Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma cruzi, crithidia.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota (unranked) Excavata Phylum: Euglenozoa Class: Kinetoplastea Order: Trypanosomatida Genus: Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma is a notable genus of trypanosomes, a monophyletic^[1] group of unicellular parasitic protozoa. The name is derived from the Greek trypaô (boring) and soma (body) because of the way the organisms move. Different species infect a variety of different vertebrates, including humans, causing the trypanosomiasis diseases, e.g. sleeping sickness. Most species are transmitted by invertebrates such as biting insects and leeches. Photomicrograph of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites (Chagas disease pathogen). ... Chagas disease (also called American trypanosomiasis) is a Mammalian disease occurring only in the Americas. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista A eukaryote (IPA: ) is an organism with a complex cell or cells, in which the genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei. ... This article is about the protist group called excavates. ... Classes Euglenoidea Kinetoplastea Diplonemea Postgaardea The Euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate protozoa, dominated by the euglenids and kinetoplastids. ... Orders Trypanosomatida Bodonida The kinetoplastids are a group of flagellate protozoa, including a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals, as well as various forms found in soil and aquatic environments. ... Genera Blastocrithidia Crithidia Endotrypanum Herpetomonas Leishmania Leptomonas Phytomonas Trypanosoma Wallaceina Trypanosomes are a group of kinetoplastid protozoa distinguished by having only a single flagellum. ... Genera Blastocrithidia Crithidia Endotrypanum Herpetomonas Leishmania Leptomonas Phytomonas Trypanosoma Wallaceina Trypanosomes are a group of kinetoplastid protozoa distinguished by having only a single flagellum. ... In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Trypanosomiasis is the name of the diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus trypanosoma in vertebrates. ... Sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease in people and in animals. ... Orders See taxonomy Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species — more than all other animal groups combined [1]. Insects may be found in nearly all environments on the planet, although only a... Orders Arhynchobdellida or Rhynchobdellida There is some dispute as to whether Hirudinea should be a class itself, or a subclass of the Clitellata. ...

Trypanosoma undergo a complex lifecycle which may include several different morphological forms especially in the species which are transmitted by invertebrates. They may go through a variety of different forms in the invertebrate host, but in the vertebrate host the cells take a characteristic form called a trypomastigote, where the flagellum runs from the posterior to the anterior of the cell and is connected by an undulating membrane.

Trypanosoma are found in the bloodstream of an infected human host, where they change the surface proteins at regular intervals. Trypanosoma is also found in the midgut and salivary gland of tsetse flies.

The kinetoplast is derived from endosymbiosis of a prokaryotic cell.

Species of Trypanosoma include the following:

• T. avium, which causes trypanosomiasis in birds
• T. boissoni, in elasmobranch
• T. brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle
• T. carassii, in freshwater teleosts
• T. cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in humans
• T. congolense, which causes nagana in cattle, horses, and camels
• Trypanosoma equinum Voges 1901, Horses infected by Tabanidae, South America
• T. equiperdum, which causes dourine or Covering sickness in horses and other Equidae
• T. evansi, which causes one form of the disease surra in certain animals (single case report of human infection in 2005 in India^[2] and was successfully treated with suramin.^[3])
• Trypanosoma levisi, in rats
• Trypanosoma melophagium Sheep infected by Melophagus ovinus
• Trypanosoma percae in fish: Perca fluviatilis
• Trypanosoma rangeli, believed to be nonpathogenic to humans
• T. rotatorium in amphibian,
• T. simiae, which causes nagana in animals
• T. suis, which causes a different form of surra
• T. theileri, a large trypanosome infecting ruminants
• T. triglae in marine teleosts
• T. vivax, which causes the disease nagana

Superorders Galeomorpha Batoidea Selachimorpha Elasmobranchii is the subclass of cartilaginous fishes that includes skates, rays and sharks. ... Trypanosoma brucei is a species of parasitic protozoan trypanosomes. ... Sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease in people and in animals. ... Nagana, also called Animal African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals. ... Superorders Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha Clupeomorpha Ostariophysi Protacanthopterygii Sternopterygii Cyclosquamata Scopelomorpha Lampridiomorpha Polymyxiomorpha Paracanthopterygii Polymyxiomorpha Acanthopterygii Teleostei is one of three infraclasses in class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes. ... Chagas disease (also called American trypanosomiasis) is a Mammalian disease occurring only in the Americas. ... Nagana, also called Animal African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals. ... Genera as listed in ITIS: Subfamily Chrysopsinae: Merycomyia Chrysops Neochrysops Silvius Subfamily Pangoniinae: Apatolestes Asaphomyia Brennania Esenbeckia Pegasomyia Stonemyia Goniops Subfamily Tabaninae: Anacimas Bolbodimyia Catachlorops Chlorotabanus Diachlorus Dichelacera Holcopsis Lepiselaga Leucotabanus Microtabanus Stenotabanus Haematopota Agkistrocerus Atylotus Hamatabanus Hybomitra Poeciloderas Tabanus Whitneyomyia Not placed: Zophina Among the worlds largest flies... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Trypanosoma equiperdum is a protozoa that causes Dourine, or covering sickness, in horses and other animals in the family equidae. ... Covering sickness, or dourine, is a disease of horses and other members of the family equidae. ... Covering sickness, or dourine, is a disease of horses and other members of the family equidae. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Species - Donkey - African Wild Ass - Domestic Horse - Wild Horse - Grevys Zebra - Onager - Kiang - Plains Zebra - Cape Mountain Zebra - Hartmanns Mountain Zebra Equidae is the family of horse-like animals, order Perissodactyla. ... Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoa that causes surra disease in animals. ... Surra is a disease of vertebrate animals. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Suramin or Suramin sodium is a medicinal drug developed by Oskar Dressel in 1916. ... Binomial name Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 The European perch (Perca fluviatilis) is a species of perch found in Europe and Asia. ... Subclasses and Orders Order Temnospondyli - extinct Subclass Lepospondyli - extinct Subclass Lissamphibia   Anura   Caudata   Gymnophiona Amphibians (class Amphibia; from Greek αμφις both and βιος life) are a taxon of animals that include all living tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) that do not have amniotic eggs, are ectotherms, and generally spend part of their time... Nagana, also called Animal African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals. ... Trypanosoma suis is a protozoan trypanosome in the genus trypanosoma that causes one form of the surra disease in animals. ... Surra is a disease of vertebrate animals. ... Superorders Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha Clupeomorpha Ostariophysi Protacanthopterygii Sternopterygii Cyclosquamata Scopelomorpha Lampridiomorpha Polymyxiomorpha Paracanthopterygii Polymyxiomorpha Acanthopterygii Teleostei is one of three infraclasses in class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes. ... Nagana, also called Animal African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals. ...

References

1. ^ Hamilton, PB (2004). "Trypanosomes are monophyletic: evidence from genes for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and small subunit ribosomal RNA.". Int J Parasitol 34 (12): 1393–1404. PMID 15542100. 
2. ^ World Health Organization. (2005). "A new form of human trypanosomiasis in India. Description of the first human case in the world caused by Trypanosoma evansi". Wkly Epidemiol Rec 80 (7): 62–3. PMID 15771199. 
3. ^ Joshi PP, Chaudhari A, Shegokar VR, et al. (2006). "Treatment and follow-up of the first case of human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in India". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 (10): 989–91. DOI:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.11.003. 

Report on Trypanosomes, Thomas, (London, 1905)

Tropical diseases, Sir Patrick Manson, (fifth edition, London, 1914)

Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, C. W. Daniels, (New York, 1914)

The Trypanosomiases, Edited by Ian Maudlin, Peter H Holmes, Michael A Miles (CAB International, 2004, ISBN 0-85199-475-X)