This article is about the US occupation of the Iraqi city of Fallujah. For the city itself, see Fallujah.

The US occupation of Fallujah began in April 2003, one month following the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Fallujah was one of the most peaceful areas of the country just after the fall of Saddam, and the arrival of US soldiers was received peacefully. However, misteps on both sides caused a spiral of violence, including a siege and two reinvasions of the city by US forces. The city is now largely ruined, with 60% of buildings damaged or destroyed, and a population at 30%-50% of pre-war levels. This article is about the city of Fallujah in Iraq. ... Combatants United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Poland Iraq Commanders Tommy Franks Saddam Hussein Strength 263,000 375,000 Casualties {{{notes}}} The 2003 Invasion of Iraq began on March 20, consisting primarily of United States and United Kingdom forces; 98% of the forces came from these two countries, although numerous other... Saddam Hussein Saddām Hussein ʻAbd al-Majid al-Tikrītī (Often spelt Husayn or Hussain; Arabic صدام حسين عبدالمجيد التكريتي; born April 28, 1937 1) was President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. ...

2003 Invasion of Iraq

Downtown Fallujah, December 2003

Fallujah was one of the most peaceful areas of the country just after the fall of Saddam because the majority of the residents were Sunni and supported Saddam's Rule. There was very little looting and the new mayor of the city — Taha Bidaywi Hamed, selected by local tribal leaders — was staunchly pro-American. When the U.S. Army entered the town in April 2003, they positioned themselves at the vacated Ba'ath Party headquarters — an action that erased some goodwill, especially when many in the city had been hoping the U.S. Army would stay outside of the relatively calm city. A Fallujah Protection Force composed of local Iraqis was set up by the U.S.-led occupants to help fight the rising resistance. Combatants United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Poland Iraq Commanders Tommy Franks Saddam Hussein Strength 263,000 375,000 Casualties {{{notes}}} The 2003 Invasion of Iraq began on March 20, consisting primarily of United States and United Kingdom forces; 98% of the forces came from these two countries, although numerous other... Downtown Fallujah, December 2003 By HHC 505th PIR From http://www. ... Downtown Fallujah, December 2003 By HHC 505th PIR From http://www. ... 2003 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December - → A timeline of events in the news for April 2003. ...

On the evening of April 28, 2003, a crowd of 200 people defied the Coalition curfew and gathered outside a local school to protest the presence of U.S. Coalition forces in the city. This developed into an altercation with U.S. troops in the city in which 15 Iraqi civilians were killed by U.S. gunfire. There were no coalition casualties in the incident. April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Insurgency

Prior to 2004, Fallujah was the most dangerous area for coalition military troops during the occupation of Iraq. Since the occupation began, more than 300 Americans have died in Fallujah — more than any city except Baghdad. This article deals with the post-invasion period in Iraq and its occupation. ... Location of Baghdad within Iraq Baghdad (Arabic: , from Persian بغداد , meaning given by angels) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ...

Instability, March 2003 - March 2004

Approximately one year after the invasion, the city's Iraqi police and Iraqi Civil Defense Corps were unable to establish law and order. Insurgents launched attacks on police stations in the city killing 20 police officers.

Beginning in early March, 2004, the Army's 82nd Airborne Division commanded by Major General Swannack gave a transfer of authority of the Al Anbar Province to the I Marine Expeditionary Force commanded by Lt. General Conway. The 82nd AD policy was to leave Fallujah alone if possible. Al Anbar (Arabic: ) is a province in the nation of Iraq. ... Presumably a USA force ? // Lineage Activated November 8th, 1969 at Okinawa, Japan as the I Marine Expeditionary Force Redesignated August 18th, 1970 as the I Marine Amphibious Force Relocated in April 1971 to Camp Pendleton, California Redesignated February 5th, 1988 as the I Marine Expeditionary Force Recent Service Persian Gulf... James Terry Conway is a Lieutenant General in the United States Marine Corps. ...

On March 29, 2004, several hundred residents protested the US Army's occupation of a school in Fallujah. As reported by the BBC, the US Army attempted to make the crowd disperse with announcements, but failed, and decided to use harsher tactics. The military said the protesters were armed; eyewitnesses said they were not. 17 protesters were killed by the US Army (1st Battalion / 2nd Brigade, 82nd Airborne). Three more protesters were killed in a separate demonstration in front of the Fallujah Baath party headquarters and mayor’s office (which sit next to one another) on March 31 (Fox Troop, 2/3 Cav.). The day following the first incident, the 82nd Airborne was replaced in Fallujah by a battalion sized element of the 3d Cavalry Regiment (2/3 Cav). The 3d. Cavalry Regiment was in control of the entire Al Anbar province at this time and it quickly became evident a larger force was needed. The battalion of the 3rd Cav in Fallujah was replaced by 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division for nearly 2 months before the entire 3rd Infantry Division was finally sent home. 2/3 Cavalry was once again put in control of Fallujah and again was only able to devote one battalion to Fallujah. In September of 2003, 3rd Brigade of the 82nd Airborne was deployed to replace the 3d Cav in Ramadi and Fallujah. The 3rd Cav was then left to control all of the Al Anbar province except for these two cities. The 82nd Airborne would control Fallujah until the Marines replaced both the 82nd and the 3rd Cav in March of 2004. At this point in the war the Marines then controlled the entire Al Anbar province (including Fallujah and Ramadi).

In a highly publicized attack on March 31, 2004, four private military contractors from the U.S. company Blackwater USA were dragged from their vehicle and killed. Their bodies were then mutilated and burned. A crowd of militants and townsfolk, estimated to number over a thousand, beat and dragged the burnt corpses behind automobiles, then hanged the dismembered remains from the girders of Fallujah's bridge over the Euphrates River. These acts were videotaped by journalists and broadcast worldwide. L. Paul Bremer flanked by private military contractors Private military contractors or private military companies (PMCs) are companies that provide logistics, manpower, and other expenditures for a military force. ... Blackwater USA is a United States private military contractor and security firm based in North Carolina. ...

Siege, April 2004

In response to the killing of the four Americans and intense political pressure, the U.S. Marines surrounded the city and attempted to capture the individuals responsible and any others in the region who may be involved in insurgency or terrorist activities. The Iraqi National Guard was supposed to work alongside with the U.S. Marines in the operation, but on the dawn of the invasion they all threw away their uniforms and ran away. The attempt by coalition forces to regain control of Fallujah, Operation Vigilant Resolve, led to about 40 U.S. Marine deaths. Estimates of the number of Iraqi deaths (both insurgents and civilians) in the attack range from 271 (according to Iraqi Ministry of Health officials [1]) to 731 (according to Rafie al-Issawi, the head of the local hospital [2]). The Iraqi National Guard is a military force in Iraq controlled by the interim government. ... Operation Vigilant Resolve was an abortive US operation to retake the Iraqi city of Fallujah during the 2003 occupation of Iraq. ...

The occupying force on April 9 allowed more than 70,000 women, children and elderly residents to leave the besieged city, reportedly also allowing males of military age to leave. On April 10, the U.S. military declared a unilateral truce to allow for humanitarian supplies to enter Fallujah. U.S. troops pulled back to the outskirts of the city; local leaders reciprocated the ceasefire, although lower-level intense fighting on both sides continued. An Iraqi mediation team entered the city in an attempt to set up negotiations between the U.S. and local leaders, but as of April 12 had not been successful. The rebel forces capitalized on this 'ceasefire' to conduct the most aggressive counter-offensive of the cordon. Additionally, numerous weapons were found hidden in the humanitarian supply trucks that were attempting to enter the city. [3]

The ceasefire followed a wave of insurgency across southern Iraq, which included the capture of two American soldiers, seven contract employees of Kellogg, Brown and Root, and more than 50 other workers in Iraq. Several of the prisoners were released within days of their capture, while the majority were executed. Kellogg, Brown and Root is an American engineering and construction company, a private military contractor and a subsidiary of Halliburton. ...

The U.S. forces sought to negotiate a settlement but promised to restart its offensive to retake the city if one was not reached. Military commanders said their goal in the siege was to capture those responsible for the numerous deaths of American and Iraqi security personnel. As the siege continued, even though U.S. Marines were under a unilateral ceasefire, insurgents continued to conduct hit-and-run attacks on U.S. Marine positions.

Truce, May 2004

At the beginning of May, 2004, U.S. Marines announced a ceasefire due to intense political pressure. Roughly one half of Fallujah was under US control at the time of the ceasefire. Most of the fighting was limited to the southern industrial district, which, though occupying a large area, has the lowest population density inside the city limits and the northwest corner of the city in the Jolan district. There were also Marine Battalions in the northeast and southern portion of the city. While both sides began preparations to resume offensives, General Conway took a risk and handed control of the city to a former Iraqi general with roughly 1,000 men who then formed the Fallujah Brigade, acknowledging that many of the people under control of the general were probably insurgents themselves. The general, Major General Muhammed Latif, replaced a U.S. choice, Muhammed Saleh, who was alleged to have been involved in the earlier atrocities against Kurds during the Iran-Iraq war [4]. The cease-fire terms were to give control of Fallujah to General Latif on condition that Fallujah becomes a secure region for coalition forces and halt incoming mortar and rocket attacks on the nearby US bases. Latif's militia wore Iraqi military uniforms from Saddam Hussein's era. Another tenet of the cease-fire was the establishment of a Traffic Control Point (TCP) on the eastern side of the city just west of the cloverleaf. This TCP was constantly manned by a platoon of Marines and a platoon from the Iraqi National Guard and saw almost daily firefights for the rest of the summer. Look up May in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Marine is an umbrella term for things relating to the ocean, as with Marine biology, Marine geology, and as a term for a navy, etc. ... The city of Fallujah was handed over to former Baathist Major General Muhammed Latif, replaced a U.S. choice, Muhammed Saleh, who was discovered to have been involved in the earlier atrocities against Kurds during the Iran-Iraq war. ... France Marines is the name of a commune in the département of Val dOise, France. ... The Iraqi National Guard is a military force in Iraq controlled by the interim government. ...

Inside the city, mosques proclaimed the victory of the insurgents over the United States. Celebratory banners appeared around the city, and the fighters paraded through the town on trucks. Iraqi governing council member Ahmed Chalabi, after a bombing that killed fellow IGC member Izzadine Saleem, blamed the U.S. military's decisions in Fallujah for the attack, stating "The garage is open and car bombs are coming repeatedly." [5] Ahmed Chalabi Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi1 (Arabic: احمد الجلبي) (born October 30, 1944) is a deputy prime minister in Iraq, and currently interim oil minister [1]. Once dubbed the George Washington of Iraq by American Neoconservatives, he has since fallen out of favor and is currently under investigation by several government sources. ... Ezzedine Salim, Arabic عزالدين سليم, also known as Abdelzahra Othman Mohammed (1943 - 17 May 2004), was an Iraqi politician. ...

Fallujah, according to reporters who have visited in mid-Summer, had since become a sort of Islamist mini-state, with Sharia law enforced by mujahedin and warlordism and inter-faction fighting running rampant. [6]. The Fallujah Brigade was soon marginalized and ceased to be more than another faction in what had effectively become a no-go area for Coalition troops. Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Mujahideen (مجاهدين; also transliterated as mujāhidīn, mujahedeen, mujahedin, mujahidin, mujaheddin, etc. ... Warlord is a term that refers to one who has de facto (complete) military control of a subnational area, due to a military force which is personally obedient to that warlord. ...

Counter-insurgency, May - November 2004

Throughout the summer and fall of 2004, the U.S. military conducted sporadic airstrikes on Fallujah, often on residential areas. U.S. forces claimed that these were targeted, intelligence-based strikes against houses used by the group of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, an insurgency leader linked to al-Qaida. Civilians were also killed in these attacks. Counter-insurgency is the combatting of insurgency, by the government (or allies) of the territory in which the insurgency takes place. ... Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in an undated AP photograph. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...

In the first week of Operation Phantom Fury, government spokesman Thair al-Naqeeb said that many of the remaining fighters have asked to surrender and that Iraqi authorities "will extend amnesty" to those who have not committed major crimes. [7] U.S. soldiers from the 1st Cavalry Division prepare to enter and clear a building during fighting in Fallujah. ...

In October and early November, 2004, the U.S. military prepared for a major offensive against the rebel stronghold with stepped up daily aerial attacks using precision-guided munitions [8] against alleged militant "safe houses," restaurants and meeting places in the city. U.S. Marines also engaged in firefights on a daily and nightly basis along the perimeter of the city. There were again conflicting reports of civilian casualties. Look up October in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... BOLT-117 laser guided bomb Precision-guided munitions (smart munitions or smart bombs) are self-guiding weapons intended to maximize damage to the target while minimizing collateral damage. Because the damage effects of an explosive weapon scale as a power law with distance, quite modest improvements in accuracy (and hence...

CNN incorrectly reported on October 14, 2004, that the US offensive assault on Fallujah had begun and broadcast a report from a young Marine outside Fallujah, 1st Lt. Lyle Gilbert, who announced that "troops have crossed the line of departure." Hours later, CNN reported their Pentagon reporters had determined that the assault had not, in fact, begun. The Los Angeles Times reported on December 1, 2004, that, according to several unnamed Pentagon officials, the Marine's announcement was a feint--part of an elaborate "psychological operation" (PSYOP) to determine the Fallujah rebels' reactions if they believed attack was imminent. The Cable News Network, usually referred to as CNN, is a cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld [1] [2] (although the latter is not currently recognized in CNNs official history). ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the western United States. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Psychological Operations or PSYOP or PSYOPS are planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to specific audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. ...

On November 7, 2004, the Iraq interim government declared a 60 day state of emergency in preparation for the assault, as insurgents carried out several car bomb attacks in the Fallujah area which killed Iraqi army and police, U.S. soldiers and Iraqi civilians. The next day Prime Minister Iyad Allawi publicly authorized an offensive in Fallujah and Ramadi to "liberate the people" and "clean Fallujah from the terrorists". U.S. Marines and allied Iraqi soldiers stormed into Fallujah's western outskirts, secured two bridges across the Euphrates, seized a hospital on the outskirts of the city and arrested about 50 men in the hospital. About half the arrested men were later released. A hospital doctor reported that 15 Iraqis were killed and 20 wounded during the overnight incursions. The US armed forces have designated the offensive as Operation Phantom Fury. November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Iraqi Interim Government was created by the United States and its coalition allies as a caretaker government to govern Iraq until elections are conducted on January 30th, 2005. ... ... Iyad Allawi Dr. Iyad Allawi (Arabic: ) (born 1945) is an Iraqi politician, and was the interim Prime Minister of Iraq prior to Iraqs 2005 legislative elections. ... Ramădī (الرمادي) is a city in central Iraq, about 100 kilometers west of Baghdad. ... Terrorism is the unconventional use of violence for political gain. ... U.S. soldiers from the 1st Cavalry Division prepare to enter and clear a building during fighting in Fallujah. ...

US-Iraqi offensive of Nov 8 2004

See Operation Phantom Fury U.S. soldiers from the 1st Cavalry Division prepare to enter and clear a building during fighting in Fallujah. ...

Journalists embedded with US military units, although limited in what they may report in order to protect the troops, have reported the following:

• On November 8, 2004, a force of over 6,000+- U.S. and 1300+- Iraqi troops began a concentrated assault on Fallujah with air strikes, artillery, armor, and infantry. They seized the rail yards North of the city, and pushed into the city simultaneously from the North, West and Southeast, taking control of the volatile Jolan and Askari districts. Rebel resistance was not as strong as expected, although some rebels fought very hard as they fell back. By nightfall on November 9, 2004, the U.S. troops had reached the heart of the city. U.S. military officials stated that 1,000 to 6,000 insurgents were believed to be in the city, but they did not appear to be well-organized, and fought in small groups, of three to 25. Many insurgents were believed to have slipped away amid widespread reports that the U.S. offensive was coming. During the assault, U.S. and Iraqi soldiers endured sniper fire and destroyed booby traps, but not as many as anticipated. Ten U.S. troops were killed in the fighting and 22 wounded in the first two days of fighting. Insurgent casualty numbers were estimated at 85 to 90 killed or wounded. Several more days of fighting were anticipated as U.S. and Iraqi troops conducted house-to-house searches for weapons, booby traps, and insurgents.

• November 10, 2004 reports by the Washington Post suggest that US armed forces used white phosphorus grenades and/or artillery shells, creating walls of fire in the city. Doctors working inside Fallujah report seeing melted corpses of suspected insurgents.[9] The use of WP ammunition was confirmed from various independent sources, including US troops who had suffered WP burns due to 'friendly fire'. On November 16, 2005 The Independent reported that Pentagon spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Barry Venable "disclosed that (white phosphorus) had been used to dislodge enemy fighters from entrenched positions in the city"..."We use them primarily as obscurants, for smokescreens or target marking in some cases. However it is an incendiary weapon and may be used against enemy combatants." [10] But a day before, Robert Tuttle the US ambassador to London denied that white phosphorus was deployed as a weapon: "US forces do not use napalm or white phosphorus as weapons." [11] [12]

• On November 13, 2004 a Red Crescent convoy containing humanitarian aid was delayed from entering Fallujah by the U.S. army.

• On November 13, 2004, a U.S. Marine was videotaped shooting a wounded, unarmed alleged insurgent to death in a mosque. The incident, which came under investigation, created controversy throughout the world. [13] On November 10, the shooting of a wounded rebel fighter by an US Marine was also caught on video; due to this person being hidden behind a door, it could not be determined if it had posed any threat at the time, though circumstances suggest that he was incapable of further hostile action. The Marine involved in the November 13th incident was acquitted of the charge of manslaughter in May 2005 on grounds that he had reason to believe the man was armed.

• Some of the tactics said to be used by the insurgents included playing dead and attacking, surrendering and attacking, and rigging dead or wounded with bombs. In the November 13th incident mentioned above, the US Marine apparently believed the insurgent was playing dead.

• Of the 100 mosques in the city, about 60 were used as fighting positions by the insurgents. The US and Iraqi military swept through all mosques used as fighting positions, destroying them, leading to great resentment from local residents.

• As of November 18, 2004, the US military reported 1200 insurgents killed and 1000 captured. US casualties were 51 killed and 425 wounded, and the Iraqi forces lost 8 killed and 43 wounded. [14]

• On December 2, 2004, the US death toll in Fallujah operation reached 71 killed. [15]

This article is about the military applications of white phosphorus. ... The Independent is a British compact newspaper published by Tony OReillys Independent News & Media. ... This article is about the military applications of white phosphorus. ... This article is about the military applications of white phosphorus. ... November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... November 18 is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years), with 43 remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Aftermath

Residents were allowed to return to the city in mid-December after undergoing biometric identification, provided they wear their ID cards all the time. US officials report that "more than half of Fallujah's 39,000 homes were damaged, and about 10,000 of those were destroyed" while compensation amounts to 20 percent of the value of damaged houses, with an estimated 32,000 homeowners eligible, according to Marine Lt. Col. William Brown [16]. According to the NBC [17], 9,000 homes were destroyed, thousands more were damaged and of the 32,000 compensation claims only 2,500 have been paid as of April 14, 2005. According to Mike Marqusee of Iraq Occupation Focus writing in the Guardian [18], "Falluja's compensation commissioner has reported that 36,000 of the city's 50,000 homes were destroyed, along with 60 schools and 65 mosques and shrines". Reconstruction is only progressing slowly and mainly consists of clearing rubble from heavily-damaged areas and reestablishing basic utility services. This is also due to the fact that only 10% of the pre-offensive inhabitants had returned as of mid-January, and only 30% as of the end of March 2005 [19]. At Disney World, biometric measurements are taken of the fingers of multi-day pass users to ensure that the pass is used by the same person from day to day. ...

Pre-offensive inhabitant figures are unreliable; the nominal population was assumed to have been 200-350,000. Thus, over 150,000 individuals are still living as IDPs in harsh conditions in tent cities outside Fallujah or elsewhere in Iraq. Tailor in Labuje IDP camp in Uganda An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as natural or man-made disasters, including religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border. ...

Since the US military operation of November 2004, the number of insurgent attacks has gradually increased in and around the city, and although news reports are often few and far between, several reports of IED attacks on Iraqi troops have been reported in the press. Most notable of these attacks, was a suicide car bomb attack on June 23 2005 on a convoy that killed 6 Marines. Thirteen other Marines were injured in the attack.

See also

• Mark 77 bomb, also controversial in its usage in Falluja by US forces

The Mark 77 bomb (MK-77) is a US 750-lb (340-kg) air-dropped incendiary bomb carrying 110 gallons (415 litres) of a fuel gel mix which is the direct successor to napalm. ...

External links

• US forces 'used chemical weapons' during assault on city of Fallujah - The Independent, (8 November 2005)
• Fallujah - The Day After: Video of devastation of Fallujah from Diario (27 May 2005)
• Iraq Through the Eyes of Unemebedded, Independent Journalist Dahr Jamail interview with Dahr Jamail - Democracy Now! (28 April 2005)
• This is our Guernica - by Jonathan Steele and Dahr Jamail, The Guardian (27 April 2005)
• Remembering the First Siege of Fallujah by Omar Khan, DahrJamailIraq.com (15 February 2005)
• Falluja in 2004 - Al Jazeera (6 February 2005)
• Fallujah: The Real Fall special report on Fallujah since November 2004 - Channel 4 (11 January 2005)
• Falluja: City with history of rebellion - BBC News (23 December 2004)
• Raw Video Footage of U.S. Offensive in Fallujah large archive of news network footage and unofficial footage collected by Geoffrey Huntley - fallujah.us
• Zarqawi's city of death - Washington Times (29 November 2004)
• Two locals were core of Fallujah insurgency - Associated Press (24 November 2004)
• Fallujah's real boss: Omar the electrician - by Hannah Allam, Knight Ridder (22 November 2004)
• Telling the Fallujah Story to the World - Military.com (20 November 2004)
• Fallujah yields up weapons, videos - Christian Science Monitor (19 November 2004)
• Secret Iraqi prisons found - edited by Andrea Botha, Agence France-Presse (17 November 2004)
• Letter from Fallujah to Kofi Annan signed by Al-Fallujah Shura Council, a council of insurgent organizations; and by others
• The 2004 Siege of Fallujah - An interactive guide - The Guardian
• Mujahidin terrorised Fallujah, residents say - The Times (15 November 2004)
• First-hand narrative accounts on April 11 and April 17, 2004 from Fallujah - by Jo Wilding, a British peace activist, wildfirejo.org.uk (April, 2004)
• Archive of the Iraq Dispatches (by Dahr Jamail, an unembedded and independent journalist) - DahrJamailIraq.com
• Fallujah - City in chaos - CBC News (2 April 2004)
• Sigfrido Ranucci: La strage nascosta documentary of the use of phosphorus against Fallujah (RAI; film in Italian, English and Arabic)
• U.S. Broadcast Exclusive - "Fallujah: The Hidden Massacre" on the U.S. Use of Napalm-Like White Phosphorus Bombs "interviews with U.S. soldiers, Iraqi doctors and international journalists on the U.S. attack on Fallujah" (Democracy Now, 08 November 2005)
• US 'uses incendiary arms' in Iraq "Italian state TV, Rai, has broadcast a documentary accusing the US military of using white phosphorus bombs against civilians in the Iraqi city of Falluja." (BBC, 08 November 2005)