Tuvans or Tuvinians (Tuvan: Тывалар, Tyvalar) are a group of Turkic people who make up about two thirds of the population of Tuva, Russia. They are historically known as Uriankhai from the Mongolian Uriyangqai (transcribed into Chinese as 烏梁海 Wūliánghǎi). Tuvan (Tuvan: Тыва дыл Tyva dyl), also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan, or Tuvin, is one of the Turkic languages. ... Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ... A shaman doctor of Kyzyl. ... Tofalars (Тофалары, тофа (tofa) in Russian; formerly known as карагасы, or karagas) are a Turkic-speaking people in the Irkutsk Oblast in Russia. ... According to the 2002 census, there were 2769 Soyots in Russia. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Tuvan (Tuvan: Тыва дыл Tyva dyl), also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan, or Tuvin, is one of the Turkic languages. ... The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. ... Tyva Republic IPA: (Russian: IPA: ; Tuvan: ), or Tuva (), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ...

Tuvans have historically been cattle-breeding nomads, tending to their herds of goats, sheep, camels, reindeer and yaks for the past thousands of years. They have traditionally lived in yurts covered by felt or chums covered with birch bark or hide that they relocate seasonally as the move to newer pastures. Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ... A Yurt is a portable felt dwelling structure used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. ... A tipi of the Nez Perce tribe. ...

Tuvans can have a light hair complexion and East Asian facial features at the same time.

History

The Xiongnu ruled over the area of Tuva prior to 200 AD. At this time a people known to the Chinese as Dingling inhabited the region. The Chinese recorded the existence of a tribe of Dingling origin named Dubo in the eastern Sayans. This name is recognized as being associated with the Tuvan people and is the earliest written record of them. The Xianbei defeated the Xiongnu and they in turn were defeated by the Rouran. From around the end of the 6th century, the Göktürks held dominion over Tuva up until the 8th century when the Uyghurs took over. A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... The Dingling/Gaoche/Chile/Tiele (丁零/高車/æ••å‹’/铁勒) peoples were an ancient Siberian people. ... The Xianbei (Simplified Chinese: 鲜卑; Traditional Chinese: 鮮卑; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsien-pei) were a significant nomadic people residing in modern Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan, a historic term for Greater Khingan, before migrating into areas of the modern Chinese provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Inner Mongolia... Rouran (Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Jou Jan, literally Soft-like), Juan Juan (Chinese: ; pinyin: , literally meaning the Wriggling Insects, a name given by the Toba ruling elites of northern China), or Ruru (Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Ju Ju, literally meaning Fodder) was the name of a confederation of nomadic tribes on the... The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ...

Map showing extent of Uyghur Khanate and placement of Kyrgyz in 820 AD.

Tuvans were subjects of the Uyghur Khanate during the 8th and 9th centuries. The Uyghurs established several fortifications within Tuva as a means of subduing the population. There are plans being discussed to restore the remains of one of these fortresses, Por-Bazhyn in lake Tere-Khol in the southeast of the country.^[1] The memory of Uyghur occupation could still be seen up until the end of the 19th century due to the application of the name Ondar Uyghur for the Ondar Tuvans living near the Khemchik river in the southwest.^[2] Uyghur dominance was broken by the Kyrgyz in 840 AD, who came from the upper reaches of the Yenisei. The Yeniseian Kyrgyz then established a small khanate that lasted until the coming of the Mongols in the 13th century. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (830x449, 738 KB)[edit] Summary Map of the Uyghur Khaganate and areas under its dominion, c. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (830x449, 738 KB)[edit] Summary Map of the Uyghur Khaganate and areas under its dominion, c. ... Map of the Uyghur Empire and areas under its dominion at its height, c. ... The Uyghur (also spelled Uighur; Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. ... Languages Kyrgyz Religions Sunni Islam Related ethnic groups other Turkic peoples Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirghiz) are a Turkic ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. ...

In 1207, Turkic Oirat prince Kuduka-Beki led Mongol detachments under Jochi to a tributary of the Kaa-Khem river. They encountered the Tuvan Keshdims, Baits, and Teleks. This was the beginning of Mongol suzerainty over the Tuvans. One of Genghis Khan's greatest generals, Subutai, is said to have been a Uriaangkhai. Oirats (also spelled Oyrats or Oyirads; Mongolian: Ойрадын Ojradyn) refers to both a Western Mongol people of Europe and Asia and, historically, to a Turkic people now known as the Altays. ... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... Jochi (also spelled Jöchi) (c. ... For other uses, see Genghis Khan (disambiguation). ... Subutai (1176 to 1248) (Mongolian: Сүбээдэй, Sübügätäi or Sübüätäi , Chinese:速不台) was the primary strategist and general of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. ...

Tuvans came to be ruled for most of the 17th century by Khalka Mongol leader Sholoi Ubashi's Altyn-Khan Khanate. It was at this time in 1615 that the first Russians, V. Tyumenets and I. Petrov, visited Tuva as emissaries to the Altyn-Khan.^[3] Russian documents from this time record information about different tribal groups that contributed to the composition of modern Tuvans. Tyumenets and Petrov describe the Maads, who became Russian subjects in 1609, living in the Bii-Khem basin, a 14 day's ride from Tomsk. The Maads travelled to the area of the Khemchik and Ulug-Khem next to the lands of the Altyn-Khan near the lake Uvs Nuur. The ambassadors also described the Sayan raising reindeer with the Tochi (Todzhi) from the Sayan to the Altai mountain ranges. The descendants of the Ak-Sayan and Kara-Sayan live mostly around Tere-Khol rayon. The House of Altan Khan (lit. ... Satellite shot of the Uvs Nuur Basin. ... Lake Gornyh Duhov Western Sayan, Ergaki mountains The Sayan Mountains (Russian: , Sayany) are a mountain range in southern Siberia, Asia. ... For the republic in Russia, see Altai Republic. ...

The state of the Altyn-Khan disappeared due to constant warring between the Oirats and the Khalka of Jasaghtu Khan Aimak. The Tuvans became part of the Dzungarian state ruled by the Oirats. The Dzungars ruled over all of the Sayano-Altay Plateau until 1755. It was during this time of Dzungarian rule that many tribes and clans broke up, moved around, and intermingled. Groups of Altayan Telengits settled in western Tuva on the Khemchik and Barlyk rivers and in the region of Bai-Taiga. Some Todzhans, Sayans, and Mingats ended up in the Altay. Other Tuvans migrated north across the Sayan range and became known as Beltirs (Dag-Kakpyn, Sug-Kakpyn, Ak-Chystar, Kara-Chystar). The languages of the Beltirs and Tuvans still contain common words not found in the language of the other Khakas (Kachins or Sagays).^[4] Other Russian documents mention Yeniseian Kyrgyz (Saryglar and Kyrgyz), Orchaks (Oorzhaks) and Kuchugets (Kuzhugets) moving into Tuva from the north. Jasaghtu Khan was a 15th century Mongolian khan who directly ruled from 1557 to 1592. ... The Dzungars (also Jungars or Zungars; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) were a tribe of the Oirat Mongols. ... The Republic of Kalmykia (Russian: Респу́блика Калмы́кия; Kalmyk: Хальм Тангч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... The Khakas, or Khakass, are a Turkic people, who live in Russia, in the republic of Khakassia in the southern Siberia. ...

Besides the Turkic tribes mentioned above, there is indication that modern Tuvans are descended also from Mongolic, Samoyedic, and Kettic groups of peoples. Of the extinct Southern Samoyed groups, Mator, Koibal, Kamas, and Karagas were assimilated mostly into the eastern Tuvans such as the Todzhins, Tofalars, Soyots, and Dukha. The Irgit tribe is also suggested as being from Samoyedic ancestors.^[5] The Tuvan name for the Yenisei river may stem from an ancient Samoyedic name.^[6] Tribes such as Tumat, Mingat, Mongush, and Salchak are recognized as having a Mongolic origin.^[7] The Mongolic languages are a group of thirteen languages spoken in Central Asia. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages The Samoyedic languages are spoken on both sides of the Ural mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by perhaps 30,000 speakers altogether. ... The Yenisei-Ostyak language family is spoken in central Siberia. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages  Yukaghir  Samoyedic  Ugric  Finnic The term Samoyedic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking a Samoyedic language. ... Mator or Motor is a Uralic language. ... Kamasins (Камасинцы in Russian; self designation: калмажи, or kalmazhi) were a tribe of the Sayan Samoyedic people numbering approx. ... Tofalars (Тофалары, тофа (tofa) in Russian; formerly known as карагасы, or karagas) are a Turkic-speaking people in the Irkutsk Oblast in Russia. ... According to the 2002 census, there were 2769 Soyots in Russia. ... The Tsaatan are a small culture of reindeer herders living in northern Khovsgol, Mongolia. ...

According to Ilya Zakharov of Moscow's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the modern Tuvan people are the closest genetic relatives to the native peoples of North and South America. ^[8] Moscow (Moskva) (Russian: , romanised: Moskva, IPA: see also other names) is the capital of Russia and the countrys economic, financial, educational, and transportation centre. ... An independent origin and development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. ...

The name Uriankhai

Main article: Uriankhai

There doesn't seem to exist a clear ethnic delineation for the application of the name Uriankhai. Mongols applied this name to all tribes of Forest People. This name has historically been applied to Tuvans. In Mongolia there are peoples also known by this name. A variation of the name, Uraŋxai, was an old name for the Sakha.^[9] Russian Pavel Nebol'sin documented the Urankhu clan of Volga Kalmyks in the 1850s.^[10] Another variant of the name, Orangkae (오랑캐), was traditionally used by the Koreans to refer indiscriminately to the various nomadic peoples that roamed over the lands to their north. There isnt a clear ethnic delineation for the application of the name Uriankhai. ... Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ...

 Tuva-Urianhai people are of Mongolian descents. Under the great rule of Chingis khaan, whole Mongolia united. Ethnographically the basic, major Mongolian clans are Darligin and Nirun. Darligin are Nukuz, Urianhan, Hongirad, Ikeris, Olhunud, Arulat, Kilingut, Kuralas, Iljigin, Kungilayut, Ortaut, Honhoton, Kunjin, Ushin, Suldusun, Ildurkin, Bayut, Kingit. Nirun are Hatagin, Saljiud, Taichuud, Hartahan, Sejiud, Chinus, Noyohon, Urud, Mangud, Durvun, Baarin, Barulas, Hadarhan, Juryad, Budaat, Duklad, Besud, Suhan, Kunggiyat. Today's Tuva's ethnicity majorily consists of Uryanhan and Chinus. Chinus is an early clan which from Borjigon the Great Khan Chingis's clan descended. Uryanhan people were very brave and good archers. Two of Chingis khaan's nine Urlug (General) were Uryanhai people-Zelme and Subeedei. It is a false notification that Tuvan and Mongolian language or even Turkic and Mongolian language are two different languages. Because Turkic people were living in what is today Mongolia. So both influenced each other a lot. It is the Central Mongolian language that changed a lot for only 200 years(The State of Mongolian). So for future scholars do not use today's central Mongolian language as a tool to research the rich lingua of Mongolia. 

 In year 1912 Tuva's chief sent his message of joining the Bogd Khaant Mongol Uls (The Mongol State Under His Holy Master) after it declared its independence in 29.NOV.1911 after the collapse of Manchu empire. But what happened is communist Russian leaders and Han Gomindans did not allowed them to do so, like they did not allowed Buryats, Kalmyks, Bargas etc to do so. A lot of hidden history, a lot of tear that world does not know. 

Geography

Today's settlement areas of the Tyva in Russia and the Dukha in neighbouring Mongolia.

There are two major groups of Tuvans in Tuva: Western Tuvans and Tuvans-Todzhins (Тувинцы-тоджинцы). The latter ones live in Todzhinsky District, Tuva Republic and constitute about 5% of all Tuvans. Image File history File links Siedlungsgebiete_der_Tiva_und_Duva. ... Image File history File links Siedlungsgebiete_der_Tiva_und_Duva. ... Tuva or Tyva (Russian: Республика Тыва [Тува], Respublika Tyva [Tuva]) (pop. ...

A people similar by language to Tuvans live in Oka District of Buryatia (self-naming: Soyots (сойоты), sometimes referred to as Oka Tuvans). The Buryat Republic (Russian: ; Buryat: Буряад Республика) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... According to the 2002 census, there were 2769 Soyots in Russia. ...

Mongolia

A noticeable proportion of Tuvans lives in Mongolia. The Dukha live in Khövsgöl Aimag. The largest population of Tuvans in Mongolia are the Tsengel Tuvans.^[11] Around 1,500 live in Tsengel Sum of Bayan-Ölgii Aimag. Other Tuvans live in Khovd Aimag. The Tsaatan are a small culture of reindeer herders living in northern Khovsgol, Mongolia. ... Founded 1931 Capital Mörön Area 100,600 km² Population  â€¢ Total (2000)  â€¢ Density 119,063 1. ... Tsengel (Mongolian: ) is a sum (district) of Bayan-Ölgii Province in western Mongolia. ... Founded 1940 Capital Ölgii Area 45,700 km² Population  â€¢ Total (2005)  â€¢ Density 95,758 2. ... Founded 1931 Capital Khovd Area 76,100 km² Population  â€¢ Total (2000)  â€¢ Density 86,831 1. ...

China

Tuvans in China, who live mostly in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, are included under the Mongol nationality.^[12] For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Ethnic Mongols in China (Chinese: 蒙古族) are citizens of the Peoples Republic of China who are ethnic Mongols. ...

Culture

Music

Main article: Music of Tuva

A unique form of music exists in Tuva commonly known as throat singing. A throat-singer produces multiple tones (a base tone and its overtones). A documentary called Genghis Blueswas made in 1999 about an American blues musician, Paul Pena, who taught himself overtone singing and traveled to Tuva to compete in a throat-singing competition. Tuva is a part of Russia, inhabited by a people related to the nearby Mongolians. ... Paul Pena on the cover of his album New Train Paul Pena (born January 26, 1950 in Hyannis, Massachusetts, died October 1, 2005, in San Francisco) is a multi-genre singer, pianist, and guitarist, performing Mississippi Delta blues, jazz, flamenco, folk, rock and roll and Tuvan throat-singing. ...

Religion

The traditional religion of Tuvans is animism (shamanism), which is still widely practiced alongside Tibetan Buddhism. The term Animism is derived from the Latin anima, meaning soul.[1][2] In its most general sense, animism is simply the belief in souls. ... A shaman doctor of Kyzyl. ... Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ...

Language

Main article: Tuvan language

The Tuvan language belongs to the Northern or Siberian branch of the Turkic language family. Four dialects are recognized: Central, Western, Southeastern and Northeastern (Todzhinian). The written language is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Tuvan (Tuvan: Тыва дыл Tyva dyl), also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan, or Tuvin, is one of the Turkic languages. ... The Turkic languages are a group of closely related languages that are spoken by a variety of people distributed across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

See also

• List of indigenous peoples of Russia
• List of Tuvans
• Tuva
• Tannu Uriankhai

List of indigenous peoples of Russia Ket people Nenets people Tuvan people Buryats Yakuts Enets people Indigenous peoples of the Russian North Categories: | | | ... Ethnic Tuvans: Subutai, general of Genghis Khan, 13th century Donduk Kuular Tuvas first prime-minister Solchak Toka Tuvas second prime-minister Sherig-ool Oorzhak Tuvas current president Sergey Shoygu Russias Emergencies minister Maxim Munzuk, actor Kongar-ol Ondar, singer Albert Kuvezin, singer Gennadi Tumat, singer Kaigal... Tyva Republic IPA: (Russian: IPA: ; Tuvan: ), or Tuva (), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Tuva or Tyva (Russian: Республика Тыва [Тува], Respublika Tyva [Tuva]) (pop. ...

Notes

Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

References

• DERENKO, M.V.; et al (March 2002). "Polymorphism of the Y-Chromosome Diallelic Loci in Ethnic Groups of the Altai-Sayan Region". Russian Journal of Genetics 38 (3): 309-314. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. 
• KRUEGER, John R. (1977). in John R. Krueger: Tuvan Manual, Editor Emeritus: Thomas A. Sebeok, Uralic and Altaic Series Volume 126, Indiana University Publications. ISBN 0877502145. 
• MONGUSH, M.V. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies 1: 225-243. 
• OYUN, Dina. "Ancient Uigur Fortress on a Tuvan Lake to Turn into a Recreation and Tourist Centre", Tuva Online, 2006-11-16. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. 
• PAVLINSKAYA, Larisa R. (Spring 2003). "The Troubled Taiga: Survival on the Move for the Lost Nomadic Reindeer Herders of South Siberia, Mongolia, and China". Cultural Survival Quarterly 27 (1): 45-47. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. 
• XIAOLEI, Jing. "The Winds of Change", Beijing Review No. 46, 2007-01-07. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. 
• ZAKHAROV, I.A. (2003). Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans (Центральноазиатское происхождение предков первых американцев) (Первые американцы. № 11.) (Russian). 2003 139-144. Retrieved on 2007-02-05.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• "Reindeer People" Resort to Eating Their Herds (about the Dukha) with Photo gallery
• Tuva and Sayan Mountains
• Tuva - Sayan Mountains
• Singing Stones - The Republic of Tuva