A UNITA sticker

Angola

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Angola Image File history File links Unitaprop. ... Image File history File links Unitaprop. ... Image File history File links Angola_coa. ... Angola changed from a one-party Marxist-Leninist system ruled by the MPLA to a formal multiparty democracy following the 1992 elections. ...

President José Eduardo dos Santos Prime Minister Fernando dos Santos Ministers National Assembly Political parties MPLA - UNITA - PLD - FNLA Elections: 2008 legislative 2009 presidential Provinces Civil war Foreign relations Angola-US relations Ambassadors from Angola Ambassadors to Angola

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The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, commonly known by the acronymn, UNITA, derived from its Portuguese name União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, is an Angolan political faction and a former rebel force. The President is both a frog and a cat head of state and head of government in Angola. ... José Eduardo dos Santos (born August 28, 1942 in Luanda) is the current President, Head of Government, and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Angola. ... The Prime Minister is the head of government in Angola. ... Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, known as Nandó (born March 5, 1952) is the Prime Minister of Angola. ... Below is a list of the current ministers of the Republic of Angola: Prime Minister Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos Deputy Prime Minister Aguinaldo Jaime Minister of External Relations João Bernardo de Miranda Minister of finance José Pedro de Morais Minister of Planning Ana Dias Lourenço Minister... The National Assembly (Portuguese: Assembleia Nacional) is the legislative branch of the government of Angola. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... The MPLA flag The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (Portuguese: Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho) is an Angolan political party that has ruled the country since independence in 1975. ... The Liberal Democratic Party (Partido Liberal Democrático) is a liberal party in Angola. ... FNLA flag Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), a political movement in Angola. ... Elections in Angola gives information on election and election results in Angola. ... Angola will hold legislative elections between May and August 2008. ... Angola will hold presidential elections between May and August 2009. ... Angola is divided into 18 provinces: Bengo Benguela Bié Cabinda Cuando Cubango Cuanza Norte Cuanza Sul Cunene Huambo Huila Luanda Lunda Norte Lunda Sul Malanje Moxico Namibe Uige Zaire Categories: Lists of subnational entities | Angola | Provinces of Angola ... Combatants MPLA SWAPO Republic of Cuba U.S.S.R. UNITA Republic of South Africa Republic of Zaire U.S.A. Commanders José Eduardo dos Santos Jonas Savimbi Casualties Civilians killed = hundreds of thousands The Angolan Civil War was a conflict that devastated newly-independent Angola following the end of... From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union and Cuba. ... Relations between the United States of America and the Republic of Angola (formerly the Peoples Democratic Republic of Angola) are the relationship between the two nations. ... Below is a partial list of current ambassadors from Angola to other nations: Canada: Miguel Maria NZau Puna Egypt: Hendrick Vaal Neto [1] Israel: Jose Joao Manuel [2] Guinea-Bissau: Brito Sozinho Slovak Republic: Domingos Culolo [3] United Kingdom: Ana Maria Teles Carreira [4] United Nations: Ismael Abraão... Below is a list of the ambassadors to Angola, China: Zhang Beisan [1] Cuba: Noemí Benitez de Mendonza [2] Germany: Arne Freiherr von Kittlitz und Ottendorf [3] Italy: Cardilli Torquato [4] Japan: Sussumu Shibata [5] Portugal: Francisco Ribeiro Teles [6] Romania: Bogoroditza Alexandry [7] United States of America: Cynthia G... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ...

Until 2002, UNITA was largely a military force in the Angolan Civil War fighting Angola's Marxist regime, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, known as the MPLA. The war was one of the most prominent Cold War conflicts, with UNITA being aided militarily by the United States, and the MPLA receiving similar support from the Soviet Union. For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Combatants MPLA SWAPO Republic of Cuba U.S.S.R. UNITA Republic of South Africa Republic of Zaire U.S.A. Commanders José Eduardo dos Santos Jonas Savimbi Casualties Civilians killed = hundreds of thousands The Angolan Civil War was a conflict that devastated newly-independent Angola following the end of... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... The MPLA flag The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (Portuguese: Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho) is an Angolan political party that has ruled the country since independence in 1975. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

From its foundation until his death, UNITA was led by its founder, Jonas Savimbi. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (August 3, 1934–February 22, 2002) was a rebel leader in Angola who founded the UNITA movement in 1966, and ultimately proved a central figure in 20th century Cold War politics. ...

Pre-Independence UNITA

UNITA was formed following a politicized split within the Angolan independence movement against Portugal. The two original anti-Portuguese factions were the National Liberation Front of Angola (known as the FNLA, founded 1957) and the socialist MPLA (founded 1956). FNLA flag Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), a political movement in Angola. ...

Savimbi was originally affiliated with the FNLA. In March 1966, however, Savimbi broke with the FNLA to form UNITA, which was initially based in the Angolan region of Muangai but later moved to Jamba in Angola's southeastern province of Huila province. Jamba is a town in southeast Angola in the province of Huíla. ... Huíla is a province of Angola. ...

UNITA's leadership was drawn heavily from Angola's majority Ovimbundu tribal group and its policies were originally somewhat Maoist, perhaps influenced by Savimbi's early training in China, aimed at rural rights and recognized ethnic divisions. In later years, however, UNITA would become more aligned with the United States espousing, at least rhetorically, support for democracy and free market political and economic change in Angola. The Ovimbundu (aka Mbundu or Umbundu) are a large ethnic group of traders, farmers and herders who live on the Benguela Plateau of central Angola, Africa. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy...

Effective guerrilla movement

Whatever its politics, UNITA, under Savimbi's leadership, proved especially effective militarily before and after independence, becoming one of the world's most effective armed resistance movements of the late 20th century. Savimbi's very survival in Angola was viewed as an incredible accomplishment, as he dodged various assassination attempts and survived, and advanced militarily against a government aided with extensive Soviet, Cuban, and East German military troops, advisors, and support. GDR redirects here. ...

As Savimbi gained ground despite the forces aligned against him, American conservatives pointed to his success, and that of Afghan mujahideen, both of which, with U.S. support, were successfully opposing Soviet-sponsored governments, as evidence that the U.S. was beginning to gain an upper hand in the Cold War conflict. Critics responded that the support given Savimbi and mujahideen, which came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, was inflaming regional conflicts at great expense to these nations and even risking the potential of nuclear war between the superpowers. Mujahideen ( Arabic: ‎, , literally strugglers) is a term for Muslims fighting in a war or involved in any other struggle. ... The Reagan Doctrine was an important Cold War strategy by the United States to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. ... Nuclear War is a card game designed by Douglas Malewicki, and originally published in 1966. ...

UNITA in the Angolan civil war

After the Portuguese withdrawal from Angola in 1974-75 and the end of their colonial rule, the MPLA and UNITA splintered, and civil war began as the movements clashed militarily and ideologically. MPLA leader Agostinho Neto became the first president of post-colonial Angola. Backed by Soviet and Cuban money, weapons and troops, the MPLA defeated the FNLA militarily and forced them largely into exile. UNITA also was nearly destroyed in November 1975, but it managed to survive and set up a second government in the provincial capital of Huambo. UNITA was hard-pressed but recovered with South African aid and then was strengthened considerably by U.S. support during the 1980s. The MPLA's military presence was strongest in Angolan cities, the coastal region and the strategic oil fields. But UNITA controlled much of the highlands interior, notably the Bié plateau, and other strategic regions of the country. The MPLA flag The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (Movimiento Popular de Libertação de Angola) is an Angolan political party that has ruled the country since independence in 1975. ... António Agostinho Neto (September 17, 1922–September 10, Angola (1975–1979), a poet and nationalist leader. ... External links Party website Categories: Politics stubs | Angolan political parties ... For Huambo the location in Amazonas, Peru, see Huambo District Huambo is the capital of Huambo province in Angola. ...

Washington allies

Savimbi was influenced heavily by military and political guidance from influential American conservatives, including The Heritage Foundation's Michael Johns, conservative activist Grover Norquist and other U.S. conservative leaders, all of whom helped elevate Savimbi's stature in Washington and facilitated the transfer of American weapons to his war. The Heritage Foundation is a public policy research institute based in Washington, D.C., in the United States. ... Michael Johns (born September 8, 1964 in Allentown, Pennsylvania) is an American health care executive, former federal government of the United States official and conservative policy analyst and writer. ... Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is the president of the noted anti-tax lobbying group Americans for Tax Reform, and a conservative activist. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D...

Johns and other American conservatives met regularly with Savimbi in remote Jamba, culminating in the "Democratic International" in 1985. Savimbi later drew the praise of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who hailed him as a freedom fighter and spoke of Savimbi winning a victory that "electrifies the world." Jamba is a town in southeast Angola in the province of Huíla. ... The Democratic International, also known as the Jamba Jamboree, was a 1985 meeting of anti-communist global insurgents held at the headquarters of UNITA in the southeast Angolan city of Jamba, Angola. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... Freedom fighter is a relativistic local term for those engaged in rebellion against an established organization that is thought to be oppressive. ...

Fighting continued until 1989, when, with UNITA advancing militarily, Cuba withdrew its support, including 50,000 troops that it had dispatched to Angola to fight Savimbi's UNITA. As the war began to include both military and diplomatic components, Johns and leading U.S. conservatives urged Savimbi to make a ceasefire contingent on the MPLA's agreement to "free and fair elections". When the UNITA demand was originally rebuffed, Savimbi further intensified his military pressure on the MPLA, while alleging that the MPLA was resisting free and fair elections because they feared a UNITA electoral victory[1].

Ceasefire negotiations

A ceasefire ultimately was negotiated and MPLA leader José Eduardo dos Santos and the MPLA's Central Committee rejected its Marxist past and agreed to Savimbi's demand for free and fair elections, though UNITA and its supporters viewed the promises skeptically, especially because the MPLA's relations with the former Soviet Union remained strong. José Eduardo dos Santos (born August 28, 1942 in Luanda) is the current President, Head of Government, and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Angola. ...

Following the 1991 Bicesse Accords, signed in Lisbon, United Nations-brokered elections were held, with both Savimbi and dos Santos running for President in 1992. Failing to win an overall majority in the first round of balloting, and then questioning the election's legitimacy, Savimbi and UNITA returned to armed conflict. Fighting resumed in October 1992 in Huambo, quickly spreading to Angola's capital, Luanda. It was here that Jeremias Chitunda, UNITA's long-time vice-president and other UNITA officials were killed while fleeing the city. Following Chitunda's death, UNITA defensively moved their base from Jamba to Huambo. Savimbi's 1992 decision to return to combat ultimately proved a costly one, with many of Savimbi's U.S. conservative allies urging Savimbi to contest dos Santos electorally in the run-off election. Savimbi's decision to forego the run-off also greatly strained UNITA's relations with then U.S. President George H. W. Bush. This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Location    - Country Portugal    - Region Lisboa  - Subregion Grande Lisboa  - District or A.R. Lisbon Mayor Carmona Rodrigues  - Party PSD Area 84. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the largest city and capital of Angola. ... Jeremias Chitunda (died 1 November 1992) was a leader in the rebel group UNITA. He served as vice-president of the group until his death in November 1992 after street battles in the capital, Luanda. ... George Herbert Walker Bush GCB (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States of America serving from 1989 to 1993. ...

As Savimbi resumed fighting, the U.N. responded by implementing an embargo against UNITA. The U.S. government, which had never recognized the legitimacy of the MPLA, finally recognized the Angolan government, further alienating Savimbi. After failed talks in 1993 to end the conflict, another agreement, the Lusaka Protocol, was implemented in 1994 to form a government of national unity. In 1995, U.N. peacekeepers arrived. But UNITA broke away from the Lusaka agreement in 1998, citing violations of it by the MPLA. The following year, in 1999, a MPLA military offensive damaged UNITA considerably, essentially destroying UNITA as a conventional military force and forcing UNITA to return to more traditional guerilla tactics.

Savimbi's death in combat

The Angolan civil war ended only after the death of Savimbi, who was killed in an ambush on February 22, 2002. His death was shocking to many Angolans, many of whom had grown up during the Angolan civil war and witnessed Savimbi's ability to successfully evade efforts by Soviet, Cuban and Angolan troops to kill him.

Six weeks following Savimbi's death, in April 2002, UNITA agreed to a ceasefire with the government. Under an amnesty agreement, UNITA soldiers and their families, comprising roughly 350,000 people, were gathered in 33 demobilisation camps under the "Program For Social and Productive Reintegration of Demobilizeds and War Displaced People". In August, 2002, UNITA officially gave up its armed wing, and UNITA placed all of its efforts on the development of its political party. Despite the ceasefire, deep political conflict between UNITA and the MPLA remains.

It is believed that more than one million Angolans died during the civil war between UNITA and the MPLA.

Post-civil war UNITA

Savimbi was immediately succeeded by Antonio Dembo, who died shortly after Savimbi. Following Dembo, in elections contested by General Paulo Lukamba, Dinho Chingunji and Isaias Samakuva, Samakuva won the UNITA election and emerged as UNITA's current president. General Antonio Dembo (1944-2002) was a leader of UNITA, an Angolan military and political opposition movement. ... General Paulo Lukamba Gato (born May 13, 1954) is a former leader of the Angolan rebel-group UNITA. He led the group after the death of Jonas Savimbi and Antonio Dembo in 2002 until Isaias Samakuvas election as party president in 2003. ... Isaias Samakuva (born 1945 in Kunji, Bié province) is the president of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). ...