Emperor Tự Đức

Emperor Tự Đức was the 4^th Emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty of Vietnam and reigned from 1847-1883. Image File history File links EmperorTuDuc. ... Image File history File links EmperorTuDuc. ... The Nguyễn Dynasty (阮朝) was a line of rulers of Vietnam in the 19th century to mid-20th century. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Biography

The son of Emperor Thiệu Trị, Prince Nguyễn Hong Nhiem was born on September 22, 1829, and succeeded his father on the throne, with the reigning title of "Tự Đức", but family troubles caused his era to have a violent start. Thiệu Trị had passed over his more moderate eldest son, Hong Bao, to give the throne to Tự Đức, known for his staunch Confucianism and opposition to foreigners and innovation. As a result, and due to the repressive policies of the previous Nguyễn Dynasty emperors, there was now a great deal of dissatisfaction with Nguyễn rule and a legitimate royal figure to rally this opposition. Thiệu Trị (1807 - 4 November 1847) Nguyá»…n Mien Tong was the third emperor of Nguyá»…n Dynasty taking the era name of Thiệu Trị. He was the eldest son of emperor Minh Mạng, and reigned from 14 February 1841 until his death on 4 November 1847. ... September 22 is the 265th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (266th in leap years). ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Confucianism (儒家 Pinyin: rújiā The School of the Scholars), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical, religious and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ...

Crown Prince Hong Bao became the leader of a rebellion against Tự Đức, consisting of Confucian scholars who were angered that the family hierarchy had been dishonored (by passing over the eldest son) some remaining supporters of the Lê Dynasty (who many still considered the legitimate dynasty of Vietnam) as well as the usual peasants angry over Nguyễn taxation and the usual corrupt mandarins as well as the Catholic missionaries and Christian converts who had been so persecuted by Minh Mạng and Thiệu Trị. With swift military force, Tự Đức suppressed the rebellion and was set to execute his brother, but was dissuaded by his mother, Dowager Empress Tự Đức, and Hong Bao killed himself in prison. // Le Loi(1382-1433), emperor Le Thai To(1428-1433) Background and aspiration Lê Lợi came from a wealthy landowner family. ... A Mandarin was a bureaucrat in imperial China. ... As a noun, Christian is an appellation and moniker deriving from the appellation Christ, which many people associate exclusively with Jesus of Nazareth. ... Minh Mang 明命帝 was the second emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty, reigning from 14 February, 1820 until 20 January, 1841. ... Empress Dowager (Chinese and Japanese: 皇太后; Chinese pinyin Húang Tài Hòu, Japanese pronunciation: Kōtaigō) was title given to the mother of a Chinese emperor. ...

Emperor Tự Đức continued the policies of his predecessors, shutting Vietnam off from the outside world and refusing all efforts to modernize the country. Accounts of his personal life show a gentle and educated man, but his policies brought on conflict with Europe that Vietnam could not win. He oppressed all foreigners in Vietnam, especially the Christian community, calling their religion a "perverse doctrine". The Christian mandarin Nguyễn Truong To, tried to convince Tự Đức that this was a suicidal policy, but he did not listen, confident that France was too involved with the chaos in Europe in 1848 to respond, but he was mistaken. World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

France responded with a large military expeditionary force and attacked up from southern Vietnam. The Nguyễn army fought bravely for some time, but their antiquated weapons and tactics were no match for the French, who suffered more from the climate and disease than from enemy resistance. With French forces moving closer against him, Tự Đức called upon his Chinese over-lord, the Qing Emperor, for help and so ensued the Sino-French War. The fighting around Hanoi against China and the Black Flag pirates ended with France victorious and China gave up their position as feudal master of Vietnam and recognized France as the ruling power over the region. The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the... The Sino-French War or Franco-Chinese War was a war fought between the French Third Republic and Qing Empire that lasted from September 1884 to June 1885. ... Hanoi (Vietnamese: Quốc Ngữ Hà Ná»™i; Chữ Nôm 河内), estimated population 3,083,800 (2004), is the capital of Vietnam and was the capital of North Vietnam from 1954 to 1976. ... The Jolly Roger is the traditional flag of European and American pirates, envisioned today as a skull over crossed bones (see skull and cross bones), on a black field. ...

To make matters worse, Emperor Tự Đức had to deal with renewed internal rebellions which had become commonplace for the Nguyễn Dynasty. There were literally hundreds of small rebellions and uprisings against Nguyễn rule. Oppression of the Christian missionaries was also the biggest source of trouble, including the execution of a Spanish bishop which led to the fall of Saigon to the French. By an order of 1848 Tự Đức commanded all Vietnamese Catholic converts to renounce their religion, otherwise they would be branded on the face with the mark of a heretic and surrender all of their rights and privileges. This oppression rallied most of the European powers against Vietnam, and Tự Đức by doing this had given up any hope of Vietnam gaining help as a victim from the outside world. Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: Thành Chí Minh) is the largest city in Vietnam, located near the delta of the Mekong River. ...

When further rebellions broke out as the French were advancing on the capital, Tự Đức feared that his authority was crumbling. He preferred to make a deal with the French so that he could crush the rebellion since while France may demand humiliating concessions, the rebels would most likely depose and/or kill him. He signed away the southern most of Vietnam, Cochinchina, to be a French colony and accepted the status of a French protectorate for his country. This caused a huge uproar, and many, such as the famous mandarin Trương Công Định, refused to recognize the treaty and fought on in defense of their country, denouncing Tự Đức for surrendering any part of their homeland. Cochin China (also known as Cochinchina or in French, Cochinchine) was the southernmost part of Vietnam beside Cambodia. ...

Emperor Tự Đức did not live to see the worst effects of colonialism on his country, but he is often regarded as the last Emperor of Vietnam, since he was the last to rule independently. A case of smallpox left him impotent so he had no children despite a huge harem of wives he kept in his palace. According to legend, he died cursing the French with his dying breath. Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Impotence or, more clinically, erectile dysfunction is the inability to maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. ... In traditional Arab culture, the harîm حريم (cf. ...