Ulfilas or Wulfila (meaning "little wolf")^[1] (ca. 310 – 383), bishop, missionary, and bible translator, was a Goth or half-Goth who had spent time inside the Roman Empire at the peak of the Arian controversy. Ulfilas was ordained a bishop by Eusebius of Nicomedia and returned to his people to work as a missionary. To escape religious persecution by Gothic chief Athanaric,^{[citation needed]} he obtained permission from Constantius II to immigrate with his flock of converts to Moesia and settle near Nicopolis ad Istrum, in what is now northern Bulgaria. There, Ulfilas translated the Bible from Greek into the Gothic language. For this he devised the Gothic alphabet.^[2] Fragments of his translation have survived, including the Codex Argenteus, in the University Library of Uppsala. Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Auxentius of Durostorum and Milan aka Mercurinus was the foster-son of Ulfilas (Wulfila), the apostle to the Goths. ... Events While Constantine was campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempted to make himself emperor at Arles. ... Events By Place Roman Empire January 19 - Arcadius is elevated to Emperor. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      This article... For other uses, see Missionary (disambiguation). ... Look up Translator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... The Arian controversy describes several controversies which divided the Christian church from before the Council of Nicaea in 325 to after the Council of Constantinople in 383. ... Eusebius of Nicomedia and Constantinople, (d. ... Athanaricus[1] (died 381) was king of several branches of the Thervings for at least two decades in the fourth century. ... Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Moesia (Greek: , Moisia; Bulgarian: Мизия, Miziya; Serbian: Мезија, Mezija) is an ancient province situated in the areas of modern Serbia and Bulgaria. ... Nicopolis ad Istrum was a Roman and Early Byzantine town founded by Emperor Trajan around 101-106, the ruins of which are located at Nikyup, 20 km north of Veliko Tarnovo in northern Bulgaria. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ...   The Gothic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system attributed by Philostorgius to Wulfila, used exclusively for writing the ancient Gothic language. ... first page of the Codex Argenteus The Codex Argenteus (or Silver Bible) is a 6th century manuscript, originally containing bishop Ulfilass 4th century translation of the bible into the Gothic language. ... Uppsala (older spelling Upsala) is a city in central Sweden, located about 70 km north of Stockholm. ...

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Ulfilas converted many among the Goths, preaching an Arian Christianity, which, when they reached the western Mediterranean, set them apart from their overwhelmingly^{[citation needed]} "orthodox" (i.e. Trinitarian) neighbors and subjects. St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once, also includes the practice of converting pagan practices, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Athanasius · Augustine · Constantine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas Arminius · Calvin · Luther · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box... The adjective trinitarian is used in several senses: Ideas or things pertaining to the Holy Trinity A person or group adhering to the doctrine of Trinitarianism, which holds God to subsist in the form of the Holy Trinity The Trinitarian Order is a Catholic monastic order founded in 1198 by...

Historical sources

There are five primary sources for the study of Ulfilas's life. Two are by Arian authors, three by Trinitarians.^[3]

• Arian sources
  • Life of Ulphilas in the Letter of Auxentius
  • Remaining fragments of Historia Ecclesiastica by Philostorgius
• Trinitarian sources
  • Historia Ecclesiastica by Sozomen
  • Historia Ecclesiastica by Socrates Scholasticus
  • Historia Ecclesiastica by Theodoret

There are significant differences between the stories presented by the two camps. The Arian sources depict Ulfilas as an Arian from childhood. He was then consecrated as a bishop around 340 and evangelized among the Goths for 7 years during the 340s. He then moved to Moesia (within the Roman Empire) under the protection of the Arian Emperor Constantius II. He later attended several councils and engaged in continuing religious debate. They date his death in 383. Auxentius of Durostorum and Milan aka Mercurinus was the foster-son of Ulfilas (Wulfila), the apostle to the Goths. ... Philostorgius (364?-?) was a scholar who subscribed to Arianism, a heresy that questioned the Trinitarian account of the relationship between God the Father and Christ. ... Salminius Hermias Sozomen (c. ... Socrates Scholasticus was a Greek Christian church historian; born at Constantinople c. ... Theodoret (393 – c. ... Moesia (Greek: , Moisia; Bulgarian: Мизия, Miziya; Serbian: Мезија, Mezija) is an ancient province situated in the areas of modern Serbia and Bulgaria. ... Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty. ...

The accounts by the Trinitarian historians differ in several details, but the general picture is similar. According to them, Ulfilas was an orthodox Christian for most of his early life. He was only converted to Arianism somewhere around 360, and then only because of political pressure from the pro-Arian ecclesiastical and governmental powers. The sources differ in how much they credit Ulfilas with the conversion of the Goths. Socrates Scholasticus gives Ulfilas a minor role, and instead attributes the mass conversion to the Gothic chieftain Fritigern, who adopted Arianism out of gratitude for the military support of the Arian emperor. Sozomen attributes the mass conversion primarily to Ulfilas, though he also acknowledges the role of Fritigern. Frithugairns (Gothic for desiring peace) or Fritigern (died ca. ...

For several reasons, modern scholars depend more heavily on the Arian accounts than the Trinitarian accounts. Auxentius was clearly the closest to Ulfilas, and so presumably had access to more reliable information. The Trinitarian accounts differ too widely among themselves to present a unified case. Debate continues as to the best reconstruction of Ulfilas's life.

The Creed of Ulfilas

Representation of Ulfilas surrounded by the Gothic alphabet

Part of a series of articles on Arianism

History and Theology Arianism · Arius Acacians · Anomoeanism Arian controversy First Council of Nicaea Gothic Christianity The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ... The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ...   The Gothic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system attributed by Philostorgius to Wulfila, used exclusively for writing the ancient Gothic language. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Athanasius · Augustine · Constantine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas Arminius · Calvin · Luther · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box... Image File history File links Christian_cross_trans. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Athanasius · Augustine · Constantine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas Arminius · Calvin · Luther · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box... Arius (AD/CE 256 - 336, poss. ... The Acacians, also known as the Homoeans, were an Arian sect which first emerged into distinctness as an ecclesiastical party some time before the convocation of the joint synods of Ariminum (Rimini) and Seleucia in 359. ... In 4th century Christianity, the AnomÅ“ans, also known as Anomeans, Heterousians, Aetians, or Eunomians, were a sect of Arians who asserted that Jesus Christ (the Son) was of a different nature and in no way like to that of God (the Father). ... The Arian controversy describes several controversies which divided the Christian church from before the Council of Nicaea in 325 to after the Council of Constantinople in 383. ... The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day Iznik in Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first Ecumenical council[1] of the early Christian Church, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. ... queth queth ... Predecessors Lucian of Antioch According to a tradition preserved by Suidas (s. ... Arian leaders Acacius of Caesarea Aëtius Demophilus of Constantinople Eudoxius of Antioch Eunomius of Cyzicus Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Nicomedia Eustathius of Sebaste George of Laodicea Ulfilas Arian may refer to: Arian, being well endowed. ... Acacius of Caesarea, the One-eyed (Gk. ... Aëtius of Antioch (Aëtius Antiochenus, flourished 350), surnamed the Atheist, founder of an extreme sect of Arians, was a native of Coele-Syria. ... Demophilus (d. ... Eudoxius (d. ... Eunomius (died c. ... Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Caesarea (c. ... Eusebius of Nicomedia and Constantinople, (d. ... Eustathius, was bishop of Sebastia in Armenia. ... George of Laodicea, (b. ... Other Arians Artemius, Asterius the Sophist Auxentius of Milan Auxentius of Durostorum Constantius II Wereka and Batwin Fritigern Alaric I Odoacer Theodoric the Great Artemius of Antioch (d. ... Asterius the Sophist (died c. ... For the other Arian bishop Auxentius in Milan, see Auxentius of Durostorum. ... Auxentius of Durostorum and Milan aka Mercurinus was the foster-son of Ulfilas (Wulfila), the apostle to the Goths. ... Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Wereka and Batwin (or Ouerkas and Bathouses) were two of several Christian Gothic martyrs burned alive in church by *Wingureiks (or Wingourichos) in the 370s. ... Frithugairns (Gothic for desiring peace) or Fritigern (died ca. ... An 1894 photogravure of Alaric I taken from a painting by Ludwig Thiersch. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Theodoric the Great (454 - August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526). ... Modern Defenders of Semi-Arian Theology Samuel Clarke · Isaac Newton William Whiston Arian Catholicism Samuel Clarke. ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ... William Whiston William Whiston (December 9, 1667 - August 22, 1752), English divine and mathematician, was born at Norton in Leicestershire, of which village his father was rector. ... Arian Catholicism is an ideological and theological tradition in Christianity it teaches to be true Catholic Christianity. ... Opponents of Arianism Peter of Alexandria[citation needed] Achillas of Alexandria[citation needed] Alexander of Alexandria Hosius of Cordoba Athanasius of Alexandria Paul I of Constantinople Peter of Alexandria was a Patriarch of Alexandria (300 - 311). ... Achillas served as Patriarch of Alexandria (head of the church that became the Coptic Church and the Orthodox Church of Alexandria) between 312 and 313. ... St. ... Hosius, or Osius (c. ... Athanasius of Alexandria (Greek: Αθανάσιος, Athanásios; c 293 – May 2, 373) was a Christian bishop, the Bishop of Alexandria, in the fourth century. ... Paulus I or Paul I or Saint Paul the Confessor (died c. ...

The creed of Ulfilas, which concludes a letter praising him written by his foster-son and pupil the Scythian^{[citation needed]} Auxentius of Durostorum (modern Silistra) on the Danube, who became bishop of Milan, distinguishes God the Father ("unbegotten") from God the Son ("only-begotten"), who was begotten before time and who created the world, and the Holy Spirit, created by the Father through the Son: Auxentius of Durostorum and Milan aka Mercurinus was the foster-son of Ulfilas (Wulfila), the apostle to the Goths. ... Silistra (Bulgarian: , historically Bulgarian Дръстър (Drastar, ) and Romanian Dârstor) is a port city of northeastern Bulgaria, lying on the southern side of the lower Danube at the countrys border with Romania. ... The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy. ...

I, Ulfila, bishop and confessor, have always so believed, and in this, the one true faith, I make the journey to my Lord; I believe in one God the Father, the only unbegotten and invisible, and in his only-begotten son, our Lord and God, the designer and maker of all creation, having none other like him (so that one alone among all beings is God the Father, who is also the God of our God); and in one Holy Spirit, the illuminating and sanctifying power, as Christ said after his resurrection to his apostles: "And behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you; but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be clothed with power from on high" (Luke 24:49) and again "But ye shall receive power, when the Holy Ghost is come upon you" (Acts 1:8); being neither God (the Father) nor our God (Christ), but the minister of Christ ... subject and obedient in all things to the Son; and the Son, subject and obedient in all things to God who is his Father ... (whom) he ordained in the Holy Spirit through his Christ.^[4]

Maximinus, a 5th century Arian theologian, copied Auxentius' letter, among other works, into the margins of one copy of Ambrose's De Fide; there are some gaps in the surviving text.^[5] For other uses, see Ambrose (disambiguation). ...

Honours

Wulfila Glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Bishop Ulfilas. Wulfila Glacier (Lednik Wulfila led-nik vul-fi-la) is located on Greenwich Island, Antarctica and is bounded by Oborishte Ridge to the NW, Terter Peak and Razgrad Peak to the NE, and Ephraim Bluff to the SE. It extends 3 km in NW-SE direction, and 2 km in... Greenwich Island or Beresino Island or Sartorius Island is an island 15 mi long and from 0. ... The South Shetland Islands or Iles Shetland du Sud or Islas Shetland del Sur or New South Britain or New South Shetland or Shetland Islands or South Shetlands or Sydshetland or Süd-Shetland Inseln are a chain of islands in the Southern Ocean lying about 120 kilometres northward of...

See Also

• Gothic Christianity
• Germanic Christianity

queth queth ... By Germanic Christianity is that phase in the history of Northern Europe understood, when the Germanic peoples of the Migration period and Viking Age adopted Christianity. ...

Notes and references

1. ^ Bennett, William H. An Introduction to the Gothic Language, p. 23.
2. ^ Socrates of Constantinople, Church History, book 4, chapter 33.
   The Gothic alphabet was a modified Greek alphabet; see Wright, Joseph A Primer of the Gothic Language with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary, p. 2.
   The most complete Gothic texts borrow elements from the Roman alphabet; see Bennett, William H. An Introduction to the Gothic Language, p. 126.
3. ^ For an overview and evaluation of the historical sources, see Hagith Sivan, "Ulfila’s Own Conversion," Harvard Theological Review 89 (October 1996): pp. 373–86.
4. ^ Heather and Matthews, Goths in the Fourth Century, p. 143.
5. ^ Heather and Matthews, Goths in the Fourth Century, pp. 135-137.

External links

• Jim Marchand's translation on Auxentius' letter on Ulfilas' career and beliefs, with Latin text
• Project Wulfila