Tūrān (Persian: توران) is the ancient Iranian name^[1] for Central Asia, literally meaning "the land of the Tur". As described below, the original Turanians are the Tuirya Iranian people^[2][3][4] of the Avesta age. According to Shahnameh's account, at least 1500 years later after the Avesta, the nomadic tribes who inhabited these lands, were ruled by Tūr who was the emperor Fereydun's elder son. In modern discourse, now obsolete, it was primarily an ideological term designating Turkic, Mongolic, Dravidian languages and Ugric languages and people more or less indiscriminately, implying a common ancestry and common culture of the various ethnicities in question (see Turanian). The association with Turkic cultures is also primarily based on the Shahnameh's account^[5] referring to inhabitants of Turan as Turk. In the Shahnameh, Tur/Turaj(Tuzh in Middle Persian)^[6] is the son of emperor Fereydun and is the ancestors of all Turks. There are more than one article on Turan, as the term has several usages. ... The Ural-Altaic language family is a grouping of languages which was once widely accepted by linguists, but has since become contoversial. ... Turanism, or Pan-Turanism, is a political movement for the union of all Turanian peoples. ... It has been suggested that Scripts used for Persian be merged into this article or section. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... This article is about the group of peoples who speak Iranian languages. ... See Avesta Municipality for the Swedish town Yasna 28. ... Shâhnameh Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma (Persian: )(alternative spellings are Shahnama, Shahnameh, Shahname, Shah-Nama, etc. ... FereydÅ«n (فریدون), also pronounced FarÄ«dÅ«n, in medieval Persian FirÄ“dÅ«n, Middle Persian FrÄ“dōn, and Avestan ΘraÄ“taona is the name of a mythical king and hero who is an emblem of victory, justice and generosity in the Persian literature. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... The Mongolic languages are a group of thirteen languages spoken in Central Asia. ... For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ... Ugric languages or Ugrian languages are generally held to be a branch of Finno-Ugric languages. ... The Ural-Altaic language family is a grouping of languages which was once widely accepted by linguists, but has since been largely rejected. ... Shâhnameh Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma (Persian: )(alternative spellings are Shahnama, Shahnameh, Shahname, Shah-Nama, etc. ... Shâhnameh Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma (Persian: )(alternative spellings are Shahnama, Shahnameh, Shahname, Shah-Nama, etc. ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... FereydÅ«n (فریدون), also pronounced FarÄ«dÅ«n, in medieval Persian FirÄ“dÅ«n, Middle Persian FrÄ“dōn, and Avestan ΘraÄ“taona is the name of a mythical king and hero who is an emblem of victory, justice and generosity in the Persian literature. ...

Turan in Iranian literature

Avesta

The oldest existing mention of Turanian is in the Farvardin Yashts of the young Avesta, which is dated by linguists to have been composed somewhere approximately 2500 years ago. ^[7]. The Avesta contains the names of various tribal groups who lived in proximity to each other. According to Prof. Gherado Gnloli:’’Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Tuiryas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis’’. ^[8]. In the hymns of the Avesta, the adjective Tūrya is attached to various enemies of Zoroastrism like Fraŋrasyan (Shahnameh: Afrāsīāb). The word occurs only once in the Gathas, but 20 times in the later parts of the Avesta. Apparently there is no ethnic difference between the Tūrya and the Ārya in the Avesta, both having Iranian names and being related genealogically. See Avesta Municipality for the Swedish town Yasna 28. ... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... The Gathas (Gāθās) are the most sacred of the texts of the Zoroastrian faith, and are traditionally believed to have been composed by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) himself. ... Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /ɑːrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...

The Turanians or Tuiryas as they were called in Avesta play a more important role in the Avesta than in the Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis. Zoroaster himself hailed from the Airya people but he also preached his message to other neighboring tribes. ^[9][10].

According to Prof. Mary Boyce, in the Farvardin Yasht "In it (verses 143-144) are praised the fravashis of righteous men and women not only among the Aryas (as the “Avestan” people called themselves), but also among the Turiyas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis; and the personal names, like those of the people, all seem Iranian character". ^[11]. Hostility between Tuirya and Airya is indicated also in the Farvardtn Yast (vv. 37-8), where the Fravashis of the Just are said to have provided support in battle against the Danus, who appear to be a clan of the Tura people. ^[12]. Thus in the Avesta, some of the Tuiryas believed in the message of Zoroaster while others rejected the religion.

Similar to the ancient homeland of Zoroaster, the precise geography and location of Turan is unknown. ^[13]. In post-Avestan traditions they were thought to inhabit the region north of the Oxus, the river separating them from the Iranians. Their presence accompanied by incessant wars with the Iranians, helped to define the latter as a distinct nation, proud of their land and ready to spill their blood in its defense.^[14]. The common names of Turanians in Avesta including Frarasyan^[15], Aghraethra^[16],Biderafsh^[17], Arjaspa^[18] Namkhwast^[19] have been studied by Professor. Mayrhofer in his comprehensive book on Avesta etymology titled: ‘’ Iranisches Personennamenbuch, I: Die altiranischen Namen. Faszikel l, Die Avestischen Namen’’.^[20]

Late Sassanid and early Islamic era

The continuation of nomadic invasions on the north-eastern borders in historical times kept the memory of the Turanians alive. ^[21] . After the 6th century, when the Turks, who had been pushed westward by other tribes, became neighbours of Iran and were identified with the Turanians. ^[22][23]. The identification of the Turanians with the Turks is a late development, possibly made in the early 7th century, the Turks having first come into contact with the Iranians only in the 6th century. ^[24]

According to C.E. Boseworth^[25]:

The equivalence of Turk for Turanians is common in the Islamic era. The Shahnameh or the book of kings which compiled the Iranian mythical heritage uses the two terms equivalently. Other authors including Tabari, Hakim Iranshah and many other texts follow like. A notable exception is the Abl-Hasan Ali ibn Masudi , an Arab historian who writes: ‘’The birth of Afrasiyab was in the land of Turks and the error that historians and non-historians have made about him being a Turk is due to this reason” ^[26],. By 10th century, the myth of Afrasiyab was adopted by the Qarakhanid dynasty^[27]. In the Safavid era, following the common geographical convention of the Shanmahe, the domain of the Uzbek empire who were in conflict with the Safavids were referred to as Turan. Some linguists normally derive the word from the Indo-Iranian root *tura- "strong, quick". Others link it to old Iranian *tor "dark, black", related to the New Persian tār(ik), Pashto tor (thor), and possibly English dark. In this case, it's a reference to the "dark civilization" of Central Asian nomads in contrast to the "illuminated" Zoroastrian civilization of the settled Ārya. Zarathustra can refer to one of two people: Zarathustra, also spelled Zarathushtra or Zoroaster, was an ancient Iranian prophet, founder of the Zoroastrian religion. ...

According to Mohammad Taghi Bahar's work Sabk Shenaasi, the name Turan derives from the Avestan "Tau-Raodan" which means "Further on the River" where the "River" is to be considered Amu Darya. In the same document he mentions the word Turk is from Middle Persian "Turuk" which means "Warrior" or "Horseman". Bahars tomb in Darband, Shemiran, Tehran. ... The Amu Darya (Darya means river) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large delta. ... Pahlavi is a term that refers: (1) to a script used in Iran derived from the Aramaic script, and (2) more broadly, to Middle Persian, the Middle Iranian language written in this script. ...

Shahnameh

In the Persian epic Shahnameh, the term Tūrān ("land of the Tūrya" like Ērān, Īrān = "land of the Ārya") refers to the inhabitants of eastern-Iranian border, referring to the Kushan Empire, pointing to a time when those areas where inhabited by mostly Iranian nomadic tribes such as Scythians, Xionites, and Hephthalites. Shâhnameh Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma (Persian: )(alternative spellings are Shahnama, Shahnameh, Shahname, Shah-Nama, etc. ... Motto Esteqlāl, āzādÄ«, jomhÅ«rÄ«-ye eslāmÄ« 1(Persian) Independence, freedom, Islamic Republic (introduced 1979) Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān 2 Capital (and largest city) Tehran Official languages Persian Demonym Iranian Government Islamic Republic  -  Supreme Leader  -  President Establishment  -  Proto-Elamite Period 3200-2700 BCE... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... It has been suggested that Alchon be merged into this article or section. ... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ...

According to the foundation myth given in the Shahnameh, King Firēdūn (= Avestan Θraētaona) had three sons, Salm, Tūr and Ēraj, among whom he divided the world: Asia Minor was given to Salm, Kushan (including India) to Tūr and Iran to Ēraj. The older brothers killed the younger brother, but he was revenged by his grand-son, and the Iranians became the rulers of the world. However, the war continued for generations. FereydÅ«n (فریدون), also pronounced FarÄ«dÅ«n, in medieval Persian FirÄ“dÅ«n, Middle Persian FrÄ“dōn, and Avestan ΘraÄ“taona is the name of a mythical king and hero who is an emblem of victory, justice and generosity in the Persian literature. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to...

Persian literature (in Persian: ‎ ) spans two and a half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Shâhnameh Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma (Persian: )(alternative spellings are Shahnama, Shahnameh, Shahname, Shah-Nama, etc. ... Ferdowsi Tousi (فردوسی طوسی in Persian) (more commonly transliterated Firdausi, Ferdosi or Ferdusi) (935–1020) is considered to be one of the greatest Persian poets to have ever lived. ... A character in Shahnama, Faridoons father Categories: Literature stubs ... Statue of Arash in Borujerd Âraŝ, the Archer (Persian: Ä€raÅ¡-e KamāngÄ«r) is a heroic archer of the Persian mythology. ... Afrasiab, near Samarkand, Uzbekistan is both a historical city and its legendary founder. ... Bijan is a very common Iranian 1st name in America, but not as common as in Iran, in Iran Bijan is not so commin. ... Esfandiar or Esfandyar (in Persian: ) is an Iranian legendary hero. ... FereydÅ«n (فریدون), also pronounced FarÄ«dÅ«n, in medieval Persian FirÄ“dÅ«n, Middle Persian FrÄ“dōn, and Avestan ΘraÄ“taona is the name of a mythical king and hero who is an emblem of victory, justice and generosity in the Persian literature. ... Goodarz is a character in Shahnameh. ... Gurdāfarǐd (Persian: ) is one of the heroines in Shahnama (The Book of Kings or The Epic of Kings), an enormous poetic opus written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi around 1000 AD. She was a champion who fought against Sohrab (another Iranian hero who was the commander of Turanian... Hushang (in Persian: ), older Persian Hōšang, was the second Shāh to rule the world according to Ferdowsis Shāhnāma. ... Jamshid (in Persian: ‎) is a common Persian male first name. ... Statue of Kaveh in Isfahan My name is Kaveh, I am a Persian-American and live in San Diego. ... Kai Khosrow is a character in Persian epic book, Shahnameh. ... Keyumars (کیومرث), Arabic transliteration KayÅ«marṯ, older Persian Kayōmart, was the first Shāh of the world according to the poet FirdausÄ«s Shāhnāma. ... ManÅ«chehr (in Persian: ), older Persian Manōčihr, Avestan Manuščiθra, is the name of the first of the legendary Shāhs who ruled Iran after the breakup of the world empire of ManÅ«chehrs great-grandfather, FereydÅ«n. ... Bijan and Manijeh is a classical love story in the Persian literature epic of Shahnameh. ... Rakhsh (in Persian: meaning luminous) is the stallion of main protagonist Rostam in the Persian national epic, Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. ... Roham or (Rohum,Rohaam) ( رﻭهام in Persian, means the guardian ) is a hero in Ferdosis Shahnama, He is son of Goodarz ( گودرز in Persian ) who defeated Baarmaan( بارمان in Persian ) in the battle of Davazdahrokh ( دوازده رخ in Persian ). He is from the city of Ardebil. ... Rostam Slaying the Dragon- A miniature Painting by Master Mahmoud Farshchian. ... Rostam Farrōkhzād (رستم فرّخزاد in Persian) was the commander of the Sāsānian Empires armed forced under the reign of Yazdgird III, r. ... Rudaba or Roodabeh (رودابه in Persia) was Daughter of Mehrab Kaboli. ... Saam (سام) is a mythical hero of ancient Persia, and an important character in the Shahnameh epic. ... Shaghad was the brother of Rostam, the mighty Iranian hero of the Shahnameh, who killed Rostam by dropping him into a hole full of swords or other sharp things. ... Siāmak (Persian: ‎ , IPA: ), also transcribed as Siyamak, is a Persian given name, and a character (Kiumars son) in the Shahnameh. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Siavash. ... Sassanid silk twill textile of a Simorgh in a beaded surround, 6-7th c. ... Paletin faqiri CHC2D1 Mrs. ... Tahmineh is one of female characters of the epic of Shahnameh. ... Tahmuras or Tahmures (طهمورث), Arabic transliteration , older Persian Tahmurat, is the third Shāh of the world according to Ferdowsis Shāhnāma. ... ZÃ¥l (زال in Persian) was a mythical warrior of ancient Iran. ... Zahak, Zahhak, Zahak-e Tāzi or (Arab Zahak) also knwon as Bivar-Asp, which means [he who has] 10,000 horses in the Pahlavi (middle Persian) language, and Avestan Āži-Dahāk) is a mythical figure of ancient Persia (Iran). ... Here are the list of places represented/mentioned in the Persian epic poem Shāhnāma by Ferdowsi: This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... Motto Esteqlāl, āzādÄ«, jomhÅ«rÄ«-ye eslāmÄ« 1(Persian) Independence, freedom, Islamic Republic (introduced 1979) Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān 2 Capital (and largest city) Tehran Official languages Persian Demonym Iranian Government Islamic Republic  -  Supreme Leader  -  President Establishment  -  Proto-Elamite Period 3200-2700 BCE... Mazandaran (Persian: مازندران) is a province in northern Iran, bordering the Caspian (Mazandaran) Sea in the north. ... Samangan (Persian: سمنگان) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. ... Zabulistan (Persian: ) or Zabolestan is a historical region in the border area of todays Iran and Afghanistan, around the city Zabol. ... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... Birjand (Persian: Storm city) is the capital of South Khorasan province (formerly a subprovince named Birjand or Quhestan, a part of Khorasan province) in the east Iran, known for its saffron, barberry, rug and handmade carpet exports. ...

Turan in modern literature

Geography

Since early 20th century, the word Turan was borrowed by the western languages as a general word for Central Asia. Accordingly, the phrase Turan Plain or Turan Depression is a geographical term referring to a part of Central Asia. Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... The Turan Depression or Turan Lowland is a vast low-lying desert basin region that stretches from southern Turkmenistan through Uzbekistan to Kazakhstan. ...

Linguistics

Main article: Ural Altaic languages

The term Turanian was formerly used by European (especially German, Hungarian and Slovak) ethnologists, linguists and Romantics to designate populations speaking non-Indo-European, non-Semitic and non-Hamitic languages. ^[28] and specially speakers of Altaic, Uralic and Dravidian languages[3]. Marx Muller classified the Turanian language family into different sub-branches. The Northern or Ural-Altaic division branch compromised Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Samoiedic, and Finnic. The Southern branch consisted of Dravidian languages like Tamil,Kannada,Telugu,Malayalam and other Dravidian languages. The languages of the Caucasus were classified as the scattered languages of the Turanian family Muller also began to muse whether Chinese belonged to the Northern branch or Southern branch. ^[29] Ethnology (from the Greek ethnos, meaning people) is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the racial or national divisions of humanity. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. ... Altaic is a putative language family which would include 60 languages spoken by about 250 million people, mostly in and around central Asia. ... Geographical distribution of Finnic, Ugric, Samoyed and Yukaghir languages The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ... Dravidian may refer to: Dravidian languages, including the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada languages spoken especially in southern India and Sri Lanka. ...

The main relationship between Dravidian, Uralic and Altaic languages were considered typological. According to Encyclopedia Britannica: Language families, as conceived in the historical study of languages, should not be confused with the quite separate classifications of languages by reference to their sharing certain predominant features of grammatical structure.^[30]. Today languages are classified based on the method of comparative linguistics rather than their typological features. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Max's Muller proposal efforts were most successful in the case of the Semites, whose affinities are easy to demonstrate, and probably least successful in the case of the Turanian peoples, whose early origins are hypothetical^[31]. Today the linguistic usage of the word Turanian is not used in the scholarly community to denote classification of language families. The relationship between Uralic and Altaic, whose speakers were also designated as Turanian people in 19th century European literature is also uncertain.^[32]

Anthropology

Modern DNA research has given a new insight into the concept of the Turan idea, at least insofar as it relates to Northern Eurasian populations, especially Finno-Ugric, Baltic, Altaic, and Northeast Siberian peoples. According to the DNA research of Tambets, Willems and Karaferet^[33] at least 70% of Finnish, 49% of Sami, 53% of Udmurt, 35% of Latvian, 41% of Lithuanian, 20% of Eastern Evenk, 80% of Yakut, 47% of Buryat, 40% of Chukchi and some 60% of western Inuit a.k.a Eskimo males carry the so-called N3 haploid in their Y-chromosome DNA. Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ... http://www. ... The Altaic peoples are the peoples who speak Altaic languages. ... Siberian federal subjects of Russia Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting all of northern Asia. ... The Sami people (also Sámi, Saami, Lapps, sometimes also Laplanders) are the indigenous people of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. ... Udmurts are Finno-Ugric people that speak the Udmurt language. ... The Evenks or Evenki (obsolete: Tungus or Tunguz, autonym: Эвэнки, Evenki) are a nomadic Tungusic people of Northern Asia. ... Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ... The Buryats, numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic. ... The term Chukchi may refer to Chukchi people Chukchi language This is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Eskimo (disambiguation). ... In human genetics, Haplogroup N (LLY22G) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...

Ideology

In European discourse, the words Turan and Turanian designate a certain mentality, i.e. the nomadic contrast of the urbanized agricultural civilizations. This usage is probably in accordance with the Zoroastrian concept of the Tūrya, which is not primarily a linguistic or ethnic designation, but rather a name of the infidels that oppose the civilization based on the preaching of Zoroaster. Kazakh nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, ca. ... Zoroaster (Greek Ζωροάστρης, ZōroastrÄ“s) or Zarathustra (Avestan: ZaraθuÅ¡tra), also referred to as Zartosht (Persian: ), was an ancient Iranian prophet and religious poet. ...

Combined with physical anthropology, the concept of the Turanian mentality has a clear racist potential. Thus, the scholar J.W. Clackson described the Turanid or Turanian race in the following words:^[34] For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ...

Politics

In the declining days of the Ottoman Empire, the word Turanian was adopted by some Turkish nationalists to express a pan-Turkic ideology, also called Turanism. Presently, Turanism forms an important aspect of the ideology of the Turkish Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), whose members are also known as Grey Wolves. For other uses, see Ottoman (disambiguation). ... Turanism, or Pan-Turanism, is a political movement for the union of all Turanian peoples. ... Political Ideologies Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... Map illustrating the partys performance at the 2007 general election by constituency. ... Youths supporting Grey Wolves movement. ...

Among some nationalist groupings in Hungary and Finland, the idea of Turanism (a.k.a Turjalaisuus) has taken into use in last years^{[citation needed]}. Because of recent genetic research, unlike the Turkish nationalists, Finnish and Hungarian ethnocentrics see the idea more related to Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Siberian hemisphere that to Turkey and Turkic peoples, although Turks are not excluded.

In recent times, the word Turanian is sometimes used to express a pan-Altaic nationalism (theoretically including Manchus and Mongols in addition to Turks - and potentially Japanese and Koreans), though no political organization seems to have adopted such an ambitious platform. The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... Anthem Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol United Mongolia Capital (and largest city) Ulaanbaatar Official languages Mongolian Government Parliamentary democracy  -  President Nambaryn Enkhbayar  -  Prime minister Miyeegombyn Enkhbold Formation  -  National Foundation Day 1206   -  Independence from Qing Dynasty December 29, 1911   -  Mongolian Peoples Republic November 24, 1924   -  Democratic Mongolia February 12, 1992  Area...

Fiction

The name "Turan" also appears in the fictional geography of the Conan the Barbarian stories. An illustration of The Hyborian Age primarily based upon a map hand-drawn by Robert E. Howard in March 1932. ...

The Turanic Raiders from the real time strategy game Homeworld may be a reference to the Turan. For the term used in science-fiction, see Core worlds. ...

Names

Turandot or Turandokht is a female name in Iran and it means "Turan's Daughter" in Persian. Turan is also a common name in the Middle East including in Iran and Turkey. Turanshah (Shah of Turan) is also the name of the brother of Saladin. Turaj who is ancient Iranian myths was the ancestor of Turanians is also a popular name. The name Turan according to Iranian myths derives from the homeland of Turaj. The Pahlavi pronunciation of Turaj is Tuzh according to Dehkhoda. Similarly, Iraj which is also a popular name, is the brother of Turaj in the Shahnameh. For the opera by Ferruccio Busoni, see Turandot (Busoni). ... It has been suggested that Scripts used for Persian be merged into this article or section. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi (Arabic: , Kurdish: , Persian: , Turkish: ) known also as Saladin or Salah al-Din Yusuf (c. ...

See also

• Aniran

Aniran (in Middle-Persian انيران pronounced An-Iran meaning region non-Iran). ...

References

Ali Akbar Dekhoda (علی‌اکبر دهخدا in Persian; 1879–March 9, 1959) was a prominent Iranian linguist, and author of the most extensive dictionary of the Persian language ever published. ...

External links

• Iranians and Turanians in the Avesta
• Der Schatten von Turan (a history of the Turan ideology - in German)
• Hunmagyar.org (a representative of the controversial Turanian theory)