 The tughra of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire. It reads Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious. Written out: - محمود خان بن عبدالحميد مظفر دائماً A tughra (طغراء; Tuğra) is a calligraphic seal or signature of an Ottoman Sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence. It was also carved on his seal and stamped on the coins minted during his reign. Image File history File links Tugra_Mahmuds_II.gif Animated Tughra Mahmud II showing the structure of the calligraphy. ...
Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ...
The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Seal on envelope A seal is an impression printed on, embossed upon, or affixed to a document (or any other object) in order to authenticate it, in lieu of or in addition to a signature. ...
John Hancocks signature is one of the most prominent on the United States Declaration of Independence. ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
The tughra was designed at the beginning of the Sultan's reign and drawn by the court calligrapher or nişancı on written documents. The first tughra belonged to Orhan I (1284-1359), the second ruler of the Ottoman Empire and it evolved until it reached the classical form in the tughra of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1596). Calligraphy (from Greek καλλι calli beauty + γραφος graphos writing) is the art of decorative writing. ...
Orhan (Turkish: also Orhan Gazi or Orkhan) (1284–1359), was the second bey (chief) of the newborn Ottoman Empire (at the time known as the Osmanli tribe) from 1326 to 1359. ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
Suleiman I (Ottoman:سليمان SulaymÄn, Turkish: Süleyman; the long name is Kanuni Sultan Süleyman in Turkish) (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth Sultan from the House of Osman of the Ottoman Empire, and its longest-serving, reigning from 1520 to 1566. ...
Tughras served a purpose similar to the cartouche in ancient Egypt. Every Ottoman sultan had his own individual tughra. In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oblong enclosure with a vertical line at one end, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name, coming into use during the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty under Pharaoh Sneferu. ...
Visual Elements of a Tughra
The tughra has a characteristic form, two loops on the left side, three vertical lines in the middle, stacked writing on the bottom and two extensions to the right. Each of these elements have a specific meaning and together they make up the form that is easily recognizable as a tughra.
 Visual Elements of a Tughra The name of the Sultan is written out in the bottom section, called a sere. Depending on the period, this name can be as simple as Orhan, son of Osman in the first tughra in 1326. In later periods honorifics and prayers are also added to the name of the tughra holder and his father. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Orhan (Turkish: also Orhan Gazi or Orkhan) (1284–1359), was the second bey (chief) of the newborn Ottoman Empire (at the time known as the Osmanli tribe) from 1326 to 1359. ...
This does not cite its references or sources. ...
The loops to the left of the tughra are called beyze, from Arabic meaning egg. Some interpretations of tughra design claim that the beyzes are supposed to symbolize the two seas the Sultans held sway over: the outer larger loop signifying the Mediterranean and the inner, smaller loop signifying the Black Sea.
The vertical lines on the top of the tughra are called tug, or flagstaff. The three tugs signify independence. The Sshaped lines crossing the tugs are called zülfe and they, together with the tops of the tugs that also look to the right signify that the winds blow from the east to the west, the traditional movement of the Ottomans.
The lines to the right of the tughra are called hancere and signify a sword, symbol of power and might.
Tughras of the Ottoman Sultans The first Tughra - Tughra of Orhan I (1326) Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 636 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (748 × 705 pixel, file size: 475 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Scanned from an image of an original document (Mulkname) in the Istanbul Topkapi Palace Museum Archives. ...
Orhan (Turkish: also Orhan Gazi or Orkhan) (1284–1359), was the second bey (chief) of the newborn Ottoman Empire (at the time known as the Osmanli tribe) from 1326 to 1359. ...
| Tughra of Süleyman the Magnificent (1520) Image File history File links The tughra of Suleiman the Magnificient. ...
Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (Modern Turkish: Süleyman; Arabic: SulaymÄn) (November 6, 1494-September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth Osmanli sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and its longest-serving, reigning from 1520 to 1566. ...
| Tughra of Selim III (1789) Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Sultan Selim III Selim III (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1789–1807). ...
| Tughra of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II (1808) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3476x2822, 78 KB) This is a printable version of Image:Tugra Mahmuds II.gif. ...
The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. ...
| Tughra of Abdulhamid II (1876) Image File history File links Abdul_Hameed_II_Sign. ...
Sultan Abdul Hamid II Abd_ul_Hamid II also Abdulhamid, Abdul Hamid, Abd al_Hamid II, or Abdul_Hamid (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from August 31, 1876 – April 27, 1909. ...
| Tughra of Mehmed V (1909) as used on a Gallipoli Star Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Sultan Mehmed V Mehmed V (sometimes also Mahommed V; known as Mehmed V Reşad (or Reşat) or Reshid Effendi) (November 2, 1844 – July 3, 1918) was the 39th Ottoman Sultan. ...
Gallipoli Star badge. ...
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Uses of Tughra outside of the Ottoman Context Although the tughra is largely identified with the Ottoman Sultans, they have also sometimes been used in other Turkic states, such as the Khanate of Kazan. Later, tughras were used among the Tatars of Imperial Russia. Map of Kazan Khanate, early 1500s The Kazan Khanate (Tatar: Qazan xanlığı; Russian: КазанÑкое ханÑтво) (1438-1552) was a Tatar state on the territory of former Volga Bulgaria with its capital in Kazan. ...
Kültigin Monument where first mention of Tatar people is inscribed Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ...
Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start...
There are modern artists of calligraphy that use the characteristic tughra form today. Examples are the tughras of Russian president Vladimir Putin and the Emperor of Japan Akihito. Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the incumbent President of Russia. ...
For the CPR ocean liner, see Empress of Japan. ...
Akihito () (born December 23, 1933) is the current Emperor ) of Japan, the 125th person to hold that title, according to the traditional order of succession. ...
Modern Interpretations of Tughras Tughra of Emperor Akihito (Modern) Image File history File links Size of this preview: 414 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1500 × 2170 pixel, file size: 295 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a tughra of Emperor Akihito by Vladimir Popov. ...
Emperor Akihito reads the Speech from the Throne to the Japanese Diet His Imperial Majesty Akihito (明仁) (born December 23, 1933) is the current and 125th Emperor of Japan. ...
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See also Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
The stylized signature of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire was written in an expressive calligraphy. ...
Gallipoli Star badge. ...
Early on as the Ottoman Turks drove out the Byzantines from Anatolia and later pursued them into Europe, the pursuit was a part of the Jihad (or Holy War) against Christianity, and the first Ottoman rulers called themselves Gazi, or Holy Warriors. ...
KaÅ of Toyotomi Hideyoshi A kaÅ ) is a stylized signature or a mark used in place of a signature. ...
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