Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer.

An ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is an open sore of the skin, eyes or mucous membrane, often caused, but not exclusively, by an initial abrasion and generally maintained by an inflammation, an infection, and/or medical conditions which impede healing. In other words, it is a macroscopic discontinuity of the normal epithelium (microscopic discontinuity of epithelium is called erosion). Other causes of skin ulcerations include pressure from various sources and venous insufficiency. Image File history File links Am_ulcer. ... Image File history File links Am_ulcer. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Sore can be: a synonym of pain a synonym of angry a small wound, usually open from skin infection. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ... This article refers to the sight organ. ... Types of epithelium In biology and medicine, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ... Abrasion on the palm of a right hand, shortly after falling Abrasions on elbow and lower arm, still healing. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... Types of epithelium In biology and medicine, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ...

Ulcers are healing wounds that develop on the skin, mucous membranes or eye. Although they have many causes, they are marked by:

1. Loss of integrity of the area
2. Secondary infection of the site by bacteria, fungus or virus
3. Generalized weakness of the patient
4. Delayed healing

Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... Subkingdom/Phyla Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Dikarya (inc. ... This article is about biological infectious particles. ... Weakness is the inability to exert force with ones muscles to the degree that would be expected given the individuals general physical condition. ... For the Todd Rundgren album, see Healing (Todd Rundgren). ...

Ulcer classification schemes

Example of a skin ulcer on the left leg

The skin is the largest organ of the human body. Classification systems are used to communicate the severity and depth of an ulcer. It is an easy way to communicate changes for the better, or worse. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ...

Merck Manual classification

• Stage 1: *The skin is red. The underlying tissue is soft. The redness disappears with minor pressure.
• Stage 2: There is redness, swelling and hardening of the skin around the area. Sometimes there is blistering. Sometimes there is loss of the superficial skin.
• Stage 3: The skin becomes necrotic. There may be exposure of the fat beneath the skin. The skin may be lost through all its layers. DAR I'M A FUCKING RETARD!!!!!!!
• Stage 4: There is more loss of fat and more necrosis of the skin through to the muscle beneath.
• Stage 5: Continuing loss of fat and necrosis of muscle below.
• Stage 6: Bone destruction begins with irritation of the bone, erosion of the bone cortex progressing to osteomyelitis. There may be sepsis of a joint, pathologic fracture or generalized body infection, septicemia.

Edema (BE: oedema, formerly known as dropsy) is swelling of any organ or tissue due to accumulation of excess fluid. ... Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. ... For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle (from Latin musculus little mouse [1]) is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone, usually caused by pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteria. ... Sepsis (in Greek Σήψις, putrefaction) is a serious medical condition, resulting from the immune response to a severe infection. ...

National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP)

This staging system for rating ulcers, is designed to rate the severity of pressure ulcers

• Stage 1 - There is erythema of intact skin which does not blanch with pressure. It may be the heralding lesion of skin ulceration.
• Stage 2 - There is partial skin loss involving the epidermis, dermis, or both. The ulcer is superficial and presents as an abrasion, blister, or wound with a shallow center.
• Stage 3 - This is an entire thickness skin loss. It may involve damage to or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to, but not through, the underlying fascia. The ulcer presents as a deep crater with or without undermining of adjacent intact tissues.
• Stage 4 - Here there is entire thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures. Tendons, and joints may also be exposed or involved. There may be undermining and/or sinus tracts associated with ulcers at this stage.

Erythema is an abnormal redness of the skin caused by capillary congestion. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with skin. ... The dermis is a layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. ... Abrasion on the palm of a right hand, shortly after falling Abrasions on elbow and lower arm, still healing. ... For the packaging type, see Blister pack. ... A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and is built to withstand tension. ... This article is about a joint in zootomical anatomy. ...

Wagner's classification

This classification system is intended to rate the severity of diabetic foot ulcerations

• Grade 0 - Skin with prior healed ulcer scars, areas of pressure which are sometimes called pre-ulcerative lesion or the presence of bony deformity which puts pressure on an unguarded point.
• Grade 1-A - The wound is superficial in nature, with partial or full-thickness skin involvement but does not include tendon, capsule or bone.
• Grade 1-B - As above, the wound is superficial in nature, with partial or full thickness skin involvement but not including tendon, capsule nor bone; however the wound is infected. The definition of this wound implies superficial infection without involvement of underlying structures. If the wound shows signs of significant purulence or fluctuance, further exploration to expose a higher grade classification of infection is in order.
• Grade 1-C - As above but with vascular compromise.
• Grade 1-D - As above but with ischemia. Because ischemia is a type of vascular compromise, the distinction between these two grades is often difficult to make.
• Grade 2-A - Penetration through the subcutaneous tissue exposing tendon or ligament, but not bone.
• Grade 2-B - Penetration through the deep tissues including tendon or ligament and even joint capsule but not bone.
• Grade 2-C - As above 2B, but including ischemia
• Grade 2-D - As above 2C, but including infection
• Grade 3-A - A wound which probes to bone but shows no signs of local infection nor systemic infection.
• Grade 3-B - A wound which probes to bone and is infected.
• Grade 3-C - A wound which probes to bone is infected and is ischemic.
• Grade 3-D - A wound which probes to bone characterized by active infection, ischemic tissues and exposed bone.
• Grade 4 - Gangrene of the forefoot
• Grade 5 - Gangrene of the entire foot

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... In medicine, ischemia (Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply, generally due to factors in the blood vessels, with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue. ... The subcutis is the layer of tissue directly underlying the cutis. ... A ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue composed mainly of long, stringy collagen fibres. ... The joint capsules or articular capsules form complete envelopes for the freely movable bone joints. ... In medicine, ischemia (Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply, generally due to factors in the blood vessels, with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue. ... Gangrene is necrosis and subsequent decay of body tissues caused by infection or thrombosis or lack of blood flow. ... Gangrene is necrosis and subsequent decay of body tissues caused by infection or thrombosis or lack of blood flow. ...

University of Texas classification of diabetic ulcer

Classification on table system^[1]

Other locations

1. Inferior members: most ulcers of the foot and leg are caused by underlying vascular insufficiency. The skin breaks down or fails to heal because of repeated trauma. Pressure of the nail can cause subungual ulceration. These are most frequently seen in diabetics who have a very low potential to heal from injury.

1. Sacrum and ischium
2. Mouth ulcer
3. Peptic ulcers: This includes ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine
4. Genitalia: May be penile, vulvar or labial. Most often are due to sexually transmitted diseases
5. Eyes: corneal ulcers are the most common type. Conjunctival ulcers also occur.

In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ... Anatomy In anatomy, a nail is a horn-like piece at the end of a humans or an animals finger or toe. ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... Mouth ulcer on the lower lip A mouth ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is the name for the appearance of an open sore inside the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane or the epithelium on the lips or surrounding the mouth. ... A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. ... The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine (or colon). ... The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ... The external genital organs of the female are collectively known as the vulva (plural vulvae, vulvas)[1] or genitalia feminina externa[2]. In common speech, the term vagina is often used improperly to refer to the vulva or female genitals generally, even though, strictly speaking, the vagina is a specific... Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), are diseases that are commonly transmitted between partners through some form of sexual activity, most commonly vaginal intercourse, oral sex, or anal sex. ... A corneal ulcer is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. ...

Pathology of ulceration

Causes

The most common causes (not in order) are:

• Bacterial infection
• Viral infection
• Fungal infection
• Cancer - both 'primary' and 'secondary'
• Venous stasis
• Arterial Insufficiency
• Diabetes
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Amyloidosis
• Loss of mobility
• Hypertension
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ... Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ... toes infection brown with white markings ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is traditionally considered a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. ... For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ... Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD; or GORD when spelling Å“sophageal, the BrE form) is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus[1]. This is commonly due to transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. ...

Types

Some specific types of ulcers are:

• Peptic ulcer (of the stomach, esophageal cardium or duodenum)
• Mouth ulcer
• Pressure ulcer (decubitus)
• Crural ulcer (due to venous insufficiency or other causes)
• Hunner's ulcer (of the bladder caused by Interstitial Cystitis)
• Ulcerative colitis (of the colon)
• Curling's ulcer
• Cushing ulcer
• Arterial insufficiency ulcer
• Venous insufficiency ulcer
• Diabetic foot ulcer
• Corneal ulcer

A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... Mouth ulcer on the lower lip A mouth ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is the name for the appearance of an open sore inside the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane or the epithelium on the lips or surrounding the mouth. ... Bedsores, also called pressure sores or decubitus ulcers, are ulcers (sores) caused by prolonged pressure or rubbing on vulnerable areas of the body. ... In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. ... Curlings ulcer is an acute peptic ulcer of the duodenum resulting as a complication from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to sloughing of the gastric mucosa. ... A Cushing ulcer is a gastric ulcer produced by elevated intracranial pressure. ...

References

1. ^ http://www.podomedic.it/modules/news/article.php?storyid=108