Ukhaatu Khan (Classical Mongolian: Uqaɤatu qaɤan; Khalkha Mongolian: Ухаант хаан Uhaant haan), born Toghun Temür, was the fifteenth grand-khan of the Mongol Empire (Dai-ön Ulus/Yuan Dynasty). During his reign, the empire lost China to the Ming Dynasty. Events January 20 - Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland April 6 - The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath. ... Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... Borjigin was the family name of Genghis Khan and his successors. ... Events End of the Kamakura period and beginning of the Kemmu restoration in Japan. ... Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ... Temple names (廟號 or less commonly 庙號 Pinyin: miào hào;), are commonly used when naming most Chinese and certain Korean rulers. ... A posthumous name (諡號/謚號 Pinyin: shì hào; Romaji: shigō/tsuigō; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... A posthumous name (諡號/謚號 Pinyin: shì hào; Romaji: shigō/tsuigō; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... Events End of the Kamakura period and beginning of the Kemmu restoration in Japan. ... Events End of the Kamakura period and beginning of the Kemmu restoration in Japan. ... Events Abu Said dies and the Ilkhan khanate ends Slavery abolished in Sweden Charles I of Hungary allies with Poland against the Hapsburgs and Bohemians Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. ... Events Abu Said dies and the Ilkhan khanate ends Slavery abolished in Sweden Charles I of Hungary allies with Poland against the Hapsburgs and Bohemians Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. ... Events January 26 - King France June 24 - The Battle of Sluys is fought between the naval fleets of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. ... Events Petrarch becomes famous Beginning of the Breton War of Succession over the control of the Duchy of Brittany Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expells her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ... The Ming Dynasty (Chinese: 明朝; Pinyin: míng cháo) was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, though claims to the Ming throne (now collectively called the Southern Ming) survived until 1662. ...

Before succession

Toghun Temür was born to Kuśala when he stayed Central Asia in evacuation. Toghun Temür's mother was a daugher of the chief of the Turkic Qarluq tribe, whose rank was not high in the court. Khutughtu Khan (Classical Mongolian: Qutuɤtu qaɤan; Khalkha Mongolian: Хутагт хаан Hutagt haan), born Kuśala (Qošila, Küsala, Küsele, Хѳслэн Höslen), was the 12nd grand-khan of the Mongol Empire (Dai-ön Ulus/Yuan Dynasty). ... Map of Central Asia outlined in orange showing one set of possible borders Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ... The Qarluq (Karluk) were originally a nomadic turkic tribe based on the transoxania steppes (roughly east and south of the Aral Sea) in Central Asia. ...

Following the civil war broke out after Yesün Temür Khan's death in 1328, he attended his father Kuśala and entered Shangdu via Mongolia. But after Kuśala died and Kuśala's younger brother Tugh Temür was restored to the throne, he was kept from the court. He was banished to Goryeo and then to Guangxi. Yesün Temür Khan (Classical Mongolian: Yesün temür qaɤan; Khalkha Mongolian: Есѳнтѳмѳр хаан Yösöntömör haan) was the tenth grand-khan of the Mongol Empire (Dai-ön Ulus/Yuan Dynasty) who reigned from 1323 to 1328. ... Jayaatu Khan (Classical Mongolian: Jayaɤatu qaɤan; Khalkha Mongolian: Заяат хаан Zayaat haan), born Tugh Temür, was the 11th and 13th grand-khan of the Mongol Empire (Dai-ön Ulus/Yuan Dynasty). ... The Goryeo (also Koryo) kingdom ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ...

In 1332 when Tugh Temür died, his widow Budashiri Khatun respected his will to make Kuśala's son succeed the throne instead of his son El Tegüs. But it was not Toghun Temür but his yonger brother Rinchinbal who became the grand-khan. Rinchinbal died in two month, and the de facto ruler El Temür attempted to install El Tegüs again, but it was rejected by Budashiri. As a result, Toghun Temür was summoned back from Guangxi. This article needs cleanup. ...

El Temür feared that Toghun Temür, who was too mature to be a puppet, would take against him since he was suspected of the assassination on Toghun Temür's father Kuśala. The enthronement of Toghun Temür was postponed for six months by El Temür. He managed to succeed to the throne in 1333 when El Temür died.

Struggles during the early reign

Toghun Temür appointed his nephew El Tegüs as Crown Prince, and was in ward to El Tegüs's mother Budashiri. But he was controlled by warlords even after El Temür's death. Among them, Bayan became as powerful as El Temür had been. He served as minister of the Secretariat and crushed a rebellion by El Temür's son.

As he was grew, he came to disfavor Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied Bayan's nephew Toghtogha, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. He also kicked El Tegüs and Budashiri out of the court. He managed to purge officials that had dominated the administration, but it only resulted in another dictatorship, that of Toghtogha and his father Majartai. In 1347 he drove them into Gangsu with assistance from former officers of Kuśala and Yesün Temür. But he called Toghtogha back in 1349. All he could do was to back up one side of warlords over power. Yesün Temür Khan (Classical Mongolian: Yesün temür qaɤan; Khalkha Mongolian: Есѳнтѳмѳр хаан Yösöntömör haan) was the tenth grand-khan of the Mongol Empire (Dai-ön Ulus/Yuan Dynasty) who reigned from 1323 to 1328. ...

While the central government waged endless power struggles, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters; droughts, floods and the ensuing famines. The government's lack of policy led to a loss of the support from people. Illicit salt dealers who were disaffected with the government's salt monopoly raised a rebellion in 1348. It triggered many revolts around the empire. Among them, the Red Turban Rebellion, which started in 1351, grew into a nationwide turmoil.

Disorder during the late reign

In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. It resulted in Toghun Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military.

He gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene political struggles. His son Ayushiridar, who became Crown Prince in 1353, attempted to seize power and came to conflict with Toghun Temür's aides who dominated politics instead of the khan. Toghun Temür was unable to conciliate the dispute. In 1364 the Shangxi-based warlord Bolad Temür occupied Dadu and expelled the Crown Prince from the winter base. In alliance with the Henan-based warlord Köke Temür, Ayushiridar defeated Bolad Temür in the next year. This internal struggle resulted in further weakening of political and military power of the central government. Khanbaliq or Cambuluc (great residence of the khan) is the ancient Mongol name for Beijing, the current capital of China. ... Köke Temür (Classical Mongolian: köke temür, Khalkha Mongolian: Хѳхтѳмѳр Höhtömör; ?-1375) was an Uyghur general of the Yuan Dynasty (and the Northern Yuan). ...

Retreat to the north

Unifying rebel groups in Southern China and establishing the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang conducted military expeditions to Northern China and defeated the Yuan army in 1368. When Köke Temür lost battles against Ming General Xu Da and the Ming troops approached Hebei, Toghun Temür gave up Dadu and fled to the summer base Shangdu. The Ming Dynasty (Chinese: 明朝; Pinyin: míng cháo) was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, though claims to the Ming throne (now collectively called the Southern Ming) survived until 1662. ... The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ...

In 1369 when Shangdu also fell under the Ming's occupation, Toghun Temür fled northward to Yingchang-fu, which was located in southern Mongolia. He died there in 1370 and his son Ayushiridara succeeded to the throne.

At the time of his death, the Mongolia-based empire maintained its influence, stretching the domination from the Sea of Japan to Altai Mountains. There were also pro-Mongol, anti-Ming forces in Gangsu and Yunnan. Even though its control over China had not been stable yet, the Ming considered that the Yuan lost the Mandate of Heaven when it abandoned Dadu, and that the Yuan was overthrown in 1368. The Chinese did not treat Toghun Temür after 1368 and his successor Ayushiridar as emperors. The Sea of Japan, known as the East Sea in South Korea, the East Sea of Korea in North Korea, and the Japan Sea in China, is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bound by the Japanese islands of Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu and Sakhalin island to the... For the republic in Russia, see Altai Republic. ... The Mandate of Heaven (天命 Pinyin: Tiānmìng) was a Chinese concept used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty and later the Emperors of China. ...

The Ming gave Toghun Temür the posthumous name Shundi, which implied that he followed the Mandate of Heaven ceded emperorship to the Ming. But the Yuan gave their own temple name Huizong to him. Actually, even after Toghun Temür, Chinggisid khans ruled Mongolia and claimed succession to the Mongol Empire. Historians called the Yuan Dynasty after Toghun Temür the Northern Yuan. The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝) (1271-1368), also called the Mongol Dynasty, was a significant ruling family in Asia. ...

Legacy

Mongolian chronicles such as the Erdeni-yin tobchi include a poem known as the Lament of Toghun Temür. It deals with his grieving after the loss of Dadu.

This article needs cleanup. ... Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire Chinggis Khan (1206-1227) Tolui (regent) (1227-1229) Ögedei Khan (1229-1241) Töregene Khatun (regent) (1241-1246) Güyük Khan (1246-1248) Oghul Ghaymish (regent) (1248-1251) Möngke Khan (1251-1259) Kubilai Khan (1260-1294) Yuan Dynasty The Mongols under Kubilai who fully conquered China... Biligtü Khan, born Ayushiridara (temple name: 昭宗 Zhaozong; r. ... The king or wang (王 wang2) was the Chinese head of state from the Zhou to Qin dynasties. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ... The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ...