Marshal of the Soviet Union Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (also spelled Tukhachevski, Tukhachevskii, Russian: Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский) (February 16, 1893 - June 12, 1937), Soviet military commander, was one of the most prominent victims of Stalin's Great Purge of the late 1930s. This work is copyrighted. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: (СССР)  listen?; tr. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... The Great Purge is the name given to campaigns of repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s which included a purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ...

Tukhachevsky was born near Smolensk, west of Moscow, into an aristocratic family of Polish origin. He graduated from the Aleksandrovskye Military School in 1914, joining the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment. A lieutenant during World War I, Tukhachevsky was taken prisoner by the Germans and held in Ingolstadt fortress, where he met Charles de Gaulle. The view of Smolensk in 1912 Smolensk (Russian: Смоленск;, Belarusian: Смаленск) is a city in western Russia, located on the Dniepr river at 54. ... Moscow (Russian/Cyrillic: Москва́, pronunciation: Moskvá) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva, and encompassing 1097. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Ingolstadt is located along the banks of the Danube River in the center of the Federal State of Bavaria, Germany. ... This article refers to the former French president, Charles de Gaulle. ...

Returning to Russia in 1917, after the Russian Revolution of 1917 he joined the Bolshevik Party. He became an officer in the Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank due to his great ability. During the Russian Civil War he was given responsibility for defending Moscow. The Bolshevik Defence Commissar Leon Trotsky gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture Siberia from the White forces of Aleksandr Kolchak. He also helped defeat General Anton Denikin in the Crimea in 1920. Both the Kronstadt rebellion and the Tambov peasant revolt were crushed by forces under Tukhachevsky's command. 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The phrase Russian Revolution can refer to three specific events in the history of Imperial Russia. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... Red Army flag The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya in Russian), the armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... The Russian Civil War was fought between 1918 and 1920. ... 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij and Trotzky ) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Лев Давидович Бронштейн), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist intellectual. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... The term may have the following meanings White Guard, Finnish Civil War White Army, Russian Civil War The White Guard - a novel by Mikhail Bulgakov about the Russian White movement. ... Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak (Александр Васильевич Колчак in Russian) (November 4 (November 16 NS), 1874 – February 7, 1920) was a Russian naval commander and later head of part of the anti-Bolshevik White forces during the Russian Civil War. ... Anton Denikin on the day of his resignation in 1920 Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин) (December 16, 1872 - August 8, 1947) was a Russian army officer before and during World War I. Following the Russian Revolution he was part of the counter-revolutionary White Russian forces in the civil... The Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukrainian transliteration: Avtonomna Respublika Krym, Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, Russian: Автономная Республика Крым, pronounced cry-MEE-ah in English) is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea. ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Red Army troops attack Kronstadt The Kronstadt rebellion was an unsuccessful uprising of Soviet sailors against the government of the early Russian SFSR. It proved to be the last major rebellion against Bolshevik rule. ... The Tambov Rebellion of 1919–1921 was one the largest peasant rebellions against the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. ...

Tukhachevsky led the Bolshevik armies during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920, and was defeated by Jozef Pilsudski outside Warsaw. It was during the Polish war that Tukhachevsky first came into conflict with Stalin. Each blamed the other for the Soviet failure to capture Warsaw, which brought Soviet defeat in the war. Tukhachevsky is commonly criticized for inadequate control of his forces. His orders were frequently disobeyed, even by high-ranking officers, which led the Bolshevik armies to several major failures throughout the campaign. On the other hand, Tukhachevsky argued that he could not choose his division commanders or move his headquarters from Moscow, for political reasons. The animosity between him and Stalin continued into the 1930s. Polish-Bolshevik War Conflict Polish-Bolshevik War Date 1919– 1921 Place Central and Eastern Europe Result Polish victory The Polish-Soviet War was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and Second Polish Republic. ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Term of Office from November 14, 1918 until December 9, 1922 Profession Statesman and military commander Political Party none, see Sanacja for details First Lady Maria Piłsudska Date of Birth December 5, 1867 Place of Birth Zułów, in todays Lithuania Date of Death May 12, 1935 Place of Death... Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa, see also other names, in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa, see also other names, in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ...

It may be noted in this context that Pilsudski and his staff were given a great advantage during the Polish-Soviet War by their military intelligence decrypting Soviet Army radio messages. These were encrypted in primitive ciphers and codes, and often involved incredible breaches of security by cipher clerks. The Polish cryptologists and commanders were thus regularly able to look over the shoulders of the Soviet commanders, including Tukhachevsky, and his superior Trotsky. It is curious that, in this regard, the Soviet Army repeated mistakes that had been made in World War I by its Tsarist predecessor vis-a-vis the Germany Army, and that had contributed fundamentally to the Russian defeat at Tannenberg. Intelligence has two different common meanings : Intelligence (trait) Animal intelligence Artificial intelligence Intelligence (information gathering) Business intelligence Military espionage This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ... Message in its most general meaning is the object of communication. ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... For other senses of the word code, see code (disambiguation). ... This page covers security in the sense of protection from hostile action. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Stębark (German:Tannenberg) is a village in Poland. ...

Tukhachevsky served as chief of staff of the Red Army (1925-28) and as Deputy Commissar for Defence. He transformed the irregular revolutionary detachments of the Red Army into a well-drilled, professional military. He wrote several books on modern warfare and in 1931 was given a leading role in reforming the army. He held advanced ideas on military strategy, particularly on the use of tanks and aircraft. His ideas were opposed by Stalin's military cronies from the Civil War, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny. 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Irregular soldiers in Beauharnois, Quebec, 19th century Irregular military refers to any non-standard military. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov () (January 23, 1881 - December 2, 1969) was a Soviet military commander and politician. ... Semyon Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny (also spelled Budennii, Budenny, Budyenny etc, Russian: Семён Михайлович Будённый) (April 25, 1883 - October 26, 1973), Soviet military commander, was a favourite of Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin, a fact which led to one of modern historys greatest military catastrophes. ...

His theory of deep operations where armoured formations strike deep behind enemy lines to destroy the enemy's rear and logistics were bitterly opposed by the military establishment. They were, however, vindicated by the German Blitzkrieg and were gradually re-adopted by Soviet military commanders during the Great Patriotic War, leading to huge victories at the Battle of Kursk and Operation Bagration. Blitzkrieg relied on close cooperation between infantry and panzers (tanks). ... The Eastern Front1 was the theatre of combat between Nazi Germany and its allies against the Soviet Union during World War II. It was somewhat separate from the other theatres of the war, not only geographically, but also for its scale and ferocity. ... The Battle of Kursk was a significant battle on the Eastern Front of World War II. It remains the largest armored engagement of all time, and included the most costly single day of aerial warfare in history. ... During World War II, Operation Bagration was the general attack by Soviet forces to clear the Nazis from Belarus which resulted in the destruction of the German Army Group Centre, possibly the greatest defeat for the Wehrmacht during the war. ...

In 1935 Tukhachevsky was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union, aged only 42. In January 1936 Tukhachevsky visited Britain, France and Germany. It was subsequently alleged, and may possibly be true, that during these visits he contacted anti-Stalin Russian exiles and began plotting against Stalin. 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko in dress uniform The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union (Russian: Marshal Sovietskogo Soyuza, Маршал Совет́ского Союза) was in practice the highest military rank of the Soviet Union. ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Tukhachevsky was arrested on May 22, 1937, and charged with organization of "military-Trotskyist conspiracy" and espionage for Nazi Germany. After a secret trial, known as Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Tukhachevsky and eight other higher military commanders were convicted, and executed on June 12, 1937. May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... A secret trial is a trial that is not open to the public, nor reported in the news. ... Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization (Дело троцкистской антисоветской военной организации, or дело антисоветской троцкистской военной организации) was a 1937 trial of high commanders of the Red Army, also known as Case of Military (дело военных) and Tukhachevskys case. During the trials it was also referred to as... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ...

On January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his colleagues were declared to have been innocent of all charges against them and were "rehabilitated." Both before and since the fall of the Soviet Union, however, some writers have suggested that there really was a military conspiracy against Stalin in which Tukhachevsky was involved. January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In his book The Great Terror (1968), the British historian Robert Conquest argued that German agents, on the initiative of Heinrich Himmler, forged documents implicating Tukhachevsky in a conspiracy with the German General Staff, in order to make Stalin suspicious of him, thus weakening the Soviet Union's defence capacity. These documents, Conquest said, were passed to President Edvard Benes of Czechoslovakia, who passed them on in good faith to Stalin. This version of events was given credence by a 1961 speech by the Polish Communist leader Wladyslaw Gomulka but, inasmuch as it has not been confirmed by new evidence since the fall of the Soviet Union, the matter remains unresolved. 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Robert Conquest Dr. George Robert Ackworth Conquest (born July 15, 1917), British historian, became one of the best-known writers on the Soviet Union with the publication in 1968 of his classic account of Stalins purges of the 1930s, The Great Terror. ... Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Himmler (October 7, 1900 – May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ... Edvard Beneš. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...

Related articles

• Marshal of the Soviet Union
• Moscow Trials

Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko in dress uniform The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union (Russian: Marshal Sovietskogo Soyuza, Маршал Совет́ского Союза) was in practice the highest military rank of the Soviet Union. ... The Moscow Trials were a series of trials of political opponents of Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge. ...

Further reading

• Deep Battle: The Brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii, Richard Simpkin, Brasseys, Inc.; (January 1987)

Richard Evelyn Simpkin (1921 - 1986) was a British Army officer, attaining the rank of brigadier. ...

External link

• The links in the chain of death (http://english.mn.ru/english/issue.php?2002-44-12) (Polish historian Professor Pawel Wieczorkiewicz discusses the Red Army purges)