NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

On the 20th of July 1974, Turkey launched a military invasion by air, land and sea against Cyprus purportedly to restore constitutional order following an Athens orchestrated coup by the Cypriot National Guard against the President of Cyprus, Makarios III. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cyprus. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of conquering territory, or altering the established government. ... Makarios III (Greek: ÎœÎ±ÎºÎ¬ÏÎ¹Î¿Ï‚ Î“`; born Mihalis Christodoulou Mouskos (Greek: ÎœÎ¹Ï‡Î±Î®Î» Î§ÏÎ¹ÏƒÏ„Î¿Î´Î¿ÏÎ»Î¿Ï… ÎœÎ¿ÏÏƒÎºÎ¿Ï‚), August 13, 1913 â€“ August 3, 1977) was the archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church (1950-1977) and first President of the Republic of Cyprus (1960-1977). ...

Though Turkey had consistently refused to recognize Makarios or his Government as legitimate, it claimed that under the provisions of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee which provided that Greece, Turkey and United Kingdom would ensure the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus, it had the right to take unilateral military action purportedly to restore constitutional order. No international body or organ has recognised this position. The 1960 Treaty of Guarantee was a pact designed to preserve the territorial independence of the Republic of Cyprus. ...

Turkey invaded Cyprus in two waves on the 20 July and 14 August occupying 37% of the island's territory contrary to a series of UN Security Council and UN General Assembly resolutions demanding the end of all military action in Cyprus and the removal of the Turkish Army from the island. is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. ...

After the first wave of the invasion constitutional order in Cyprus was restored with Glafkos Cliridis, the leader of Cyprus Parliament taking over as interim president until the return of Makarios III. The Turkish military, however, continued with the second wave. Makarios III (Greek: ÎœÎ±ÎºÎ¬ÏÎ¹Î¿Ï‚ Î“`; born Mihalis Christodoulou Mouskos (Greek: ÎœÎ¹Ï‡Î±Î®Î» Î§ÏÎ¹ÏƒÏ„Î¿Î´Î¿ÏÎ»Î¿Ï… ÎœÎ¿ÏÏƒÎºÎ¿Ï‚), August 13, 1913 â€“ August 3, 1977) was the archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church (1950-1977) and first President of the Republic of Cyprus (1960-1977). ... Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) (Turkish: TÃ¼rk SilahlÄ± Kuvvetleri (TSK)) consists of the Army, the Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), and the Air Force of the Republic of Turkey. ...

The result of the invasion was the creation of an internationally unrecognized Turkish Cypriot breakaway state in the areas under Turkish occupation and the displacement of over 160,000 Greek Cypriots[1] [2] who made up the majority of the population of these areas. The invasion also led to the displacement of about 50,000 Turkish Cypriots who left the areas under the control of the Republic of Cyprus moved to the areas under Turkish military control and settled in the homes and properties left behind by the Greek Cypriots. Many of them did so clandestinely, defying a Cyprus Government imposed ban which aimed at preventing the separation of the Cypriot population along ethnic lines.

Today, although Turkish Cypriots have full free movement and settlement rights throughout the island as citizens of the Republic of Cyprus, Greek Cypriots are still being prevented from returning to their homes and properties in the Turkish occupied areas. Turkish Cypriots are those inhabitants of Cyprus who are ethnically Turkish[1], as opposed to those who are of Greek (the Greek Cypriots) or other ethnicities. ... Greek Cypriot refers to the ethnic Greek population of Cyprus. ...

Events leading up to the Turkish invasion

The island's prehistory runs as far back as the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. The Achaean established city-kingdoms on the Mycenaean model and introduced the Ancient Greek language as well as Greek religion. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... During the 6th millennium BC, agriculture spreads from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe and from Mesopotamia to Egypt. ... The Achaeans (in Greek , Achaioi) is the collective name given to the Greek forces in Homers Iliad (used 598 times). ... A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ... Mycenaean Greece, the last phase of the Bronze Age in ancient Greece, is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology. ... Greek ( IPA: or simply IPA: â€” Hellenic) has a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single language in the Indo-European language family. ... Greek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs and rituals practiced in Ancient Greece in form of cult practices, thus the practical counterpart of Greek mythology. ...

The character of the island has gone through various changes impacting on its culture, cuisine and music, due to the many conquerors it has known - Romans, Venetians, Ottomans and the British. The homogeneous population of Cyprus received multiple influences from the conquerors troops. Following the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of conquest and expansion, extending its borders deep into Europe and North Africa. In 1571, the island was conquered by the Ottomans. The Island of Cyprus and its overwhelming Greek population were relatively allowed to practice their religion and culture under the regime of Ottoman Turks approximately 307 years until the island was leased to the British in 1878. However, the population was not excluded from the Janissary custom and restrictions concerning the natives' religious and social life were imposed. A process of islamisation and turkification gradually took place and led to the formation of cryptochristian groups (e.g. the case of Linovamvakoi ^[1]). Cyprus was then subsequently annexed by Britain when the Ottoman Empire entered into the World War I on the side of Germany; subsequently the island became a British Crown colony and came under British rule. The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne sealed the end of any notion of a legitimate Turkish claim to the overwhelmingly Greek populated island. Article 21 of the treaty gave the minority Muslims on the island the choice of leaving the island completely and living as Turks in Turkey, or staying there as British nationals. Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796 Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin, Italian Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic Doge - 1789â€“97 Ludovico Manin History - Established 697 - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358 - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29... Combatants Byzantine Empire Ottoman Sultanate Commanders Constantine XI â€ , Loukas Notaras, Giovanni Giustiniani â€ [1] Mehmed II, ZaÄŸanos Pasha Strength 7,000[2] 80,000[1]-200,000[1][3] Casualties 4,000 dead[4] 10,000 civilian dead[5][6] unknown The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of... April 2 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (Ä°stanbul). ... Ottoman redirects here. ... The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe marked the better part of the history of southeastern Europe, notably, giving infamy to the Balkans. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Janissaries comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ... Social relation can refer to a multitude of social interactions, regulated by social norms, between two or more people, with each having a social position and performing a social role. ... Islamicization is a neologism coined to describe the process of a societys conversion to the religion of Islam, or the increase in observance by an already Muslim society. ... Turkification is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something or someone non-Turkish is made to become Turkish. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Location of the British Overseas Territories The British Overseas Territories are fourteen[1] territories which the United Kingdom considers to be under its sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... Borders as shaped by the treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty that settle a part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire that reflected the consequences of the Turkish Independence War between Allies of World War I and Turkish national movement, (Grand National Assembly... Muslim percentage of population by country Distribution of Islam per country. ...

Both Greek and Turkish Cypriots were proud to identify themselves with their respective greater nations. However, both shared the belief that they were socially more progressive (better educated and less conservative) and therefore distinct from the mainlanders. Greek and Turkish Cypriots lived side by side for many years in a love-hate relationship. Map of Cyprus from CIA World Factbook. ... Map of Cyprus from CIA World Factbook. ... A love-hate relationship is a personal relationship between humans or organizations, or figuratively between a human and an inanimate object, like a computer, a field of study, a body of ideas, or a profession, involving simultaneous or alternating emotions of love and enmity. ...

Broadly, three main forces--education, British colonial practices, and secularization accompanying economic development- -can be held responsible for transforming two ethnic communities into two national ones. Education was perhaps the most important, for it affected Cypriots during childhood and youth, the period of greatest susceptibility to outside influences. The two communities adopted the educational policies of Greece and Turkey, respectively, resulting in the nationalist indoctrination of their youth. The schools polarized Cypriots in at least two ways. The segregated school systems of the colonial and postindependence period socialized students into Greek and Turkish ethnicity, teaching mainland speech, culture, folklore, and nationalist myths. The texts used in these schools also included ethnic propaganda, often highly chauvinistic, with each community emphasizing its superiority over the other.

British colonial policies also promoted ethnic polarization. The British applied the principle of "divide and rule," setting the two groups against each other to prevent combined action against colonial rule. For example, when Greek Cypriots rebelled in the 1950s, the colonial administration established an all-Turkish police force, known as the Auxiliary Police, to combat Greek Cypriots. This and similar practices contributed to intercommunal animosity. Scene from the failed QuÃ©becois rebellion against British rule in 1837. ... A CISCO Security auxiliary police officer stands guard beside an armoured truck while his colleagues deliver high-valued goods to and from commercial clients at Raffles Place, Singapore. ...

Secularization also fostered ethnic nationalism. Although economic development and increased education reduced the explicitly religious characteristics of the two communities, the growth of nationalism on the two mainlands increased the significance of other differences. Turkish nationalism was at the core of the revolutionary program promoted by the father of modern Turkey, Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938), and affected Turkish Cypriots who followed his principles. President of the Republic of Turkey from 1923 to 1938, Atatürk attempted to build a new nation on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire and elaborated a program of six principles (the "Six Arrows") to do so. His principles of secularism (laicism) and nationalism reduced Islam's role in the everyday life of individuals and emphasized Turkish identity as the main source of nationalism. Traditional education with a religious foundation was discarded and replaced with one that followed secular principles and, shorn of Arab and Persian influences, was purely Turkish. Turkish Cypriots quickly adopted the secular program of Turkish nationalism. Under Ottoman rule, Turkish Cypriots had been classified as Muslims, a distinction based on religion; Atatürk's program made their Turkishness paramount and further reinforced their division from their Greek Cypriot neighbors. Ethnic nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities); the underlying assumption is that ethnicities should be politically distinct. ... Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. ... Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk (1881â€“November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... This article is about secularism. ... Motto of the French republic on the tympanum of a church, in Aups (Var dÃ©partement) which was installed after the 1905 law on the Separation of the State and the Church. ... Everyday life is the sum total of every aspect of common human life as it is routinely lived. ... Traditional education is usually the absence or target of destruction by Education reform. ...

Many Greek Cypriots have long believed that the NATO powers, notably Britain and America, were opposed to the idea of an independent Cyprus because of fears that it could fall into communist hands and become a "Mediterranean Cuba" - a scenario that would have put at risk British electronic spying bases on the island.

The objective of EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston, or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters) [3] was to drive the British out of the island first and then integrate the island to Greece. As a Greek nationalist organization, some members of EOKA murdered Turkish Cypriots who colluded with the British. EOKA had no policy of targeting Turkish civilians, and tried to primarily target the British. EOKA initiated its activities by planting the first bombs on 1 April 1951 with the directive by Greek Foreign Minister Stefanopoulos. EOKA (Î•Î¸Î½Î¹ÎºÎ® ÎŸÏÎ³Î¬Î½Ï‰ÏƒÎ¹Ï‚ ÎšÏ…Ï€ÏÎ¯Ï‰Î½ Î‘Î³Ï‰Î½Î¹ÏƒÏ„ÏŽÎ½, Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (Greek National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters) was a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that fought for the expulsion of British troops from the island, for self-determination and for union with Greece in the mid to late 1950s. ... No Policy is the first and only release by State of Alert. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the foreign policy of a sovereign nation. ...

The first secret talks for EOKA as a nationalist organization established to integrate the island to Greece, were started in the chairmanship of archbishop Makarios III in Athens on 2 July 1952. In the aftermath of these meetings, a "Council of Revolution" was established on 7 March 1953. In early 1954, secret weaponry shipment to Cyprus started to the knowledge of the Greek government. Lt. Georgios Grivas, formerly an officer in the Greek army, covertly disembarked on the island on 9 November 1954. EOKA's campaign of asymmetric resistance to British colonialism [4] was properly under way. Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... Makarios III (Greek: ÎœÎ±ÎºÎ¬ÏÎ¹Î¿Ï‚ Î“`; born Mihalis Christodoulou Mouskos (Greek: ÎœÎ¹Ï‡Î±Î®Î» Î§ÏÎ¹ÏƒÏ„Î¿Î´Î¿ÏÎ»Î¿Ï… ÎœÎ¿ÏÏƒÎºÎ¿Ï‚), August 13, 1913 â€“ August 3, 1977) was the archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church (1950-1977) and first President of the Republic of Cyprus (1960-1977). ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Politics of Greece takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Greece is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The first Turk to be killed by EOKA on 21 June 1955 was a Turkish policeman in the service of the British. EOKA also targeted Greek collaborators, such as policemen. is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ...

On 6 and 7 September 1955 the Turkish government orchestrated a pogrom against the Greek population of Istanbul. is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Turkey is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... The Istanbul Pogrom (also known as Istanbul Riots; Greek: (Events of September); Turkish: (Events of September 6-7)), was a pogrom directed primarily at Istanbuls 100,000-strong Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. ...

Attempts by Greek Cypriots to break free of British colonial rule and unite with Greece, so-called Enosis, triggered an attack against the Greek minority in Istanbul. Wide-scale violence against the Greek community of Istanbul, believed to have been engineered by the Turkish government of then Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, destroyed an estimated 3-4,000 shops and precipitated the exodus of thousands of ethnic Greeks from the city in 1955. Menderes greets his supporters Ali Adnan Ertekin Menderes (1899 - September 17, 1961) was a Turkish statesman and prime minister between 1950â€“1960. ...

A year later, EOKA revived its attacks. In reply the TMT (Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı, a Turkish Resistance Organization) declared war on the Greek Cypriots as well ^{[citation needed]}. However, the TMT did not target only Greeks but also some Turkish Cypriots workers who were in favour of peace and independence of the island. After a joint mass demonstration by Greek and Turkish Cypriots, the TMT began murdering Turkish trade union members. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers. ...

On 12 June 1958, eight innocent unarmed Greek Cypriot civilians from Kondemenos village were murdered by the TMT near the Turkish Cypriot populated village of Geunyeli in a totally unprovoked attack, after being dropped off there by the British authorities. After this the Turkish government ordered the TMT to blow up the offices of the Turkish press office in Nicosia in order to falsely put the blame of the Greek Cypriots and prevent independence negotiations from succeeding.^{[citation needed]} It also began a string of assassinations and murders of prominent Turkish Cypriot supporters of independence ^{[citation needed]}. is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A press secretary is a senior advisor (usually to a politician) who provides advice on how to deal with the media and, using news management techniques, helps them to maintain a positive public image and avoid negative media coverage. ...

The following year, after the conclusion of the independence agreements on Cyprus, the Turkish Navy sent a ship to Cyprus fully loaded with arms for the TMT which was caught red-handed in the infamous "Deniz" incident.^{[citation needed]} Seal of the Turkish Navy The Turkish Navy (Turkish: ) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. ...

British rule lasted until 1960, when the island was declared an independent state, under the London-Zurich agreements creating a foundation for the Republic of Cyprus by the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities. For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ...

Continued communal violence in Cyprus after independence in 1960 -- including massacres of members of the Turkish community in December 1963 -- led to the Turkish government’s cancellation of residence permits for 12,000 Greek citizens living in Istanbul as well as the confiscation of their property.

When the Cypriot leader who was exiled out of the UK previously in 1956 on the basis of his "support on terrorism and being the greatest obstacle on the path of peace", threatened in November 1963 to amend basic articles of the 1960 constitution guaranteeing the rights of ethnic Turks on the island, communal violence ensued and Turkey, Great Britain and Greece, the guarantors of the agreements which had led to Cyprus' independence, wanted to send a NATO force to the island under the command of General Young. Terrorist redirects here. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The reluctant Republic was seen as a necessary compromise between two communities.

The 1960 Constitution of the Cyprus Republic proved unworkable however, lasting only three years. The Greek Cypriots wanted to end the separate Turkish Cypriot municipal councils permitted by the British in 1958, but made subject to review under the 1960 agreements. For many Greek Cypriots these municipalities were the first stage on the way to the partition they feared. The Greek Cypriots following Hellenistic fanaticism wanted enosis, integration with Greece, while Turkish Cypriot following Turkish fanaticism wanted taksim, partition between Greece and Turkey. Fanaticism is an emotion of being filled with excessive, uncritical zeal, particularly for an extreme religious or political cause, or with an obsessive enthusiasm for a pastime or hobby. ... The word ÎˆÎ½Ï‰ÏƒÎ¹Ï‚ (enosis) is Greek for union. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Resentment also rose within the Greek Cypriot community because Turkish Cypriots had been given a larger share of governmental posts than the size of their population warranted. The disproportionate number of ministers and legislators assigned to the Turkish Cypriots meant that their representatives could veto budgets or legislation and prevent essential government operations from being carried out. Moreover, they complained that a Turkish Cypriot veto on the budget (in response to alleged failures to meet obligations to the Turkish Cypriots) made government immensely difficult. The Turkish Cypriots had also vetoed the amalgamation of Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot troops into the same units. This article aims to describe the financial expenditure associated with the operations and processes of world governments of all levels. ...

In December 1963, after the government was repeatedly forced into deadlock and all major legislation and the budget were repeatedly vetoed by the Turkish Cypriot legislators at the behest of Turkey, the President of the Republic Makarios proposed some constitutional amendments to facilitate the functioning of the state. The Greek Cypriots subsequently said that the Turkish Cypriot Governmental Ministers withdrew from the Cabinet and the Turkish public servants ceased attending their offices. Turkish accusations claim that the Akritas Plan followed as a plan designed to end the new Republic by quickly suppressing Turkish Cypriot reactions to `imposed' constitutional change before outside intervention could be mounted ^{[citation needed]}. The Turkish Cypriot community claimed that when they objected to the proposed amendments, they were forced out of their governmental offices by the Greek Cypriots, with the support of Greek forces. The President of Cyprus is the countrys head of state. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Roman civil service in action. ... For other uses, see New Republic. ...

Greek military coup and Turkish invasion

1963-1974

Between 21 and 26 December 1963, the conflict centred in the Omorphita suburb of Nicosia, which had been an area of tension back in 1958. The participants now were Greek Cypriot irregulars and Turkish Cypriot civilians and former TMT members, known as the "fighters" during the Cyprus problem, the Turkish fighters had little firepower^{[citation needed]} and where held down in their "ghettos" from the superior Greek Cypriot side who were supplied with stored EOKA gunsb and eventually guns from foreign powers. Many Greek and Turkish Cypriot civilians who were caught in the crossfire and chaos that ensued over the Christmas week were killed, others were massacered by Greek or Turkish irregulars and had their homes looted and burnt down in small villages as the problem developed. Both President Makarios and Dr. Kucuk issued calls of peace, but they were ignored by the Greek Cypriots. Meanwhile, within a week of the violence flaring up, the Turkish army contingent had moved out of its barracks and seized the most strategic position on the island across the Nicosia to Kyrenia road, the historic jugular vein of the island. So crucial was this road to Turkish strategic thinking that they retained control of that road until 1974, at which time it acted as a crucial link in Turkey’s military invasion. From 1963 up to the point of the Turkish invasion of 20 July 1974, Greek Cypriots who wanted to use the road could only do so if accompanied by a UN convoy. Combatants Greek Cypriots Aided by Hellenic Republic Turkish Cypriots Aided by Republic of Turkey Strength 30,000[1] 5,000[2] Cyprus Intercommunal violence refers to periods of inter-ethnic conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots on the island of Cyprus from 1963 to 1974. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Turkish Army (Turkish: TÃ¼rk Kara Kuvvetleri) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. ... The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. ... Strategic thinking vs. ...

Kyle notes “there is no doubt that the main victims of the numerous incidents that took place during the next few months were Turks”. 700 Turkish hostages, including women and children, were taken from the northern suburbs of Nicosia. Nikos Sampson led a group of Greek Cypriot irregulars into the mixed suburb of Omorphita and massacred the Turkish Cypriot population indiscriminately^{[citation needed]}. By 1964, 193 Turkish Cypriots and 133 Greek Cypriots were killed, with a further 209 Turks and 41 Greeks missing, presumed dead. The British Daily Telegraph called it the "anti Turkish pogrom"^{[citation needed]}.

Thereafter Turkey once again put forward the idea of partition. The intensified fighting especially around areas under the control of Turkish Cypriot militias, which on many occasions were initiated by Turkish gunhmen, together with their claims that there had been a violation of the constitution, were used as ground for intervention. And quoting past treaties, Turkey hinted at a possible intervention on the island. US president Johnson stated, in his famous letter of June 5, 1964, that the US was against a possible intervention on the island, warning Turkey in a “bitter tone”. One month later, within the framework of a plan prepared by the US Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, negotiations with Greece and Turkey began. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ...

Greek military coup of July 1974

In the spring of 1974, Cypriot intelligence discovered that EOKA-B was planning a coup against President Makarios [5] which was sponsored by the military junta of Athens. EOKA (Î•Î¸Î½Î¹ÎºÎ® ÎŸÏÎ³Î¬Î½Ï‰ÏƒÎ¹Ï‚ ÎšÏ…Ï€ÏÎ¯Ï‰Î½ Î‘Î³Ï‰Î½Î¹ÏƒÏ„ÏŽÎ½, Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (Greek National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters) was a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that fought for the expulsion of British troops from the island, for self-determination and for union with Greece in the mid to late 1950s. ... EOKA (Î•Î¸Î½Î¹ÎºÎ® ÎŸÏÎ³Î¬Î½Ï‰ÏƒÎ¹Ï‚ ÎšÏ…Ï€ÏÎ¯Ï‰Î½ Î‘Î³Ï‰Î½Î¹ÏƒÏ„ÏŽÎ½, Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (Greek National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters) was a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that fought for the expulsion of British troops from the island, for self-determination and for union with Greece in the mid to late 1950s. ... Makarios was the adopted name of Mikhalis Khristodoulou Mouskos (August 13, 1913 - August 3, 1977). ... The Phoenix rising from its flames and the silhouette of the soldier bearing a rifle with fixed bayonet was the emblem of the Junta. ...

The junta had came to power in a military coup in 1967 which was condemned by the whole of Europe but had the support of the United States. In the autumn of 1973 after the 17 November student uprising there had been a further coup in Athens in which the original Greek junta had been replaced by one still more obscurantist headed by the Chief of Military Police, Brigadier Ioannides, though the actual head of state was General Phaedon Gizikis. A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The Central Intelligence Agency has been actively involved in promoting United States interests abroad by overthrowing foreign governments. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... An AMX 30 tank standing in front of the Athens Polytechnic. ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... The Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command providing security coverage at the Padang in Singapore during the National Day Parade in 2000. ... For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... Phaedon Gizikis (Greek: Î¦Î±Î¯Î´Ï‰Î½ Î“ÎºÎ¹Î¶Î¯ÎºÎ·Ï‚). Army officer and president of Greece (1973-1974) Born in 1917, Phaedon Gizikis was a career Greek army officer. ...

On 2 July 1974, Makarios wrote an open letter to President Gizikis complaining bluntly that 'cadres of the Greek military regime support and direct the activities of the 'EOKA-B' terrorist organization'. The Greek Government's immediate reply was to order the go-ahead to the conspiracy. On 15 July 1974 sections of the Cypriot National Guard, led by its Greek officers, overthrew the Government. is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally. ... ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... The Cypriot National Guard (Greek Î•Î¸Î½Î¹ÎºÎ® Î¦ÏÎ¿Ï…ÏÎ¬) is the combined arms military force of the Republic of Cyprus. ...

Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace by catching a taxi after escorting a party of school children out of the building and went to Pafos, where the British managed to retrieve him and flew him out of the country in an RAF jet fighter. District Paphos Government - Mayor Savvas Vergas Population (2001) - City 47,300 Time zone EET (UTC+2) Website: http://www. ... â€œRAFâ€ redirects here. ... An A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-86 Sabre, P-38 Lightning and P-51 Mustang fly in formation during an air show at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. ...

In the meantime, Nikos Sampson was declared provisional president of the new government. Nikos Sampson (Greek: ÎÎ¯ÎºÎ¿Ï‚ Î£Î±Î¼ÏˆÏŽÎ½; December 16, 1935 â€“ May 9, 2001) was the de facto dictator of Cyprus installed by the coup dÃ©tat that overthrew President Makarios in 1974. ...

Turkish invasions of Cyprus of July and August 1974

Turkey invaded Cyprus on July 20, 1974, after unsuccessfully trying to get support from one of the other guarantor forces - Britain. Heavily armed troops landed shortly before dawn at Kyrenia (Girne) on the northern coast. Ankara claimed that it was invoking its right under the Treaty of Guarantee to protect the Turkish Cypriots and guarantee the independence of Cyprus – a claim which is still being contested by Greeks and Greek Cypriots. The operation, codenamed 'Operation Atilla', is known in the North as 'the 1974 Peace Operation'. Atilla was the code name given to the Turkish military invasion of the island of Cyprus in July 1974, in response to a Greek-inspired coup dÃ©tat which sought to unite the island with Greece. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Before Dawn was a drama series produced and broadcast by Hong Kongs TVB Jade station. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Atilla was the code name given to the Turkish military invasion of the island of Cyprus in July 1974, in response to a Greek-inspired coup dÃ©tat which sought to unite the island with Greece. ...

The invading forces landed off the northern coast of the island around Kyrenia. By the time a ceasefire was agreed three days later, Turkish troops held 3% of the territory of Cyprus. Five thousand Greek Cypriots had fled their homes. Five thousand (5000) is the natural number following 4999 and preceding 5001. ...

By the time the UN Security Council was able to obtain a ceasefire on the 22 July the Turkish forces had only secured a narrow corridor between Kyrenia and Nicosia, which they succeeded in widening during the next few days in violation of that ceasefire.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Demonstration_for_missing_Cypriots_at_the_aftermath_of_the_Turkish_Invasion_of_Cyprus. ... Image File history File links Demonstration_for_missing_Cypriots_at_the_aftermath_of_the_Turkish_Invasion_of_Cyprus. ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 23 July 1974 the Greek military junta collapsed mainly because of the events in Cyprus. Greek political leaders in exile started returning in the country. On 24 July 1974 Constantine Karamanlis returned from Paris and was sworn in as Prime Minister. is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the former Greek president who lived from 1907 to 1998. ...

At a conference on 14 August 1974, Turkey demanded from the Cypriot government to accept its plan for a federal state, and population transfer, with 34% of the territory under Turkish Cypriot control. When the Cypriot acting president Clerides asked for 36 to 48 hours in order to consult with Athens and with Greek Cypriot leaders, the Turkish Foreign Minister denied Clerides that opportunity on the grounds that Makarios and others would use it to play for more time. An hour and a half after the conference broke up, the new Turkish attack began. Britain's then foreign secretary and soon to be prime minister James Callaghan, later disclosed that Kissinger "vetoed" at least one British military action to pre-empt the Turkish landing. Turkish troops rapidly occupied even more than was asked for at Geneva. Thirty-six-and a-half per cent of the land came under Turkish occupation reaching as far south as the Louroujina salient. In the process, about 200,000[6]-200,000[7] Greek Cypriots who made up 82% of the population in the north became refugees; many of them forced out of their homes (violations of Human Rights by the Turkish army have been acknowledged by the European Court of Human Rights as in the case of Loizidou vs Turkey), the rest fleeing at the word of the approaching Turkish army. is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... A map displaying todays federations. ... Population transfer is a term referring to a policy by which a state, or international authority, forces the movement of a large group of people out of a region, most frequently on the basis of their ethnicity or religion. ... An Acting president is a person who temporarily fills the role of an organizations president, either when the real president is unavailable (for example ill or on vacation) or when the post is vacant (for example because of death, injury, resignation, or dismissal). ... The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (commonly referred to as Foreign Secretary) is a member of the British Government responsible for relations with foreign countries, heading the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (often called simply the Foreign Office). ... Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 â€“ 26 March 2005), was Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979. ... The armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majestys Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces of the Crown[1], encompasses a navy, army, and an air force. ... map of Cyprus showing the Louroujina Salient of the TRNC TRNC flag The Louroujina Salient marks the southernmost extent of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by... Loizidou vs. ...

The ceasefire line from 1974 today separates the two communities on the island, and is commonly referred to as the Green Line. Image File history File linksMetadata Cyprus_map_of_occupied_villages_and_towns_copy. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Cyprus_map_of_occupied_villages_and_towns_copy. ... A street cut by the Green Line in Nicosia The term Green Line is often used to refer to the line of demarcation that divides the Cypriot capital of Nicosia into the southern Greek Cypriot region, the controlled area by Republic of Cyprus and the northern Turkish Cypriot region, which...

By 1975, only 20,000 Greek Cypriots remained in the north, enclaved in the Karpass peninsula. The Karpass Peninsula (Karpasia) is a long, finger-like peninsula that is one of the most prominent geographical features of the island of Cyprus. ...

Facing threats of a renewed Turkish offensive as well as threats to ethnically cleanse the enclaved Greek Cypriots the Cyprus government and the United Nations consented to the transfer of the remainder of the 51,000 Turkish Cypriots that had not left their homes in the south to settle in the north, if they wished to do so.

On 13 February 1975, Turkey declared the occupied areas of the Republic of Cyprus to be a "Federated Turkish State" to the universal condemnation of the international community (see UN Security Council Resolution 367(1975)). is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Banners of the international community at the United Nations in Geneva The term international community is a political phrase that can refer to either: All the lands represented within the United Nations. ... A United Nations Security Council Resolution is voted on by the fifteen members of the United Nations Security Council, the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ...

Human rights violations

In 1976 and again in 1983, the European Commission of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of repeated violations of the European Convention of Human Rights. Berlaymont, the Commissions seat The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. ... The European Convention on Human Rights (1950) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe† to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. ...

Turkey has been condemned for preventing the return of Greek Cypriot refugees to their properties.^[2] The European Commission of Human Rights reports of 1976 and 1983 state the following:

"Having found violations of a number of Articles of the Convention, the Commission notes that the acts violating the Convention were exclusively directed against members of one of two communities in Cyprus, namely the Greek Cypriot community. It concludes by eleven votes to three that Turkey has thus failed to secure the rights and freedoms set forth in these Articles without discrimination on the grounds of ethnic origin, race, religion as required by Article 14 of the Convention." Article 14 is a CD released by Irregular Records. ...

The 20,000 Greek Cypriots who were enclaved in the occupied Karpass Peninsula in 1975 were subjected by the Turks to violations of their human rights so that by 2001 when the European Court of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of the violation of 14 articles of the European Convention of Human Rights in its judgment of Cyprus v. Turkey (application no. 25781/94) less than 600 still remained. In the same judgment Turkey was found guilty of violating the rights of the Turkish Cypriots by authorising the trial of civilians by a military court. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Karpass Peninsula (Karpasia) is a long, finger-like peninsula that is one of the most prominent geographical features of the island of Cyprus. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

The Republic of Cyprus has also been found guilty of violations of the European Convention of Human Rights. In the case of Aziz v. Cyprus, the European Court of Human Rights decided on 22.09.2004 that the Republic of Cyprus violated Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights and Article 3 of its Protocol No.1 by preventing Aziz, a Turkish Cypriot who is citizen of the Republic of Cyprus from exercising his right to vote in 2001 parliamentary elections.^[3] In compliance with the European Court of Human Rights ruling, all Turkish Cypriots living in the areas under the control of the Republic of Cyprus were granted a right to vote in all elections. The European Convention on Human Rights (1950) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe† to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. ... European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by... The European Convention on Human Rights (1950) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe† to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning vote) is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. ...

Since the Turkish invasion, a large number of Turks have been brought to the north from Anatolia in violation of Article 49 of the Geneva Convention, to occupy the homes of the Greek Cypriot refugees. ^{[citation needed]}. The majority of whom have never been given citizenship of the legally invalid state of The TRNC. The Geneva Conventions consist of treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. ...

Approximately 70,000 Turkish Cypriots have been forced to emigrate from the north due to economic hardships brought on by the international isolation of the Northern Cyprus. ^{[citation needed]} Economics (deriving from the Greek words Î¿Î¯ÎºÏ‰ [okos], house, and Î½ÎÎ¼Ï‰ [nemo], rules hence household management) is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. ... The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus(TRNC) {NOTE: the name is not accepted by UN} , in Turkish Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, is a self-proclaimed state occupying the northern third of the island of Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean. ...

Missing persons

In 1981, the UN Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) was established. This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

On 5 October 1994, the US Senate unanimously adopted an Act for the ascertainment of the fate of five US citizens missing since the Turkish invasion. Following this, the US President appointed Ambassador Robert Dillon, who came to Cyprus to carry out investigations. Andreas Kasapis’ grave was discovered in January 1998 in the Turkish occupied area of Northern Cyprus and his remains were sent to the US for DNA testing and identified, yet the Turkish side has still failed to provide reliable information as to the fate of another 1587 Greek Cypriots. Image File history File linksMetadata Greek_Cypriot_prisoners_taken_to_Adana_camps_Turkey_. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Greek_Cypriot_prisoners_taken_to_Adana_camps_Turkey_. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ...

Facts and information on the death and the burial site of 201 out of 500 cases of Turkish Cypriot missing persons were provided by the Cyprus government on 12 May 2003. is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 6 December 2002, excavations at the village of Alaminos, led to the discovery of human remains, which according to existing testimonies, belonged to Turkish Cypriots who lost their lives during a fire exchange with a unit of the National Guard, on 20 July 1974. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1434x1002, 180 KB) Sandallar, Cyprus Source: Antonis Angastiniotis The Voice of Blood (film&book) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1434x1002, 180 KB) Sandallar, Cyprus Source: Antonis Angastiniotis The Voice of Blood (film&book) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Turkish Cypriots are those inhabitants of Cyprus who are ethnically Turkish, as opposed to those who are of Greek (the Greek Cypriots) or other ethnicities. ... Tony (Antonis) Angastiniotis - Night Eagle Born in Aberdeen Scotland 9th Sept. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... For other uses, see Body (disambiguation). ... The Cypriot National Guard (Greek Î•Î¸Î½Î¹ÎºÎ® Î¦ÏÎ¿Ï…ÏÎ¬) is the combined arms military force of the Republic of Cyprus. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

Quoted Newspaper report: “In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived.” - Washington Post, 23 July, 1974 ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Exhumations carried out by British experts in the occupied village of Trachonas which was a burial site designated by the Turkish side in 1998 were completed on 11 January 2005, but failed to locate any remains belonging to Greek Cypriots listed as missing. After this failure the Cyprus government raised questions over the willingness of the Turkish side to resolve this humanitarian issue. is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Destruction of cultural heritage

There have been mutual accusations of destruction of cultural heritages such as mosques and churches in both sides of the Island. In 1989, the government of Cyprus took an American art dealer to court for the return of four rare 6th century Byzantine mosaics which that survived an edict by the Emperor of Byzantium, imposing the destruction of all images of sacred figures. Cyprus won the case, and the mosaics were eventually returned.^[4] In October 1997, Aydın Dikmen, who had sold the mosaics was finally arrested in Germany in a police raid and found to be in possession of a stash consisting of mosaics, frescoes and icons dating back to the 6th, 12th and 15th centuries worth over 50 million dollars. The mosaics, depicting Saints Thaddeus and Thomas, are two more sections from the apse of the Kanakaria Church, while the frescoes, including the Last Judgement and the Tree of Jesse, were taken off the north and south walls of the Monastery of Antiphonitis, built between the 12th and 15th centuries.^[5] The Rocky Mountains, Landers Peak, 1863 by Albert Bierstadt, one of the Hudson River School painters Visual arts of the United States refers to the history of painting and visual art in the United States. ... The 6th century is the period from 501 - 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... AydÄ±n Dikmen (b ?) is a Turkish art dealer who was arrested 1998 for trying to sell Eastern Orthodox art that had been looted from Cyprus during the 1974 invasion. ... This article is about a decorative art. ... A XIV Century fresco featuring Saint Sebastian Note: Fresco is the NATO reporting name of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... , by Georges de La Tour. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Jude Thomas. ... Image:Michelangelo - Fresco of the Last Judgment. ... 13th representation of the Tree of Jesse, ivory panel, Louvre The Tree of Jesse, in traditional Christian art, is a visual representation of Jesus ancestry. ...

Turkish settlers

As a result of the Turkish invasion, some suggest, over 120,000 settlers were brought into Cyprus from mainland Turkey. ^{[citation needed]} This was despite Article 49 of the Geneva Convention stating that "The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies." The Geneva Conventions consist of treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. ...

UN Resolution 1987/19 (1987) of the "Sub-Commission On Prevention Of Discrimination And Protection Of Minorities" which was adopted on 2 September 1987 demanded "the full restoration of all human rights to the whole population of Cyprus, including the freedom of movement, the freedom of settlement and the right to property" and also expressed "its concern also at the policy and practice of the implantation of settlers in the occupied territories of Cyprus which constitute a form of colonialism and attempt to change illegally the demographic structure of Cyprus". A United Nations resolution (or UN resolution) is a formal text adopted by a United Nations (UN) body. ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Title page of a European Union member state passport. ... // Use of the term The concept of property or ownership has no single or universally accepted definition. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ... A demographic or demographic profile is a term used in marketing and broadcasting, to describe a demographic grouping or a market segment. ...

The Oslo peace center studied the number of Turkish citizens in the north, and after removing transients (i.e Turkish troops, support staff, migrant workers, students), and Turks with legitimate links to Cyprus (i.e. those with Cypriot family) they estimated 37,000 Turks reside on the island. http://www.prio.no/page/Project_detail/Staff_alpha_ALL/9244/46918.html

Negotiations and other developments

Ongoing negotiations

The United Nations Security Council decisions for the immediate unconditional withdrawal of all foreign troops from Cyprus soil and the safe return of the refugees to their homes have not been implemented by Turkey and the TRNC. (See UN Security Council resolutions 353(1974), 357(1974), 358(1974), 359(1974), 360(1974), 365(1974) endorsing General Assembly resolution 3212(XXIX)(1974), 367(1975), 541(1983), 550(1984).) Turkey and TRNC defend their position, stating that any such withdrawal would had to a resumption of intercommunal fighting and killing. The United Nations General Assembly (GA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations. ...

Negotiations to find a solution to the Cyprus problem have been taking place on and off since 1964. Between 1974 and 2002, the Turkish Cypriot side was seen by the international community as the side refusing a balanced solution. Since 2002, the situations has been reversed and the Greek Cypriot side has been seen as the side refusing a balanced solution. The latest Annan Plan to reunify the island which was endorsed by the United States, United Kingdom and Turkey was accepted by a referandum by Turkish Cypriots but overwhelmingly rejected in parallel referandum by Greek Cypriots, after Greek Cyriot Leadership and Greek Orthodox Church urging the Greek population to vote No [8]. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: HellÄ“northÃ³doxÄ“ EkklÄ“sÃa) can refer to any of several hierarchical churches within the larger group of mutually recognizing Eastern Orthodox churches. ...

Greek Cypriots rejected the UN settlement plan in an April 2004 referendum. On 24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriots rejected by a three-to-one margin the plan proposed by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan for the reunification of Cyprus. The plan, which was approved by a two-to-one margin by the Turkish Cypriots in a separate but simultaneous referendum, would have created a United Cyprus Republic and ensured that the entire island would reap the benefits of Cyprus’ entry into the European Union on 1 May. The plan would have created a United Cyprus Republic consisting of a Greek Cypriot constituent state and a Turkish Cypriot constituent state linked by a federal government. More than half of the Greek Cypriots who were displaced in 1974 and their descendants would have had their properties returned back to them and would have lived in them under Greek Cypriot administration within a period of 31/2 to 42 months after the entry into force of the settlement. For those whose property could not be returned, they would have received monetary compensation. The Settlement Plan was an agreement between the Polisario Front and Morocco on the organization of a referendum, which would constitute an expression of self-determination for the Sahrawi people of the non-decolonized territory of Western Sahara, possibly leading to full independence. ... The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... The Greek Cypriot State was to have been one of the constituent states of the United Cyprus Republic proposed by the failed 2004 Annan Plan for Cyprus aimed at reunification of Cyprus. ... Coming into force refers to the date and process by which legislation, or part of legislation, becomes a law. ...

The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004 still divided, although the EU acquis communitaire - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under direct government control, and is suspended in the areas administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of European Union states. Nicosia continues to oppose EU efforts to establish direct trade and economic links to north Cyprus as a way of encouraging the Turkish Cypriot community to continue to support reunification. Citizenship of the Union was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992. ...

Cyprus joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM2) in May 2005. The government has initiated an aggressive austerity program, which has cut the budget deficit to well below 3%, and the EU is expected to invite Cyprus to adopt the euro as its national currency on 1 January 2008. Eurozone countries ERM II countries other EU countries unilaterally adopted euro The European Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM, was a system introduced by the European Community in March 1979, as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe, in preparation for... 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- â†’ Wikimedia Commons has media related to: May 2005 Deaths in May May 26: Eddie Albert May 25: Ismail Merchant May 25: Sunil Dutt May 25: Graham Kennedy May 22: Thurl Ravenscroft May 21: Howard Morris May 21...

See Cyprus Reunification Negotiations. // Peace Negotiations, 1974-1994 On April 28, 1975, Kurt Waldheim, the UN Secretary-General, launched a new mission of Good Offices. ...

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared "legally invalid"

In 1983 the subordinate local administration in the north declared independence under the name Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Immediately upon this declaration Britain convened a meeting of the United Nations Security Council to condemn the declaration as "legally invalid". Anthem Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ±(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Sovereignty from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey - Independence from Cyprus - Declared November 15, 1983 Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² (not ranked) 1... â€œSecurity Councilâ€ redirects here. ...

UN Security Council Resolution 541(1983) considered the "attempt to create the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is invalid, and will contribute to a worsening of the situation in Cyprus". It went on to state that it "Considers the declaration refereed to above as legally invalid and calls for its withdrawal".

Return of Varosha

In the following year UN resolution 550 (1984) condemned the "exchange of Ambassadors" between Turkey and the TRNC and went on to add that the Security Council "Considers attempts to settle any part of Varosha by people other than its inhabitants as inadmissible and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the United Nations". Varosha (Turkish: MaraÅŸ)(Greek: Î’Î±ÏÏŽÏƒÎ¹Î±) was the modern tourist area of the city of Famagusta prior to the Turkish invasion in 1974. ...

To this day, neither Turkey nor the TRNC have complied with the above resolutions and Varosha remains uninhabited.

Contents

Events leading up to the Turkish invasion

Greek military coup and Turkish invasion

1963-1974

Greek military coup of July 1974

Turkish invasions of Cyprus of July and August 1974

Human rights violations

Missing persons

Destruction of cultural heritage

Turkish settlers

Negotiations and other developments

Ongoing negotiations

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared "legally invalid"

Return of Varosha

See also

Notes

Official publications and sources

Books

Other sources

References

External links

History

Humanitarian issues

Contents

Events leading up to the Turkish invasion GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Greek military coup and Turkish invasion

1963-1974

Greek military coup of July 1974

Turkish invasions of Cyprus of July and August 1974

Human rights violations

Missing persons

Destruction of cultural heritage

Turkish settlers

Negotiations and other developments

Ongoing negotiations

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared "legally invalid"

Return of Varosha

See also

Notes

Official publications and sources

Books

Other sources

References

External links

History

Humanitarian issues

Events leading up to the Turkish invasion