The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. Known in medieval Chinese sources as Tujue (突厥 Tūjué), the Göktürks under the leadership of Bumin Khan (d. 552) and his sons succeeded the Xiongnu as the main Turkic power in the region and took hold of the lucrative Silk Road trade. Standard Mandarin – also known as Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese – is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Jamo redirects here. ... Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. ... The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Bumin Khan (death: 552 AD) was the founder of the Kokturk state. ... A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... The Silk Road Silk Route redirects here. ...

The Göktürk rulers originated from the Ashina tribe, an Altaic people who lived in the northern corner of the area presently called Xinjiang. Under their leadership, the Göktürks rapidly expanded to rule huge territories in northwestern China, North Asia and Eastern Europe (as far west as the Crimea). They were the first Turkic tribe known to use the name "Turk" as a political name. Ashina (also Asen or Asena), the ruling dynasty of the ancient Turks, according to Xin Tangshu they were related to the northern tribes from Xiongnu, though four theories were already established prior to the present under Zhoushu, Suishu and Youyang Zazu from as early as the 7th-century [1]. The... The Altaic peoples are numerous ethnic and linguistic body of native peoples of Asia and East Europe (including the European part of Turkey). ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Regions of Asia:  Northern Asia  Central Asia  Western Asia  Southern Asia  Eastern Asia  Southeastern Asia North Asia or Northern Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) on the map of Ukraine. ...

The state's most famous personalities other than its founder Bumin were princes Kül Tigin and Bilge and the vizier Tonyukuk, whose life stories were recorded in the famous Orkhon inscriptions. Kul Tigin (Kül (Köl, Gül, Göl) Tigin Khan Bengü İnançu Apa Tarkan Taşı) (685 - 731 or 732 AD) was a Turkic leader. ... Bilge Khan (Arslan Bilgä Khağan Bengü Taşı; 683 or 684 - 734) was one of the most influential emperors of the Gokturk Empire. ... Tonyukuk (d. ... Orhon (or Orkhon) inscriptions are the oldest known Turkic writings, which were erected near the Orhon River between 732 and 735 in honour of two Kokturk princes named Kul and Bilge. ...

Etymology

Göktürk petroglyphs from Mongolia.

The name Tujue (lake that of Ashina) appeared in Chinese sources relatively late, the first record being dated 542.^[1] Kök-Türks is said to mean "Celestial Turks", but this is contested. Alternate meanings are "Blue Turks", and "Numerous Turks"; as kök meant both "sky" and "blue" in the Köktürk language, and a similar sounding word stands for "root". This is also consistent with "the cult of heavenly ordained rule" which was a pivotal element of the Altaic political culture before being imported to China.^[2] Similarly, the name of the ruling Ashina dynasty probably derives from the Iranian term for "deep blue".^[3] The name might also derive from a Tungusic tribe related to Aisin.^[4] Ashina (also Asen or Asena), the ruling dynasty of the ancient Turks, according to Xin Tangshu they were related to the northern tribes from Xiongnu, though four theories were already established prior to the present under Zhoushu, Suishu and Youyang Zazu from as early as the 7th-century [1]. The... Events The plague killed upwards of 100,000 in Constantinople and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the Byzantine Empire (possibly exaggerated). ... Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. ... Aisin Seiki Co. ...

According to the ancient East Asian cosmology outlined in the theory of the Five Elements (五行 Wǔ-xíng), to which the Turks have also ascribed since ancient times, the color blue is a symbol representing the eastern direction, and it is associated with good omens. The Guardian Deity of the Eastern Direction is the Azure Dragon. Thus, it would not be surprising if the Göktürks had chosen to call themselves "Blue Turks" in the primary sense of "East Turks", with all the associated connotations of "first," "rising," "dawning," "auspicious," and so forth. Göktürk is pronounced IPA: [ɡʲøkʲˈtʏɾk]. East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ... Chinese Wood (木) | Fire (火) Earth (土) | Metal (金) | Water (æ°´) Japanese Earth (地) | Water (æ°´) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Hinduism and Buddhism Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni / Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water In traditional Chinese philosophy, natural phenomena can be classified into the Five Elements (Chinese: ; pinyin: ): wood, fire... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

Origins

Four hundred years after the collapse of northern Xiongnu power in Inner Asia, leadership of the Turks was taken over by the Göktürks. Formerly an element of the Xiongnu nomadic confederation, the Göktürks inherited their traditions and administrative experience. From 552 to 745, Göktürk leadership bound together the nomadic Turkic tribes into an empire, which eventually collapsed due to a series of dynastic conflicts. The great difference between the Göktürk Khanate and its Xiongnu predecessor was that the Göktürks' temporary khans from the Ashina clan were subordinate to a sovereign authority that was left in the hands of a council of tribal chiefs. The Khanate received missionaries from the Buddhists, Manicheans, and Nestorian Christians, but retained their original shamanistic religion, Tengriism. The Göktürks were the first Turkic people to write their language in a runic script. A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... The term China proper is usually used to refer to the historical heartlands of China, and to make a contrast between these heartlands and frontier regions of Outer China (Inner Asia). ... Events July - Battle of Taginae: The Byzantine general Narses defeats and kills Totila, king of the Ostrogoths. ... Events Births November 10 - Musa al-Kazim, Shia Imam (d. ... Kazakh nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, ca. ... Khan (sometimes spelled as Xan, Han, Ke-Han, Luba Goy) is a title. ... Ashina (also Asen or Asena), the ruling dynasty of the ancient Turks, according to Xin Tangshu they were related to the northern tribes from Xiongnu, though four theories were already established prior to the present under Zhoushu, Suishu and Youyang Zazu from as early as the 7th-century [1]. The... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ... For the Star Trek character see Khan Noonien Singh. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Manichaeism was one of the major ancient religions. ... The term Nestorianism is eponymous, even though the person who lent his name to it always denied the associated belief. ... A shaman doctor of Kyzyl. ... A diagram of the Tengriist World view on a Shamans Drum [1] [2]. The World-tree is growing in the centre and connecting the three Worlds Underworld, Middleworld and Upperworld. ... The Turkic language spoken by the Gokturks and used on the Orkhon inscriptions. ... Orkhon tablet Inscription in Kyzyl using Orkhon script Orkhon script The Orkhon script (also spelled Orhon script, also Orkhon-Yenisey script, Old Turkic script, Göktürk script, Turkish: Orhon Yazıtları) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk from the 8th century to record the Old Turkic...

First unified empire

Gokturk khaganates at their height, c. 600 CE :      Western Gokturk: Lighter area is direct rule, darker areas show sphere of influence.      Eastern Gokturk: Lighter area is direct rule, darker areas show sphere of influence.

The Turks' rise to power began in 546 when Bumin Khan made a pre-emptive strike against the Uyghur and Tiele tribes who were planning a revolt against their overlords, the Rouran. For this service he expected to be rewared with a Rouran princess, i.e. marry into the royal family. Disappointed in his hopes, Bumin allied with the Wei state against Rouran, their common enemy. In 552, Bumin defeated the last Rouran Khan, Yujiulü Anagui. He also subdued the Yenisei Kyrghyz and the Khitans of Western Manchuria, was formally recognized by China, and married the Wei princess Changle. Image File history File links Gokturkut. ... Image File history File links Gokturkut. ... Khagan or Great Khan (Old Turkic , alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khan, but often referred to as such in... Events The Ostrogoths under Totila retake Rome from the Byzantine Empire. ... Bumin Khan (death: 552 AD) was the founder of the Kokturk state. ... The Uyghur (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Uighur Simplified Chinese: 维吾尔; Traditional Chinese: 維吾爾; Pinyin: Wéiwúěr; Turkish: Uygur) are a Turkic people, forming one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Dingling/Gaoche/Chile/Tiele (丁零/高車/æ••å‹’/铁勒) peoples were an ancient Siberian people. ... The Western Wei Dynasty followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei, and ruled northern China from 535 to 556. ... Events July - Battle of Taginae: The Byzantine general Narses defeats and kills Totila, king of the Ostrogoths. ... Rouran (Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Jou Jan, literally Soft-like), Juan Juan (Chinese: ; pinyin: , literally meaning the Wriggling Insects, a name given by the Toba ruling elites of northern China), or Ruru (Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Ju Ju, literally meaning Fodder) was the name of a confederation of nomadic tribes on the... Yujiulü Anagui (Chinese: 郁久閭阿那瓌; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Ä€nàgÅ«i) (?-552) khan of the Rouran (520-552) with the title of Chiliantoubingdoufa Khan (敕連頭兵豆伐可汗). He was succeeded by Yujiulü Tiefa. ... Енисей Length 5,550 (4,102) km Elevation of the source m Average discharge 19,600 m³/s Area watershed 2,580,000 km² Origin  ? Mouth Arctic Ocean Basin countries Russia The Yenisei basin, Lake Baikal, and the cities of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk... Kirghiz (also Kyrgyz and Kirgiz) are a Turkic-Mongoloid ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. ... Khitan may refer to: Khitan people Khitan language Khitan script Category: ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ...

Having excelled both in battle and diplomacy Bumin declared himself Il-Qaghan ("great king of kings") of the new Göktürk empire at Otukan, the old Xiongnu capital, but died a year later. It was his son Mukhan who consolidated his conquests into an empire of global reach. Bumin's brother Istämi (d. 576) was titled yabghu of the west and collaborated with the Persian Sassanids to defeat and destroy the White Huns, who were allies of the Rouran. This war tightened the Ashina's grip of the Silk Road and drove the Avars into Europe. King of Kings is a lofty title that has been used by several monarchies (usually empires in the informal sense of great powers) throughout history, and in many cases the literal title meaning King of Kings, i. ... A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... Muhan, (Mohan, Mukan, Mukhan, Mokhan, Sijin, Muchu Qaghan, Bek Khan, 木杆) was the second son of Bumen and the third Qaghan. ... Istämi Yabgu was the Western govenor of the Celestial Turkic Empire (Göktürk Qaghanate). ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 576 ... Motto (official) Esteqlāl, āzādÄ«, jomhÅ«rÄ«-ye eslāmÄ« 1(Persian) Independence, freedom, Islamic Republic (national) Kerdār-e nÄ«k, pendār-e nÄ«k, goftār-e nÄ«k (Persian) Noble deeds, noble thoughts, noble words Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān 2 Capital... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... The Silk Road Silk Route redirects here. ... Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

Istämi's policy of western expansion brought the Turks into Eastern Europe. In 576 the Göktürks crossed the Cimmerian Bosporus into the Crimea. Five years later they laid siege to Tauric Chersonesus; their cavalry kept roaming the steppes of Crimea until 590^[5]. As for the southern borders, they were drawn south of the Oxus River, bringing the Ashina into conflict with their former allies, the Sassanids of Persia. Much of Bactria (including Balkh) remained a dependency of the Ashina until the end of the century^[6]. In 588 they were under the walls of Herat but Bahram Chobin ably countered the invasion during the First Perso-Turkic War. Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... The Cimmerian Bosphorus of Antiquity, shown on a map printed in London, ca 1770 The Cimmerian Bosporus (Bosporus Cimmerius) was the ancient name for the Strait of Kerch that connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) on the map of Ukraine. ... The Chersonesus Tauricus of Antiquity, shown on a map printed in London, ca 1770 Taurica (Greek: , Latin: ) also known as Tauris, Taurida, Tauric Chersonese, and Chersonesus Taurica was the name of Crimea in Antiquity. ... The Amu Darya (in Persian آمودریا; Darya means river in Persian) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large river delta. ... Bactria, about 320 BC Bactria (Bactriana, Bākhtar in Persian, also Bhalika in Arabic and Indian languages, and Ta-Hia in Chinese) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus); its capital, Bactra or Balhika or Bokhdi (now... Today Balkh (Persian: بلخ) is a small town in the Province of Balkh, Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazari Sharif, and some 74 km (46 miles) south of the Amu Darya, the Oxus River of antiquity, of which a tributary formerly flowed past Balkh. ... Herāt (Persian: ‎ ) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. ... Bahram Chobin (in Persian بهرام چوبین) was a famous Eran spahbod (military commander) during Khosrau IIs rule in Sassanid Iran. ...

In the eastern part of their extensive dominions, the Göktürk Empire maintained close political ties with the Goguryeo Empire of Korea which controlled Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Giving gifts, providing military support, and free trade were some of the benefits of this close mutual alliance. Both rival states in north China paid large tributes to the Göktürks from 581. Goguryeo was an ancient kingdom located in the northern Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria. ... Korea (Korean: 한국 in South Korea or ì¡°ì„  in North Korea, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... The Korean Peninsula a. ... Events The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. ...

Civil war

This first Göktürk Empire split in two after the death of the fourth Qaghan, Taspar Khan (ca. 584). He had willed the title Qaghan to Mukhan's son Talopien, but the high council appointed Ishbara in his stead. Factions formed around both leaders. Before long four rival khans claimed the title of Qaghan. They were successfully played off against each other by the Sui and Tang dynasties of China. Taspar QaÄŸan also called: Tabo, Tuobo, Tapo Khan, Taspar Khan, 佗鉢. The third son of Bumen (Il-QaÄŸan) and Wei Changle, and the fourth QaÄŸan of the Gokturk QaÄŸanate. ... Events The Visigoths conquer the Suevi kingdom in Spain. ... The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-619[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

The most serious contender was the Western Khan, Istämi's son Tardu, a violent and ambitious man who had already declared himself independent from the Qaghan after his father's death. He now titled himself as Qaghan, and led an army to the east to claim the seat of imperial power, Otukan.

In order to buttress his position, Ishbara of the Eastern Khanate applied to the Chinese Emperor Yangdi for protection. Tardu attacked Changan, the Sui capital, around 600, demanding from Emperor Yangdi to end his interference in the civil war. In retaliation, Chinese diplomacy successfully incited a revolt of Tardu's Tiele vassal tribes, which led to the end of Tardu's reign in 603. Among the dissident tribes were the Uyghur and Syr-Tardush. For the town in the Guangdong province of China, see Changan Town Changan (Simplified Chinese: 长安; Traditional Chinese: 長安; pinyin: Chángān; Wade_Giles: Chang_an) is the ancient capital of more than 10 dynasties in China. ... SUI can be the IOC country code or the FIFA country code for Switzerland SUI can be an acronym for sonic user interface (similar to GUI for graphical user interface). ... The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people. ... The Dingling/Gaoche/Chile/Tiele (丁零/高車/æ••å‹’/铁勒) peoples were an ancient Siberian people. ... Look up vassal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Events Battle of Degsastan: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Aedan of Dalriada. ...

Dual empires

The civil war left the empire divided into the eastern and western parts. The eastern part, still ruled from Ötüken, remained in the orbit of the Sui Empire and retained the name Göktürk, while the newly independent Western Turkic Khaganate was modernized through an administrative reform of Ishbara-Qağan (reigned 634-639) and came to be known as Onoq ("ten arrows").^[7] The Western Turkic Khaganate, was formed after the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (600-603 AD) when the Göktürk Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in Northern Mongolia by the Ashina clan) broke into two pieces – Eastern and Western. ...

The khans Shipi (609-19) and Khieli (620-30) of the East attacked China at its weakest moment during the transition between Sui and Tang dynasties. All in all, 67 incursions on Chinese territories were recorded.^[8] Khieli was brought down by a revolt of his Tiele vassal tribes (626-630), allied with Emperor Taizong of Tang. This tribal alliance figures in Chinese records as the Huihe (Uyghur). After the Khan was taken prisoner, the Tang dynasty had his empire divided into protectorates. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Dingling/Gaoche/Chile/Tiele (丁零/高車/æ••å‹’/铁勒) peoples were an ancient Siberian people. ... Events July 2 - In the early morning, Li Shimin, the future Emperor Tang Taizong of China, eliminated two of his brothers, Li Yuanji and the crown prince Li Jiancheng in a coup détat at the Xuanwu Gate in Changan. ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Emperor Taizong of Tang China (Chinese: , January 23, 599–July 10, 649), born LÄ­ ShìMín (Chinese: ), was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China from 626 to 649. ... The Uyghur (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Uighur Simplified Chinese: 维吾尔; Traditional Chinese: 維吾爾; Pinyin: Wéiwúěr; Turkish: Uygur) are a Turkic people, forming one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ...

The Western khans Shekuei and Tung Yabğu constructed the alliance with the Byzantine Empire against the Sassanid Empire and succeeded in restoring the southern borders along the Tarim and Oxus rivers. Their capital was Suyab in the Chui River valley, about 60 km east of modern Tokmok. In the aftermath of Tung Yabğu's murder in 630, the Onoq splintered into the east and west factions called Tulu and Nushipi, respectively.[1] They were conquered by the Tang general Su Ding Fang in 657. By 659 the Tang Emperor of China could claim to rule the entire Silk Road as far as Po-sse (Persia). The Turks now carried Chinese titles and fought by their side in their wars. Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Empire (Persian: ṢāṣānÄ«yān) is the name used for the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian Empire (226 - 651). ... The Tarim River (Mandarin Dayan) is the principal river of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Amu Darya (Darya means river) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large delta. ... The Chu (or Chui or Chuy) (Russian: , Kyrgyz: , Kazakh: ) is one of the longest rivers in Kyrgyzstan and drains the northern Kyrgyz ranges of the western Tian Shan, flowing through the Chuy valley near the Kyrgyz capital of Bishkek before leaving Kyrgyzstan and flowing into Kazakhstan. ... Tokmok (Токмок/Tokmok in Kyrgyz; Токмак/Tokmak in Russian) is a city of about 75,000 (2005) in northern Kyrgyzstan; its geographical location is . ... The Dulo Clan or the House of Dulo was the name of the ruling dynasty of the early Bulgars. ... Su Ding Fang (苏定方) 591 - 667, is a famous general in Tang Dynasty of China. ... Events June 2 - Pope Eugene I dies and is subsequently canonized. ... Events Ealdormen in Mercia proclaim Wulfhere king, and throw off Northumbrian rule. ... The Silk Road Silk Route redirects here. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...

The era spanning from 659-681 was characterized by numerous independent rulers - weak, divided, and engaged in constant petty wars. In the east, the Uyghurs defeated their one-time allies the Tardush, while in the west the Turgish emerged as successors to the Onoq.

Second empire

Sculpted marble head of the Göktürk general Kul Tigin (8th century AD). Discovered in the Orkhon Valley.

Despite all the setbacks, Ilteriş Şad (Idat) and his brother Bäkçor Qapağan Khan (Mo-ch'o) succeeded in reestablishing the Khanate. In 681 they revolted against Chinese domination and, over the following decades, steadily gained control of the steppes beyond the Great Wall of China. By 705, they had expanded as far south as Samarkand and threatened the Arab control of Transoxiana. The Göktürks clashed with the Umayyad Califate in a series of battles (712-713) but, again, the Arabs emerged as victors. Kul Tigin (Kül (Köl, Gül, Göl) Tigin Khan Bengü İnançu Apa Tarkan Taşı) (685 - 731 or 732 AD) was a Turkic leader. ... Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape sprawls along the banks of the Orhon River in Central Mongolia, some 360 km west from the capital Ulaanbaatar. ... The founder of the second Göktürk Empire (reigning 680 - 691/692). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A steppe in Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, a steppe (Russian: - , Ukrainian: - , Kazakh: - ), pronounced in English as , is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses... A section of the Great Wall near Beijing during winter The course of the Great Wall is shown in this map dated from 1805 The Great Wall (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , literally long city wall) is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built between 5th century... Alternate meaning: Area code 705 Events End of the short-lived Zhou Dynasty in China Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik succeeded by al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik. ... Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: ‎ , Uzbek: , Russian: ), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Maronite, Alawite Islam, Druze, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism An Arab (Arabic: ) is any member of the Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalifah, is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ...

Following the Ashina tradition, the power of the Second Empire was centered on Ötükän (the upper reaches of the Orkhon River). This polity was described by historians as "the joint enterprise of the Ashina clan and the Soghdians, with large numbers of Chinese bureaucrats being involved as well".^[9] The son of Ilteriş, Bilge, was also a strong leader, the one whose deeds were recorded in the Orkhon inscriptions. After his death in 734 the empire declined. The Göktürks ultimately fell victim to a series of internal crises and renewed Chinese campaigns. see Orhon River ... Sogdiana (Sugdiane, O. Pers. ... Bilge Khan (Arslan Bilgä Khağan Bengü Taşı; 683 or 684 - 734) was one of the most influential emperors of the Gokturk Empire. ... Events Births Deaths Bilge Khan, Gokturk emperor Categories: 734 ...

When Kutluk Khan of the Uyghurs allied himself with the Qarluqs and Basmils, the power of the Göktürks was very much on the wane. In 744 Kutluk seized Ötükän and beheaded the last Göktürk khagan Özmish Khan, whose head was sent to the Chinese court.^[10] In a space of few years, the Uyghurs gained mastery of Inner Asia and established the Uyghur Khaganate. Uyghurs (also called Uighurs, Uygurs, or Uigurs) (Chinese:维吾尔 or 維吾爾 ; in pinyin: wéiwúěr) are a Turkic ethnic group of people living in northwestern China (mainly in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, where they are the dominant ethnic group together with Han people... The Qarluq (Karluk) were originally a nomadic turkic tribe based on the transoxania steppes (roughly east and south of the Aral Sea) in Central Asia. ...

Rulers

Main article: Göktürk Khagans

The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

First Göktürk Empire

• Ashina Tuwu
  • Yili Qaghan / Ashina Tumen 552 - 553 elder son of Tuwu
    • Yixiji Qaghan / Ashina Keluo 553 - 554 son of Tumen
      • Shabolue Qaghan / Ashina Shetu 581 - 587 son of Kelou
        • Xiegashiduona Dulan / Ashina Chuluohou 588 - 599 son of Shetu
          • Tuli Qaghan or Qimin Qaghan / Ashina Rangan 599 - 609 son of Chuluohou
            • Shibi Qaghan / Ashina Duoji 609 - 619 son of Rangan
            • Chuluo Qaghan / Ashina Qilifu 619 - 621 younger brother of Duoji
            • Jiali Qaghan / Ashina Duobi 621 - 630 third son of Rangan
      • Yehu Qaghan or Mohe Qaghan / Ashina Yongyulu 587 - 588 brother of Shetu
    • Mugan Qaghan / Ashina Qijin 554 - 572 younger brother of Kelou
    • Tuobo Qaghan / Unknown name 572 - 581 younger brother of Qijin
      • Unknown title / Ashina Anluo 581 son of Tuobo Qaghan

Bumin Khan (death: 552 AD) was the founder of the Kokturk state. ... Events July - Battle of Taginae: The Byzantine general Narses defeats and kills Totila, king of the Ostrogoths. ... Events The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius. ... Kelo Qaghan (Kara, Irksi, Ilci, Isichi, Yixiji, Kelo, Kök Khan, Kolo 科羅) the eldest son of Bumen and second Qaghan of the Gokturk empire. ... Events The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius. ... Events The Byzantine general Narses reconquers all of Italy. ... Ishbara (Ïshbara, Shapolo, Shaboüle, Efu-Khan, Shetu-Khan, 沙鉢略可汗) was the first son of Kara Khan, grandson of Tumen Il-Qaghan, and the fifth Qaghan of the Gokturk Empire. ... Events The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. ... Events End of the Nan Liang Dynasty in China. ... Young-Yulu (Tunga-Turan, Tulan-Khan, 都蘭可汗, 雍虞閭) The son of Ishbara and the seventh qaghan of the gokturk empire. ... Events The Lombards are converted to Catholic Christianity. ... Events The Chinese win the war at Ordos. ... Tuli (Jan-Khan, Kimin-Ture, Chimin-Qaghan, Qiren-Khan, Qimin-Qaghan, Rangan. ... Events The Chinese win the war at Ordos. ... Events The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Events The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610). ... The Avars attack Constantinople. ... Chuluo Khan (處羅可汗) (d. ... The Avars attack Constantinople. ... Events By Place Byzantine Empire Byzantine Emperor Heraclius invades Persia Europe Suinthila succeeds Sisebut as king of the Visigoths. ... Events By Place Byzantine Empire Byzantine Emperor Heraclius invades Persia Europe Suinthila succeeds Sisebut as king of the Visigoths. ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Chulo-Hou (Chur-Baga, Muho-Khan, Baga-Qaghan) The brother of Ishbara, son of Kelo-Qaghan, grandson of Tumen Il-Qaghan. ... Events End of the Nan Liang Dynasty in China. ... Events The Lombards are converted to Catholic Christianity. ... Muhan, (Mohan, Mukan, Mukhan, Mokhan, Sijin, Muchu Qaghan, Bek Khan, 木杆) was the second son of Bumen and the third Qaghan. ... Events The Byzantine general Narses reconquers all of Italy. ... Events Emperor Bidatsu ascends the throne of Japan. ... Taspar Qağan also called: Tabo, Tuobo, Tapo Khan, Taspar Khan, 佗鉢. The third son of Bumen (Il-Qağan) and Wei Changle, and the fourth Qağan of the Gokturk Qağanate. ... Events Emperor Bidatsu ascends the throne of Japan. ... Events The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. ... Events The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. ...

Rival Qağans of Ishbara

• Rudan Buli Khan 580s
• Talopien Apa Khan 580s
• Tardu Datou Khan 599 - 603

Centuries: 5th century - 6th century - 7th century Decades: 530s - 540s - 550s - 560s - 570s - 580s - 590s - 600s - 610s - 620s - 630s Years: 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 Events and Trends The Sui Dynasty unites China for the first time since the fall of the Western Jin... Talopien (Dalobien, Apo-Qaghan, Apa, Ahbo, Daluobian, 大邏便, 阿波可汗) son of Mukhan, decalred himself Qaghan of gokturk empire, in defience of the council, his claim of power came from the will of his predessor Taspar, The stuggle between Ishbara and Talopien, was the stuggle betweent he executive and legislative factions of the... Centuries: 5th century - 6th century - 7th century Decades: 530s - 540s - 550s - 560s - 570s - 580s - 590s - 600s - 610s - 620s - 630s Years: 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 Events and Trends The Sui Dynasty unites China for the first time since the fall of the Western Jin... Events The Chinese win the war at Ordos. ... Events Battle of Degsastan: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Aedan of Dalriada. ...

Western Qaghans

• Ashina Tuwu
  • Istämi Yabghu 553 - 573 (defacto qağan in west) second son of Tuwu
  • Tardu Datou Khan 599 - 603
  • Nili Khan 603 and Chulo Khan 603 - 611
  • Shekuei 611 - 618
  • Tung Yabğu 618 - 630
  • Yiwu Khan 630
  • Simo Khan 641 - 644
  • Chebi Khan 644 - 649
  • Baz Khan (chief of the Oghuz, self-proclaimed Göktürk) -682
  • Muchuo Khan 681 (or 682) - 712

Istämi Yabgu was the Western govenor of the Celestial Turkic Empire (Göktürk Qaghanate). ... Events The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius. ... Events Pope Gregory I is ordained monk. ... Events The Chinese win the war at Ordos. ... Events Battle of Degsastan: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Aedan of Dalriada. ... Events Battle of Degsastan: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Aedan of Dalriada. ... Events Battle of Degsastan: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Aedan of Dalriada. ... Alternate meaning: phone number 6-1-1 Events Kalakmul defeats Palenque Cynegils becomes King of Wessex Births Deaths Ceolwulf of Wessex Categories: 611 ... Alternate meaning: phone number 6-1-1 Events Kalakmul defeats Palenque Cynegils becomes King of Wessex Births Deaths Ceolwulf of Wessex Categories: 611 ... Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Events Founding of the city of Fostat, later Cairo, in Egypt. ... The Tang dynasty of China begins invasion of Koguryo. ... The Tang dynasty of China begins invasion of Koguryo. ... Events July 5 - Martin I becomes pope Arabs conquer Cyprus Reccaswinth succeeds his father Chindaswinth as king of the Visigoths. ... The Oghuz Turks (also with various alternate spellings, including Oguz, Oğuz, Ouz, Okuz, Oufoi, Guozz, Ghuzz and Uz) are regarded as one of the major branches of Turkic peoples. ... // Events Leo II elected pope. ... // Events August 9 - The Bulgars win the war with the Byzantine Empire; the latter signs a peace treaty, which is considered as the birth-date of Bulgaria Wilfrid of York is expelled from Northumbria by Ecgfrith and retires into Sussex Births Deaths January 10 - Pope Agatho Ebroin, Mayor of the... // Events Leo II elected pope. ... Events Ansprand succeeds Aripert as king of the Lombards. ...

Second Göktürk Empire

• Ilteris Sad (Idat) 680 - 691 (or 692)
• Qapagan Khan (Mo-ch'o) 691 - 716 (murdered)
• Inäl Khan 716
• Bilgä Khan 716 - 734 (murdered)
• Kul Tigin Khan 716 - 731 (co-ruler with Bilge)
• Yollug Khan 735 -
• Icen Khan - 744
• Etimis Khan 744-747 (in exile)

The founder of the second Göktürk Empire (reigning 680 - 691/692). ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Events The building of the Dome of the Rock is completed People Theuderic III succeeded by Clovis III Wilfrid, Bishop of Northumbria, expelled to Mercia See also Unterseeboot 691 Categories: 691 ... Events The Quinisext Council (also said in Trullo), held in Constantinople, laid the foundation for the Orthodox Canon Law The Arabs conquer Armenia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events The building of the Dome of the Rock is completed People Theuderic III succeeded by Clovis III Wilfrid, Bishop of Northumbria, expelled to Mercia See also Unterseeboot 691 Categories: 691 ... Events April 19 - The monastery on the Island of Iona celebrates Easter on the Roman date. ... Events April 19 - The monastery on the Island of Iona celebrates Easter on the Roman date. ... Bilge Khan (Arslan Bilgä Khağan Bengü Taşı; 683 or 684 - 734) was one of the most influential emperors of the Gokturk Empire. ... Events April 19 - The monastery on the Island of Iona celebrates Easter on the Roman date. ... Events Births Deaths Bilge Khan, Gokturk emperor Categories: 734 ... Kul Tigin (Kül (Köl, Gül, Göl) Tigin Khan Bengü İnançu Apa Tarkan Taşı) (685 - 731 or 732 AD) was a Turkic leader. ... Events April 19 - The monastery on the Island of Iona celebrates Easter on the Roman date. ... Events Bede completes his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum February 11 - Pope Gregory III succeeds Gregory II Deaths February 11 - Pope Gregory II See also Unit 731 Categories: 731 ... Events Abkhazia becomes independent, and will remain such until the 15th century Births Alcuin, missionary and bishop (approximate date) Deaths May 25 - Bede, English Historian and monk Categories: 735 ... Events February - Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand as king of the Lombards. ... Events February - Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand as king of the Lombards. ... Events Abu Muslim unites the Abbasid Empire against the Umayyads. ...

See also

• Turkic peoples
• Orkhon script
• Ethnic groups in Chinese history
• Khazars
• Kangju

This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Orkhon tablet Inscription in Kyzyl using Orkhon script Orkhon script The Orkhon script (also spelled Orhon script, also Orkhon-Yenisey script, Old Turkic script, Göktürk script, Turkish: Orhon Yazıtları) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk from the 8th century to record the Old Turkic... Any non clear-cut connection is denoted by a question mark (?) beside the equivalences. ... The Khazars (Hebrew Kuzari כוזרי Kuzarim כוזרים; Turkish Hazar Hazarlar; Russian Хазары; Tatar sing Xäzär Xäzärlär; Crimean Tatar: ; Greek Χαζάροι/Χάζαροι; Arabic خزر; Persianخزر ; Latin Gazari or Cosri) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia, many of whom converted to Judaism. ... The Mazar of Shaikh Ahmad Yasavi in the town of Turkestan. ...

Notes

References

• Findley, Carter Vaughin. The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0195177266.
• Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 3rd ed. Article "Turkic Khaganate" (online).
• Grousset, René. The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press, 1970. ISBN 0813513049.
• Wink, André. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Brill Academic Publishers, 2002. ISBN 0391041738.
• Xueyuan, Zhu. The Origins of Northern China's Ethnicities. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2004. ISBN 7-101-03336-9.
• Zongzheng, Xue. A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.

René Grousset (1885-1952) was a French historian specializing in Asiatic and Oriental history. ...

External links

• The Gok-Turks Khans
• A German-language site