Ulster Scots, also known as Ullans, Hiberno-Scots, or Scots-Irish, refers to the variety of Scots (sometimes referred to as Lowland Scots) spoken in parts of the province of Ulster, which spans the six counties of Northern Ireland and three of the Republic of Ireland. A flag occasionally used to represent Ulster-Scots. ... A variety of a language is a form that differs from other forms of the language systematically and coherently. ... Scots refers to the Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: ) is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ...

Native speakers traditionally called it simply Scots, Braid Scots or Scotch (see Scotch) - as did James Orr in The Irish Cottier's Death and Burial: "To quat braid Scotch, a task that foils their art; For while they join his converse, vain though shy, They monie a lang learn'd word misca' an' misapply". First language (native language, mother tongue) is the language a person learns first. ... Scotch is an obsolescent adjective meaning of Scotland. Common contemporary usage is Scottish or Scots in Britain but Scotch is still in contemporary use outside of England and Scotland. ... James Orr (1770-1816) was a poet or rhyming weaver from Ulster also known as the Bard of Ballycarry, who wrote in the English language and the Scots language. ...

Ullans is a portmanteau neologism merging Ulster and Lallans - the Scots for Lowlands - coined by the physician, amateur historian and politician Dr Ian Adamson. The magazine of the Ulster-Scots Language Society is also named Ullans, ostensibly from "Ulster-Scots language in literature and native speech" but ultimately from the other contraction. The German linguist Manfred Görlach differentiates between the term "Ulster Scots" (the historical spoken variety) and "Ullans" (the revived literary variety). A portmanteau (IPA pronunciation: RP, US) is a word or morpheme that fuses two or more words or word parts to give a combined or loaded meaning. ... A neologism (Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ... Lallans ( a variant of the Scots word lawlands meaning the lowlands of Scotland), was also traditionally used to refer to the Scots language as a whole. ... Cllr Dr Ian Adamson OBE ( born 1944) is a former Lord Mayor of Belfast. ...

Hiberno-Scots, unlike "Ulster Scots", refers only to a linguistic tradition; it also mirrors "Hiberno-English". The novelist William Carleton refers in his author's preface to the first edition of his Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry (vol. 1, 1st series, Dublin, 1830) to "Scoto-Hibernic jargon". The linguist James Milroy used the term "Hiberno-Scots" as early as the 1980s. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... William Carleton (February 20, 1794 - January 30, 1869) was an Irish novelist. ...

History

Main article: History of the Scots language

The brand identity of the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland as shown on this sign is displayed in English, Irish and Ulster Scots^[1]

Scots, mainly Gaelic-speaking, had been settling in Ulster since the 15th century, but large numbers of Scots-speaking Lowlanders, some 200,000, arrived during the 17th century following the 1610 Plantation, with the peak reached during the 1690s.^[2] In the core areas of Scots settlement, Scots outnumbered English settlers by five or six to one.^[3] Speakers of Northumbrian Old English settled in south eastern Scotland in the 7th century, at which time Celtic Brythonic was spoken in the south of Scotland to a little way north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde, and Pictish was spoken further north: almost nothing is... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 664 × 600 pixels Full resolution (962 × 869 pixel, file size: 465 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ulster Scots language Languages of... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 664 × 600 pixels Full resolution (962 × 869 pixel, file size: 465 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ulster Scots language Languages of... Trilingual sign for the DCAL The Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Irish: An Roinn Cultúir, Ealaíon agus Fóillíochta, Ulster Scots: Männystrie o Fowkgates, Airts an Aisedom or DCAL) is a Government Department in the Northern Ireland Executive. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... my children are my life ... The Plantation of Ulster was a planned process of colonisation which took place in the northern Irish province of Ulster during the early 17th century in the reign of James I of England. ...

Literature from shortly before the end of the unselfconscious tradition at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is almost identical with contemporary writing from Scotland.^[4] W G Lyttle, writing in Paddy McQuillan's Trip Tae Glesco, uses the typically Scots forms kent and begood, now replaced in Ulster by the more mainstream Anglic forms knew, knowed or knawed and begun. Many of the modest contemporary differences between Scots as spoken in Scotland and Ulster may be due to dialect levelling and influence from Mid Ulster English brought about through relatively recent demographic change rather than direct contact with Irish, retention of older features or separate development. Anglic is a term used to refer to speech varieties derived from Old English, especially the Anglian variety thereof spoken in Northumbria—the most notable modern descendants of which are English and Scots—and their corresponding speech communities. ... Language contact occurs when speakers of distinct speech varieties interact. ...

Scots in Ulster has been influenced by contact with Hiberno-English, Mid Ulster English and Irish. Mid Ulster English, the dialect of most people in Ulster, including those in the two main cities of Belfast and Derry, represents a cross-over area between Ulster Scots and Hiberno-English; it is currently encroaching on the Ulster Scots area, especially in the Belfast commuter belt, and may eventually consume it. Ulster Scots should not be confused with Scottish Gaelic or Irish, which are Celtic languages. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Mid Ulster English (Ulster Anglo-Irish) is the dialect of most people in Ulster, including those in the two main cities. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Northern Ireland County: District: Belfast UK Parliament: Belfast North Belfast South Belfast East Belfast West European Parliament: Northern Ireland Dialling Code: 028, +44 28 posttown = Belfast Postal District(s): BT1-BT17, BT29 (part of), BT58 Area: 115 km² Population (2001) Website: www. ... Londonderry redirects here. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages. ...

Linguistic status

Although it is usually treated as a variety of the Scots language or, along with all Scots varieties, as a dialect of English, some claim it to be a language in its own right; only the first two views are represented among academic linguists, although at least one academic (with a notable bias - he is President of the Ulster-Scots Language Society^[5]), Michael Montgomery (2004: 131) has argued for recognition on non-structural, apperceptional grounds. Dr. Caroline Macafee, the editor of The Concise Ulster Dictionary, has said that "Ulster Scots is [...] clearly a dialect of Central Scots (Mid Scots).", while Aodán Mac Póilin has said that "The case for Ulster-Scots being a distinct language, made at a time when the status of Scots itself was insecure, is so bizarre that it is unlikely to have been a linguistic argument." Using the criteria on Ausbau languages developed by the German linguist Heinz Kloss, Ulster Scots could qualify only as a Spielart or 'national dialect' of Scots (cf. British and American English), since it does not dispose over the Mindestabstand, or 'minimum divergence' necessary to achieve language status through standardisation and codification. Of the four peripheral varieties of Scots - the others being Insular, Northern and Southern Scots - Ulster Scots is the only one whose traditional written form is commonly indistinguishable from the main Central Scots variety. A variety of a language is a form that differs from other forms of the language systematically and coherently. ... Scots refers to the Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... ... Aodán Mac Póilin is an Irish language activist in Northern Ireland. ... An Ausbausprache (also called an ausbau language) is a language which has a standard spelling, a standard grammar and a relatively wide and clear vocabulary (and is thus almost identical with a standard language). ... Heinz Kloss (1904 - 1987) was a German linguist and internationally recognised authority on linguistic minorities . ... Abstandsprache (also called abstand language) is a language form that is so different from every other language that it cannot be regarded as a dialect of any another language, whether or not it is itself an Ausbausprache (almost identical with standard language). ... Doric is the name given to the dialect of Lowland Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland. ...

Some confuse English spoken with a very broad Ulster Scottish accent with Scots proper. This is because English-speakers familiar with the Scottish or Northern Irish accents of English find Scottish or Ulster English easy to understand and often assume this speech variety to be "broad" Scots. Scottish English is usually taken to mean the standard form of the English language used in Scotland, often termed Scottish Standard English. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Legal status

For the status of Scots in general see Scots language#Status.

Ulster Scots is defined in legislation (The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999) as: the variety of the Scots language which has traditionally been used in parts of Northern Ireland and in Donegal in Ireland [4]. Scots refers to the Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland. ...

The declaration made by the United Kingdom Government regarding the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages reads as follows [5]: // The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. ...

The definition from the North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999 above was used in the 1 July 2005 Second Periodical Report by the United Kingdom to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe outlining how the UK meets its obligations under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[6] is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Good Friday Agreement (which does not refer to Ulster Scots as a "language") also recognises Ulster Scots as "part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland", and the Implementation Agreement established the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch), whose mission statement is to promote the study, conservation, development and use of Ulster Scots as a living language; to encourage and develop the full range of its attendant culture; and to promote an understanding of the history of the Ulster-Scots people. It will be noted that this is slightly different from the organisation's legal remit to promote Ulster Scots as a "variety of the Scots language". The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 by the British and Irish Governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties. ... The Ulster-Scots Agency (in Ulster Scots, Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch) is a cross-border body set up in Ireland to promote the Ulster Scots language and culture. ...

An example contribution in Ulster Scots made by Jim Shannon in the Transitional Assembly follows [7]: Cllr Jim Shannon MLA (born 1965) is a Unionist politician from Northern Ireland. ... The logo of the Northern Ireland Assembly, a six flowered linen or flax plant. ...

Without the eccentric spelling (recently coined pseudophonetic spellings often used by enthusiasts), but using the same dialect words and forms, this passage reads:

Speaker Population

During the middle of the 20th century, the linguist R. J. Gregg established the geographical boundaries of Ulster's Scots-speaking areas based on information gathered from native speakers. The 1999 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey found that 2% of Northern Ireland residents claimed to speak Ulster Scots, which would mean a total speech community of approximately 30,000 in the territory, which does not include County Donegal. Some have claimed that Ulster Scots is spoken by up to 100,000 people.^[6] Statistics Province: Ulster Dáil Éireann: Donegal North East, Donegal South West County Town: Lifford Code: DL Area: 4,841 km² Population (2006) 146,956 Website: www. ...

Pronunciation

Main article: Scots language#Pronunciation

Scots refers to the Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland. ...

Literature

Poetry by Robert Huddlestone (1814-1887) inscribed in paving in Writers' Square, Belfast

In Ulster Scots-speaking areas there was traditionally a considerable demand for the work of Scottish poets, often in locally printed editions. Alexander Montgomerie's The Cherrie and the Slae in 1700, shortly over a decade later an edition of poems by Sir David Lindsay, nine printings of Allan Ramsay's The Gentle shepherd between 1743 and 1793, and an edition of Robert Burns' poetry in 1787, the same year as the Edinburgh edition, followed by reprints in 1789, 1793 and 1800. Among other Scottish poets published in Ulster were James Hogg and Robert Tannahill. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 736 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1007 × 820 pixel, file size: 540 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ulster Scots language Metadata This... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 736 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1007 × 820 pixel, file size: 540 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ulster Scots language Metadata This... Alexander Montgomerie (1545? - 1610?) was a Scottish poet. ... Sir David Lyndsay (c. ... Allan Ramsay (October 15, 1686 - January 7, 1758), Scottish poet, was born at Leadhills, Lanarkshire to John Ramsay, superintendent of Lord Hopetouns lead-mines and his wife, Alice Bower, a native of Derbyshire. ... Robert Burns, foremost Scottish poet Robert Burns (January 25, 1759 – July 21, 1796) was a poet and a lyricist. ... For the Texas Governor, see Jim Hogg James Hogg James Hogg (1770 - November 21, 1835) was a Scottish poet and novelist who wrote in both Scots and English. ... Robert Tannahill (June 3, 1774 - May 17, 1810) was a Scottish poet known as the Paisley Poet. He was born in Paisley to a weaving family and was apprenticed in the same trade from the age of 12. ...

This was complemented by Ulster rhyming weaver poetry, of which, some 60 to 70 volumes were published between 1750 and 1850, the peak being in the decades 1810 to 1840. These weaver poets looked to Scotland for their cultural and literary models and were not simple imitators but clearly inheritors of the same literary tradition following the same poetic and orthographic practices; it is not always immediately possible to distinguish traditional Scots writing from Scotland and Ulster. Among the rhyming weavers were James Campbell (1758-1818), James Orr (1770-1816), Thomas Beggs (1749-1847), David Herbison (1800-1880), Hugh Porter (1780-1839) and Andrew McKenzie (1780-1839). Scots was also used in the narrative by Ulster novelists such as W. G. Lyttle (1844-1896). Scots regularly appeared in Ulster newspaper columns. Weaver Poets, Ryhming Weaver Poets and Ulster Weaver Poets were a collective group of poets belonging to an artistic movement who were both influenced by and contemporaries of Robbie Burns and the Romantic Movement. ... 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... James Orr (1770-1816) was a poet or rhyming weaver from Ulster also known as the Bard of Ballycarry, who wrote in the English language and the Scots language. ... Battle of Chesma, by Ivan Aivazovsky. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Events While in debtors prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Language planning

By the early part of the 20th century the literary tradition was almost extinct.^[7] The Ulster Scots revival from the 1980s onwards has moved away from the traditional Scots orthographic practices, preferring instead to develop Ulster Scots as an autonomous written variety that's "common denominator is to be as different to English, and occasionally Scots, as possible." This hotchpotch of obsolete words, neologisms, redundant 16th and 17th century spelling conventions and and "erratic spelling which sometimes reflects everyday Ulster Scots speech rather than the conventions of either modern or historic Scots." The resulting pastiche "is also often incomprehensible to the native speaker."^[8] The introduction of standard educational materials in schools for the teaching of Ulster Scots is likely to formalise ongoing discussions about the future direction of language planning. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ...

Promotion

In recent years a movement has been under way to change the perception of Ulster Scots. The Ulster Scots Agency actively promote Ulster Scots. The Belfast-based Irish language newspaper Lá ran a column in a revivalist version of Ulster Scots that was at least partly tongue-in-cheek.^{[citation needed]}

Speaking at a seminar on 9 September 2004, Ian Sloan of the Northern Ireland Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (DCAL) accepted that the 1999 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey "did not significantly indicate that unionists or nationalists were relatively any more or less likely to speak Ulster Scots, although in absolute terms there were more unionists who spoke Ulster Scots than nationalists". is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Trilingual sign for the DCAL The Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Irish: An Roinn Cultúir, Ealaíon agus Fóillíochta, Ulster Scots: Männystrie o Fowkgates, Airts an Aisedom or DCAL) is a Government Department in the Northern Ireland Executive. ...

Notes

A neologism (Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ...

See also

• Scots language
• Ulster
• Ulster-Scots
• Ulster Irish
• Dictionary of the Scots Language
• History of the Scots language
• Languages in the United Kingdom
• W.F. Marshall
• Mid-Ulster English

Scots refers to the Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... Ulster-Scots is a term mainly used in Ireland and Britain (Scotch-Irish or Scots-Irishis commonly used in North America) primarily to refer to Presbyterian Scots, or their descendents, who migrated from the Scottish Lowlands to Ulster (the northern province of Ireland), largely across the 17th century. ... Ulster Irish is the dialect of the Irish language spoken in the province of Ulster. ... The Dictionary of the Scots Language (DSL) is an online Scots-English language dictionary, now run by Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd (formerly the Scottish National Dictionary Association), based at George Square, at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Speakers of Northumbrian Old English settled in south eastern Scotland in the 7th century, at which time Celtic Brythonic was spoken in the south of Scotland to a little way north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde, and Pictish was spoken further north: almost nothing is... The United Kingdom does not have a constitutionally defined official language. ... Reverend W.F. Marshall (1888 - January 1959) was a Presbyterian Minister and poet from Sixmilecross, County Tyrone, which is now in Northern Ireland. ...    This article is a stub. ...

External links

• listen to an Ulster Scots accent
• The Ulster-Scots Agency (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch)
• (Language, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland)
• Aw Ae Oo (Scots in Scotland and Ulster)
• Aw Ae Wey (Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster)
• Ulster Scots voices (BBC site)
• Pronunciation of Ulster Scots
• Ullans
• Ulster-Scots Research Council and Ullans-L e-mail list
• Ulster-Scots Online
• The Dictionary of the Scots Language
• Scots Online
• website promoting Ullans to the Gaelic community of Ireland.
• essay which discusses some problems of the Ulster-Scots project