication from Ma's biography -- if there was nothing wrong with what they were doing, why would Ma need to improve on them in a major manner? However, it also implicitly disavowed the traditional Vietnamese accounts of massive cruelty and of the Chinese official killing Trưng Trắc's husband. There was further no indication that the Trưng sisters committed suicide, that other followers followed example and did so, or that the Chinese army fought naked to win the battle. Indeed, Ma, known in Chinese history for his strict military discipline, would not have likely carried out cruel or unusual tactics.

Impact

The Trưng Sisters are highly revered in Vietnam, as they led the first resistance movement against the occupying Chinese after 247 years of domination. Many temples are dedicated to them, and a yearly holiday, occurring in February, to commemorate their deaths is observed by many Vietnamese. A district in Hanoi is named after them. In addition, numerous large streets in major cities are named after them. They are often depicted riding on elephants into battle. Hanoi (Vietnamese: Hà Ná»™i, Hán Tá»±: 河内)  , estimated population 3,145,300(2005), is the capital of Vietnam. ...

The stories of the Trưng sisters and of another famous woman warrior, Triệu Thị Trinh, are cited by some historians as hints that Vietnamese society before Sinicization was a matriarchal one, where there are no obstacles for women in assuming leadership roles. Image:Trieuau3. ... Sinicization, or Sinification, is to make things Chinese. ... A matriarchy is a tradition (and by extension a form of government) in which community power lies with the eldest mother of a community. ...

See also

• History of Vietnam

Tây Sơn Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List of Vietnamese monarchs The History...

Footnotes

Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ...

References

• Trung sisters Tuyet A. Tran & Chu V. Nguyen