Twosret in hieroglyphs
praenomen or throne name
nomen or birth name

Queen Twosret Sitre Meryamun was a Queen of Egypt and the last Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. She reigned Egypt for 2 Years from about 1188-1186 BC, according to traditional Egyptian chronology and succeeded that of her step-son Siptah, who suffered from ill-health (probably polio). It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... Pharaoh (Arabic فرعون ; Hebrew פַּרְעֹה ; Geez ፈርዖን Färʻon) is a title used to refer to the rulers of Egypt in the pre-Christian and pre-Islamic period. ... History of Ancient Egypt, Nineteenth Dynasty The Nineteenth Dynasty was founded by the soldier Ramesses I, to whom Pharoah Horemheb willed the throne. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Poliomyelitis (polio), or infantile paralysis, is a viral paralytic disease. ...

Twosret, daughter of Takhat and Merneptah, was the senior wife of Seti II and-- following her husband's death--became first Regent to his heir Siptah, probably her stepson, jointly with Chancellor Bay, who some have identified as Irsu mentioned in the Harris papyrus. When Siptah died perhaps among some infighting among his heirs, Twosret seized the throne for herself, and assumed the role of a Pharaoh. While it was commonly believed that she ruled Egypt with the aid of Chancellor Bay, a recently published document by Pierre Grandet in a BIFAO 100(2000) paper proves that Bay was executed on the orders of Siptah in Year 5 of this king. The document is a hieratic ostracon or inscribed potshard and contains an announcement to the workmen of Deir El-Medina of the king's actions here. No immediate reason given to show what caused Siptah to turn against "the great enemy Bay," as the ostracon states. The recto of the document reads thus: The word Takhat literally means seat of power or throne of authority and refers to one of the five bodies of authority for the Sikhs. ... Merneptah (occasionally: Merenptah) was pharaoh of Ancient Egypt (1213 – 1203 BC), the fourth ruler of the 19th Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Userkheperure Setepenre/Meryamun Seti II (reigned 1200 BC - 1194 BC) was the sixth ruler of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt. ... nomen or birth name Akhenre Setepenre Siptah or Merneptah Siptah was the son of Seti II and Queen Tiaa. ... Chancellor Bay was originally a royal scribe to Seti II, but he quickly rose to prominence as chancellor and then became the real power behind the throne during the reigns of Seti II and Siptah. ... Irsu or Iarsu, a title meaning self made, used by the 1st Pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty, Setnakhte Userkhaure Setepenre, and his son Rameses III Usermaatre Meryamun, is thought by many to refer to this Bay Chancellor of Egypt in the closing stages of the 19th Dynasty. ... Chancellor Bay was originally a royal scribe to Seti II, but he quickly rose to prominence as chancellor and then became the real power behind the throne during the reigns of Seti II and Siptah. ... Development of hieratic script from hieroglyphs; after Champollion. ...

Year 5 III Shemu the 27th. On this day, the scribe of the tomb Paser came announcing 'Pharaoh LPH, has killed the great enemy Bay'. (LPH is an acronym for Life (Ankh), Prosperity, Health,)

This date accords well with Bay's last known public appearance in Year 4 of Siptah. The ostraca's information was essentially a royal order for the workmen to stop all work on Bay's tomb. Twosret's reign ended in a civil war and she was deposed from power by Setnakhte who founded the 20th Dynasty. Twosret's KV14 tomb in the Valley of the Kings was usurped by Setnakht, and her sarcophagus reused by Amenherkhepeshef in KV13. She constructed a mortuary temple next to the Ramesseum but it was never finished and has only been partially excavated (by Flinders Petrie in 1897). [1] The ankh (pronounced ahnk, symbol ) was the Egyptian hieroglyphic character that stood for the word , which means life. ... Setnakht Meryamunra (stX-nxt mrr-imnra) Seth Is Victorious ; Beloved Of Amon-Re[1] Praenomen Userkhaure-setepenre (wsr-xaw-ra stp. ... Tomb KV14 is a joint tomb, used originally by Twosret and then reused and extended by Setnakhte. ... View over the East Valley The Valley of the Kings, or Wadi el-Muluk (وادي الملوك) in Arabic, is a valley in Egypt where tombs were built for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom, the Eighteenth through Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. ... Setnakhte (also Sethnakhte or Setnakht) was the first Pharaoh (1186 BC-1183 BC) of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt and father of Ramesses III. Originally, he was believed to have enjoyed a reign of only 2 Years based upon his Year 2 Elephantine stela but... The Egyptian noble Amenherkhepshef lived in the Twentieth dynasty. ... Tomb KV13, located in the Valley of the Kings, in Egypt was used for the burial of the noble Bay of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... The Ramesseum is the memorial temple (or mortuary temple) of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ramses the Great). ... Egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (3 June 1853 - 28 July 1942) was a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

A mummy found in KV35 and known as Unknown Woman D has been identified by some as possibly belonging to Twosret but there is no evidence for this theory other than the correct 19th Dynasty period of mummification. KV35 in the Valley of the Kings (Luxor, Egypt) is the tomb of Amenhotep II. It was discovered by Victor Loret in April 1898. ...

References

• Pierre Grandet, "L'execution du chancelier Bay O.IFAO 1864", BIFAO 100(2000), pp.339-345