U.S. Highway 290 (or US-290) is an east-west highway entirely in Texas. It has a current western terminus on Interstate 10 at milepost 477 to the east of Junction, Texas and its eastern terminus on Interstate 610 on the northwest side of Houston, Texas. Before the Interstate era it extended nearly 300 miles farther west at the intersection of U.S. Highway 80 (now Interstate 20) before Interstate 10 supplanted it.

The large remnant of US 290 continues to be an important highway, connecting Austin, Texas to and from Interstate 10 and eastward to Houston. Parts of US 290 in Austin and near Houston are freeway.

West of Austin, US 290 is an attractive route through the Texas Hill Country, passing through Fredericksburg and Johnson City near historical sites related to Admiral Chester Nimitz and Lyndon Baines Johnson, the 36th President of the United States. East of Austin, it is divided highway passing through or near Giddings and Brenham.