Tudela is a town and municipality in Spain, in the northern province of Navarra. Its population is around 40,000. The 12th century traveller Benjamin of Tudela and the 13th century writer William of Tudela were from the town, or rather city as it is styled by its inhabitants. A municipality or general-purpose district (compare with: special-purpose district) is an administrative local area generally composed of a clearly defined territory and commonly referring to a city, town, or village government. ... Navarra is the Spanish name for Navarre (Basque: Nafarroa), an ancient kingdom in the Pyrenees, and now a province and an autonomous community in Spain. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Map of the route Benjamin of Tudela (flourished 12th century) was a medieval Spanish Jewish Rabbi, traveler and explorer. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... William of Tudela (fl. ...

In November 23rd, 1808 Napoleon Bonaparte's Marshall Lannes won the Battle of Tudela in the Peninsular War. The Battle of Tudela was a battle during the Peninsular War fought on November 23, 1808 near Tudela, Spain. ...

Tudela is located in a very good geographical location by the Ebro river, Lodosa, Tauste and Imperial canals. Nowadays fast trains with two-lane electrified railways, and two important freeways which join close to the city serve to make Tudela the capital of the "Ribera" the agricultural region of lower Navarra. The Ebro (Greek: Έβρος, Latin: Iberus, Spanish: Ebro, Catalan: Ebre) is Spains most voluminous and second longest river. ...

Of note are the city's festivals in honor of Santa Anna (St. Anne, mother of Mary) which begin the 24 of July at noon and continue for approximately one week. Street music, bullfights and the running of the bulls are events which exemplify this festival Anna also known as Saint Anne is known by tradition as mother of The Virgin Mary. ... An encierro in Pastrana, Spain. ...

Fiestas in the Plaza Nueva or Plaza de los Fueros

Image File history File links 24julio005_012. ... Image File history File links 24julio005_012. ...

History

Although the area has been populated since at least Roman times, it is generally agreed that Tudela was founded under the Muslim emirate of Al-Hakam I, specifically in 802, by Amrus ibn Yusuf al-Muwalad. At the beginning of the 9th century, the strategic importance of Tudela as a site on the river Ebro was enhanced by historical and political circumstances. The town was used by Muslims as a bridge-head to fight against the Christians of Pamplona. Later the Tudela became an important defensive point for the Kingdom of Navarre in battles with Castile and Aragon. Roman or Romans may refer to: History Ancient Rome Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC) Roman Republic (509 BC to 44 BC) Roman Empire (44 BC to AD 476) Roman citizen Byzantine Empire (330 to 1453), also known as the Eastern Roman Empire or the Empire of the Greeks... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish:Müslüman, Persian:مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Al-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I was an Umayyad Emir of Cordoba. ... Events 31 October - Irene deposed as Emperoress of Byzantium and replaced by Nicephorus I. She is banished to Lesbos. ... The Ebro (Greek: Έβρος, Latin: Iberus, Spanish: Ebro, Catalan: Ebre) is Spains most voluminous and second longest river. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Pamplona (Basque: Irunea / Iruñea / Iruña) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ... Though the details are largely legendary, the Kingdom of Navarre evolved from the county of Pamplona, its traditional capital, when the Vasconic leader Enneco Aresta (Iñigo Arista or Aiza in Spanish) was chosen King in Pamplona (traditionally in 824) and led a local revolt against the Franks. ... A former kingdom in modern-day Spain, Castile (Spanish: Castilla; usually pronounced Cast-EEL in English) now compromises the regions of Old Castile in the north-west, and New Castile in the center of the country. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2005)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 269 027  2,9%  26,59/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate...

When Christians under Alfonso the Battler (el Batallador) conquered Tudela in 1115, three different communities where living there: Muslim, Mozarab and Jewish. In the aftermath of the conquest, community relations appear to have been strained and Muslims were forced to live in a suburb outside the town walls, whereas Jews continued to reside inside the walls (see section on Jewish Tudela below). Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... The Mozarabs (in Spanish, mozárabes; in Portuguese, moçárabes) were Iberian Christians living under Muslim dominion, and their descendants. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...

The Jews were banished in 1498 (the explusion from Navarre being slightly later than in the rest of Spain). Muslims and Moriscos were expelled in 1516 and 1610 respectively. There are still examples of Islamic-influenced architecture in the city - the style the Spanish call Mudéjar; but the principal mosque was turned over to the Church in 1121, and by the end of the 12th century construction of the cathedral had begun. The cathedral exhibits outstanding examples of Romanesque architecture, such as the Puerta del Juicio, or Door of the (Last) Judgement [1]. There are some Gothic influences and also Baroque additions to the building. Morisco (Spanish Moor-like) or mourisco (Portuguese) is a term referring to a kind of New Christian in Spain and Portugal. ... Mudéjar is the name given to the Moors who remained in Spain after the Christian reconquista but were not converted to Christianity, and to a vernacular style of Spanish architecture and decoration, particularly of Aragon and Castile, of 12th and 16th centuries, strongly influenced by Moorish taste and workmanship... The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan with an iwan at center, three domes, and five visible minarets A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... A cathedral is a Christian church building, specifically of a denomination with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the Anglican, Catholic and some Lutheran churches, which serves as the central church of a diocese, and thus as a bishops seat. ... Romanesque St. ... Image:Michelangelo - Fresco of the Last Judgment. ... Besides its original meaning, of or relating to the Goths (Gothos, Getas), a Germanic tribe and thus the Gothic language and the Gothic alphabet, the word Gothic has been used to refer to distinctly different things: From a Renaissance perspective (originally Italian, gotico, with connotations of rough, barbarous), it conveyed... Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens: dynamic figures spiral down around a void: draperies blow: a whirl of movement lit in a shaft of light, rendered in a free bravura handling of paint. ...

At the end of the 17th century, the new public square was built, called Plaza Nueva or Plaza de los Fueros, which became the main city centre. The train station was built in 1861, which, together with the agricultural revolution, resulted in a new period of expansion for the city.

Jewish Tudela

 The oldest and most important Jewish community in the former kingdom of Navarre. 

The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Jewish leadership: Since 70 AD and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem there has been no single body that has a leadership position over the entire Jewish community. ... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community in Spain. ...

Organisation of the Community under Christian Rule

When King Alfonso the Battler captured the town from the Muslims in 1114 it contained a large number of Jews. In fact, several of Tudela's better-known Jews were born during the time of Muslim political control, although Benjamin of Tudela was probably born soon after the Christian conquest. Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Events January 7 - Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, marries Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor Births Deaths Categories: 1114 ... Map of the route Benjamin of Tudela (flourished 12th century) was a medieval Spanish Jewish Rabbi, traveler and explorer. ...

The Jews were not content with a "fuero" (charter) granted in 1115 by the conqueror, and suspecting that their safety was threatened, they decided to emigrate; only at the special request of Alfonso and on his promise that they should be granted municipal rights similar to those of Nájera, did the Jews consent to remain. As they continued to suffer much from the hatred of the Christians, they declared to the king that they would be obliged to leave the city if these abuses were not checked; whereupon Sancho VI of Navarre (known as "The Wise") in 1170 confirmed all the rights which Alfonso had granted them. For their greater security he even assigned to them the castle precincts as an aljama (or Judería to use an alternative term). The king gave them a tax exemption on condition they maintained their section of the fortifications; he permitted them freely to sell their houses located in the former Judería; and he allowed them to establish a cemetery outside the city. He also showed tolerance in his regulation of their legal status (comp. Kayserling, "Gesch. der Juden in Spanien", i. 197). Najera (Nájera in Spanish, Naiara in Basque) is a city located in the Rioja Alta district of La Rioja, Spain upon the river Najerilla. ... Sancho VI Garces, (c. ... Aljama is a Spanish-language term of Arabic-language origin used in old official documents to designate the self-governing communities of Moors and Jews living under Spanish Christian rule. ...

In the Juderia there was a large synagogue (repaired in 1401) and several smaller ones. The Jewish community had its own magistrates, comprising two presidents and twenty representatives ("regidoros"), who drew up new statutes, inflicted penalties, excluded from membership in the community, and pronounced the ban. In 1359 the Jews of Tudela petitioned Don Luis, brother and representative of King Charles II, that they might be allowed to punish those Jews who violated their religious regulations. In a statute drawn up in March, 1363, by the representatives of the community it was decided to deal energetically with denunciators and slanderers. This statute was publicly read in all the synagogues on the Day of Atonement; and in 1400 it was renewed for a period of forty years (the statute is given in Kayserling, l.c. pp. 206 et seq.). Lesko synagogue, Poland A synagogue (Hebrew: בית כנסת ; beit knesset, house of assembly; Yiddish: שול, shul) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... Events The Lollards, a religious sect taught by John Wycliffe, were persecuted for their beliefs. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. ... Charles II (1332–1387), called Charles the Bad, was King of Navarre 1349–1387 and Count of Évreux 1343–1387. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 - 1363 - 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 See also: 1363 state leaders Events Magnus II, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg. ... Yom Kippur (יום כפור yom kippūr, day of atonement) is the Jewish holiday of the Day of Atonement. ...

Professions and economic activities of the Jews

The Jews of Tudela followed the most varying occupations; they traded in grain, wool, cloth, and even, under Muslim rule, in slaves. There were among them tanners, who were obliged to pay 35 sueldos a year to the king for the use of their tannery, which was situated on the river Ebro; and the Jewish shoemakers and gold- and silver-workers had their shops in a special market-place, for which in the year 1269 they paid 1,365 sueldos to Theobald II. They had also their own "motalafla," or gagers' bureau, where their weights and measures were subjected to official inspection. They engaged in money-lending also, while some of them - Don Joseph and Don Ezmel de Ablitas, for example - had large commercial houses. The farming of the taxes likewise was in their hands. Solomon and Jacob Baco and Ezmel Falaquera were tax farmers, and Nathan Gabai was chief farmer of the taxes. The Ebro (Greek: Έβρος, Latin: Iberus, Spanish: Ebro, Catalan: Ebre) is Spains most voluminous and second longest river. ... Theobald V of Champagne (c. ... Tax farming, occurring historically in Egypt, Rome, Great Britain, France, the Greater Middle East and Greece, was the principle of giving the responsibility of tax collection to citizens or groups, rather than the government. ...

Scholars

Tudela was the birthplace or residence of a number of Jewish scholars, the most famous of whom was the 12th-century traveller Benjamin of Tudela, the account of whose travels was translated into several languages, and is still a valuable historical source. Chayyim ben Samuel (author of the "Tzeror ha-Chayyim"), Shem-T'ob ben Isaac Shaprut (philosopher and apologist), and several members of the learned Minir family were born in the city. The cabalist Abraham Abulafia passed his youth in Tudela. Other Rabbis of Tudela are known: Joel ibn Shu'aib, author of sermons and Bible commentaries; and Chasdai ben Solomon, who flourished in the 14th century. The scholar and poet Yehuda Halevi was probably born in Tudela, although the some sources give the birthplace as Toledo: whichever may be his native town, the "Tudelanos" have named a square after him. Sources also differ as to whether Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezra was born in Tudela or Toledo, but his Wikipedia entry gives the former - he is famous as a poet, grammarian, mathematician, and astronomer - he has a lunar crater named after him (Abenezra). Map of the route Benjamin of Tudela (flourished 12th century) was a medieval Spanish Jewish Rabbi, traveler and explorer. ... This article is about the overall Jewish mysticisms tradition. ... This article is about religious concept of Messiah. ... Biblical exegesis (from the Greek ἐξηγεῖσθαι to lead out) is an extensive and critical interpretation of the Bible. ... Judah Ha-Levi, also Yehudah Halevi, or Judah ben Samuel Halevi (Hebrew רבי יהודה הלוי) (c. ... Location of Toledo in Spain Toledo is a city and municipality located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Rabbi Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra (also known as Ibn Ezra, or Abenezra) (1092 or 1093-1167), was one of the most distinguished Jewish men of letters and writers of the Middle Ages. ... Abenezra is a lunar impact crater located in the rugged highlands in the south-central section of the Moon. ...

Jewish Physicians

Like his grandfather, who had for his body-physicians the Jews Don Joseph and Don Moses Aben Samuel, King Sancho VI also had a Jewish physician, named Solomon, to whom he not only granted baronial rights in the whole kingdom, but also gave farm-land and vineyards in two villages near Tudela. Further, in 1193, a few months before his death, he granted Solomon also proprietary rights in the bath located in front of the Albazares gate. Sancho VI Garces, (c. ...

Economic Decline

The Jews of Tudela, whose 500 families had by 1363 diminished to 270, were greatly oppressed by the taxes imposed on them by the king. These in 1346 and the following years had amounted to 2,000 livres annually, and in 1375 to 3,382 livres; in addition, the Jews had to pay subsidies from time to time. In consequence of the war with Castile and owing to the ravages of the plague in 1379 and 1380, the community continued to decrease in numbers till in 1386 there were scarcely 200 Jewish families in the city, and these were so poor that the taxes could not be collected from them. Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 - 1363 - 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 See also: 1363 state leaders Events Magnus II, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg. ... // Events Serbian Empire was proclaimed in Skopje by Dusan Silni, occupying much of the South-Eastern Europe Foundation of the University of Valladolid Foundation of Pembroke College, University of Cambridge August 26 Battle of Crecy after which Edward the Black Prince honored the bravery of John I, Count of Luxemburg... Events October 24 - Valdemar IV of Denmark dies and is succeeded by his grandson Olaf III of Denmark. ... Events Robert of Geneva, the butcher of Cesena was elected as Pope Clement VII. This led to a schism in the Catholic church with one pope in Rome (Pope Gregory XI and the antipope (Clement VII) in Avignon. ... Events September 8 - Battle of Kulikovo - Russian forces under Grand Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols (the Golden Horde), stopping their advance at Kulikovo. ... Events Battle of Sempach: Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule End of reign of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ...

Persecution - Baptism or Exile

In February 1235, Tudela was the scene of a rebellion against the government, when many Jews were wounded and several were sacrificed to the rage of the populace. Peace was restored only through a treaty between King Theobald I and the city council (Kayserling, l.c. pp. 200 et seq.). The Shepherds' Crusade of 1321 affected Tudela. About 30,000 rapacious murderers fell upon the Jews in Tudela, killing many of them. When, some time later, 500 (or, according to other accounts, 300) made another attempt to surprise the Jews, they were overcome by a knight who lay in wait for them. Out of gratitude to Providence for their escape from this danger, the wealthier Jews endeavored to alleviate the condition of their coreligionists who had suffered from the persecutions. They collected grain and oil in storehouses, and supported poor Jews therefrom for a period of three years. In the great persecution of 1328, during which 6,000 Jews perished in Navarre, those of Tudela did not escape. Events Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht St. ... Theobald IV of Champagne (1201–1252), known as the Troubadour, the Chansonnier, and the Posthumous, was Count of Champagne and the King of Navarre from 1235. ... The Shepherds Crusade is two separate events from the 13th and 14th century. ...

In 1492 the Jews were expelled from the dominions of Ferdinand and Isabella, sovereigns of Castile and Aragon, by the Alhambra Decree. The Jewish population of Tudela was increased by the arrival of refugees from other parts of Spain. In 1498 King John III of Navarre, under the influence of Ferdinand and Isabella, issued an edict to the effect that all Jews must either be baptized or leave the country. In Tudela 180 families received baptism. The converts, or Conversos, were suspected of being Maranos, or secret Jews. Many of them emigrated a few years later to France. The names of the conversos were published in a great roll called "La Manta" and exposed in the nave of Tudela's cathedral. Tudela still preserves some Hebrew documents in its archives.[2] Also buildings associated with the Jewish community have survived to the present day.[3] The Catholic monarchs (Spanish: Reyes Católicos) is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. ... A former kingdom in modern-day Spain, Castile (Spanish: Castilla; usually pronounced Cast-EEL in English) now compromises the regions of Old Castile in the north-west, and New Castile in the center of the country. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2005)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 269 027  2,9%  26,59/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Alhambra Decree was issued in 1492 by the Catholic monarchs, (Isabella of Castile married to Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469), of Spain, following the final triumph over the Moors after the fall of Granada. ... John III of Navarre, also known as Jean dAlbret ( 1469 - 1516), became King of Navarre by virtue of his 1484 marriage to Catherine, Countess of Foix (1470 - 1517) who was Queen Catalina of Navarre after the death of her brother Francis Phoebus in 1483. ... Spanish for converted one, converso (feminine conversa) referred to Jews or Muslims or the descendants of Jews or Muslims who had converted, sometimes unwillingly, to Catholicism in Spain, particularly during the 1300s and 1400s. ... The Maranos was a Jewish secret fraternity which arose in Spain in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries during the persecution of the Jewish minority in that country. ...

Education

• Universidad Pública de Navarra
• Instituto Benjamin de Tudela [4]in Spanish

The Universidad Pública de Navarra (Basque: Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa) was created in 1987 by the government of the Spanish autonomous region of Navarre (Spanish: Navarra, Basque: Nafarroa). ...

People

• Abraham ibn Ezra, scholar - probably born in Tudela
• Benjamin of Tudela, traveller
• Banu Qasi (not this city's origin)
• Fernando Remacha, composer
• Rafael Moneo, architect
• Muñoz Sola, artist
• Robert d'Aguiló, governor of Tudela
• William of Tudela, writer

• Abraham Yom-Tob of Tudela, commentator (JE)
• Hasdai ben Solomon, rabbi (JE)
• Ibn Shaprut, philosopher (JE)
• Joel ibn Shu'aib, author of sermons and Bible commentaries (JE)
• Samuel Amarillo, collector of royal taxes at Tudela (JE)
• Ezmel (Samuel) de Ablitas, financier from Ablitas near Tudela (JE)

• Minir family: scholars of Tudela, members of which are met with in the East and in Italy (JE)
  • Isaac ibn Minir
  • Isaac ben Joseph Minir
  • Joseph ben Isaac Minir
  • Moses Minir
  • Shem-Tob Minir

Rabbi Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra (also known as Ibn Ezra, or Abenezra) (1092 or 1093-1167), was one of the most distinguished Jewish men of letters and writers of the Middle Ages. ... Map of the route Benjamin of Tudela (flourished 12th century) was a medieval Spanish Jewish Rabbi, traveler and explorer. ... The Banu Qasi were a Muslim dynastic family that ruled the region of the Ebro Valley in Spain. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The extension to Atocha Railway Station José Rafael Moneo Vallés (born May 9, 1937) is a Spanish architect. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... William of Tudela (fl. ... Biblical exegesis (from the Greek ἐξηγεῖσθαι to lead out) is an extensive and critical interpretation of the Bible. ... Ablitas is a town located in the province of Navarra, in the autonomous community of Navarra, in the North of Spain. ...

External links

• Official homepage of city council
• City of Tudela
• Town Festivals
• TUDELA in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) (Spanish)

Article References

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia.

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