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Ultrajectine defines the tradition of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands headquartered at the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands. It is used to describe the particularly anti-Roman, Jansenist tendency of that independent church. The Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands is the mother church related to the Old Catholic Churches, closely related to (and arguable the ancestor of) the Liberal Catholic Church. ... Utrecht refers to various cities and areas: Utrecht (province), of the Netherlands Utrecht (city), Netherlands, and capital of the province of the same name Utrecht (municipality), includes the city of Utrecht and two neighbouring villages (Vleuten / de Meern) Utrecht (agglomeration), in the Netherlands, includes the city of Utrecht Diocese of... Jansenism was a branch of Christian philosophy founded by Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), a Flemish theologian. ...

Name

Utrecht was the former Roman city of Ultrajectum, so named for its position opposite a ford on the Rhine, thus ultra-jectum, and Ultrajectine is the adjective form of the city's name. The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (Dutch Rijn, French Rhin, German Rhein, Italian: Reno, Romansch: Rein, ) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ...

Origins

The Ultrajectines are descendants of the Jansenists who fled France and Belgium, whose governments imposed the Papal Bulls against Jansenism, for refuge in the Netherlands. Jansenism was a branch of Christian philosophy founded by Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), a Flemish theologian. ...

The Netherlands became a refuge for the Jansenists for two reasons. Firstly, Jansenism is similar in many aspects to Calvinism, which prevailed in middle and northern Netherlands and was de facto Dutch state religion: both Jean Cauvin (Calvinus) and Cornelius Jansen (Jansenius) were Frenchmen (though Jansen ethnically was a Dutch-speaking Fleming), and both taught rigorist, excluvist doctrines pertaining to salvation - that some were predestined to heaven regardless of their actions while others, principally the peoples of the non-Christian world, were predestined by God to be damned in hell. It also said, that one's personal good or evil works had no intrinticate effect upon the eventual salvation of the soul. This shared doctrine of Predestination, often proposed by Calvinists and some Jansenists as "the teaching of St. Augustine", was later to be the source of Apartheid in South Africa, according to Jesuit anti-Jansenist sources. Calvinism is a system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... Cornelius Jansen, Engraving by Jean Morin Cornelius Jansen, often known as Jansenius (October 28, 1585–May 6, 1638) was bishop of Ypres and the father of the religious revival known as Jansenism. ... Flemings (Dutch: Vlamingen) are inhabitants of Flanders in the widest sense of the term, i. ... For the first Archbishop of Canterbury, see Saint Augustine of Canterbury. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ...

Secondly, due to the favor of the Dutch Calvinist Protestants and the Dutch government influenced by Calvinists, Jansenist theologians assumed dominant positions in the still more or less underground Catholic Church structure in the Netherlands, and used this to further their own agenda, culminating in the formation of the, (from the Roman view point) schismatic, Ultrajectine Communion (Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands) in 1723. The Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands is the mother church related to the Old Catholic Churches, closely related to (and arguable the ancestor of) the Liberal Catholic Church. ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ...

Both Jansenists and Calvinists had a severe aversion from the Jesuits. The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...

The Jansenist lead was given by the Vicar Apostolic Neercassel who during his entire period of government, cultivated and sheltered Jansenists in the largely underground Catholic Church of the (northern and central parts) of the Netherlands. He was succeeded as Vicar Apostolic by the pro-Jansenist archbishop in partibus Petrus (Peter) Codde, who was excommunicated by the Papacy for his obduracy in 1704. After Codde, another bishop who played an important part was Dominique-Marie Varlet, who had been appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Babylon by the Pope after having been Vicar general to the Diocese of Quebec (Canada), but who instead chose to spend his time in the Netherlands succouring the Jansenists and making appeals to Rome in order that it should reconsider its disciplinary actions against him. When the Jansenists of the Netherlands, with the assistance of the Dutch Protestant Parliament, the Staten-Generaal ("States-General"), rejected Codde's successor, Vicar Apostolic Gerard Potkamp who was appointed by Rome in 1704, the Jansenists constituted themselves into a Cathedral Chapter of Utrecht and proceeded to elect one after another of their own men, without papal mandate, as the Archbishop of Utrecht, a defunct position since the suspension of that Archiepiscopal See in 1580. Bishop Varlet consecrated four of these men, and the last of these, Peter Jan Meindaerts, after the death of Varlet, consecrated bishops for the sees of Haarlem and Deventer (which had been equally defunct since 1580 and would be re-activitated by the Papacy only as late as 1853) in order to prevent the loss of the historic episcopate (apostolic succession) among the Dutch Jansenists. Apostolic vicariate is a type of Roman Catholic diocese for non-Catholic or missionary regions and countries. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... Events Building of the Students Monument in Aiud, Romania. ... The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ... A vicar general is an ecclesiastical office in the Latin rite of the Catholic Church existing in each particular church. ... Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Flower Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor Linné) Tree Yellow Birch Bird Snowy Owl Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total  - Land  - Water  (% of... The Estates-General (Staten-Generaal) is the parliament of the Netherlands. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... In Christianity, the doctrine of Apostolic Succession (or the belief that the Church is apostolic) maintains that the Christian Church today is the spiritual successor of the Church of the Apostles. ...

Thus, the actions of Codde, Varlet, Steenhoven, Meindaerts, etc. finally consummated the Ultrajectine Schism (Schism of the Church of Utrecht) by not only ordaining bishops, but even usurping diocesan jurisdiction and thereby interfering into the sole domain of the Roman Pontiff. In Rome, the title of Supreme Pontiff (in Latin, Pontifex Maximus), belongs to the chief religious official of the city. ...

The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907, informs us:

De Neercassel, titular Archbishop of Castoria (and Vicar Apostolic of the Dutch Republic), who governed the whole church in the Netherlands from 1663 to 1686, made no secret of his intimacy with the (Jansenist) party. Under him the country began to become the refuge of all whose obstinacy forced them to leave France and Belgium. Thither came such men as Antoine Arnauld, Du Vaucel, Gerberon, Quesnel, Nicole, Petitpied, as well as a number of priests, monks, and nuns who preferred exile to the acceptance of the pontifical Bulls [against Jansenism and Jansen's Augustinus]. A large number of these deserters belonged to the Congregation of the Oratory, but other orders shared with it this unfortunate distinction. When the fever of the appeals was at its height, twenty-six Carthusians of the Paris house escaped from their cloister during the night and fled to Holland. Fifteen Benedictines of the Abbey of Orval, in the Diocese of Trier, gave the same scandal. Peter Codde, who succeeded Neercassel in 1686, and who bore the title of Archbishop of Sebaste, went further than his predecessor. He refused to sign the (anti-Jansenist) formulary and, when summoned to Rome, defended himself so poorly that he was first forbidden to exercise his functions, and then deposed by a decree of 1704. He died still obstinate in 1710. He had been replaced by Gerard Potkamp, but this appointment and those that followed were rejected by a [Jansenist] section of the clergy, to whom the Dutch States-General lent their support. The conflict lasted a long time, during which the episcopal functions were not fulfilled [and many young faithful remained deprived of e.g. Confirmation]. In 1723 a group of seven or eight priests assumed the name and quality of the Chapter of Utrecht "in order to put an end to a precarious and painful situation", elected, on its own authority, as archbishop of the same city, one of its members, Cornelius Steenhoven, who then held the office of vicar-general. This election was not canonical, and was not approved by the pope. Steenhoven nevertheless had the audacity to get himself consecrated by Dominique Marie Varlet, a former missionary bishop and coadjutor Bishop of Babylon, who was at that time suspended, interdicted and excommunicated (for confirming Jansenist children in Amsterdam). He thus consummated the schism, interdicted likewise and excommunicated, he died in 1725. Those who had elected him transferred their support to Barchman Wuitiers, who had recourse to the same consecrator. The unhappy Varlet lived long enough to administer the episcopal unction to two successors of Barchman, Van der Croon and Peter Jan Meindaerts. The sole survivor of this sorry line, Meindaerts, ran the risk of seeing his dignity become extinct with himself. To prevent this, the Dioceses of Haarlem (1742) and Deventer (1757) were created, and became suffragans of Utrecht. But Rome always refused to ratify these outrageously irregular acts, invariably replying to the notification of each election with a declaration of nullification and a sentence of excommunication against those elected and their adherents.

Antoine Arnauld, (1612 - August 8, 1694) — le grand as contemporaries called him, to distinguihs him from his father — was a French Roman Catholic theologian and writer. ... Quesnel is a town in the north of British Columbia, Canada. ... Nicole, the female given name, was derived originally from France along with the following variations in spelling: Nicolle, Nicola, Nicoletta, Nichole, Nicholle, Nickole. ... The Oratory of Saint Philip Neri is a congregation of Roman Catholic priests and lay-brothers who live together in community bound together by no formal vows but only with the bond of charity. ... A Carthusian Monastery in Jerez, Spain The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of St. ... Orval monasterys is a Cistercian monastery founded in 1132 located in Belgium in the Gaume region. ... The city of Trier (Latin: Augusta Treverorum; French: ; Luxembourgish Tréier; Italian: ; Spanish: ) is situated on the western bank of the Moselle River in a valley between low vine-covered hills of ruddy sandstone. ... Events The League of Augsburg is founded. ... Events Building of the Students Monument in Aiud, Romania. ... // Events April 10 - The worlds first copyright legislation became effective, Britains Statute of Anne Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Births January 3 - Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (d. ... The word States-General, or Estates-General, refers in English to : the Etats-Généraux of France before the French Revolution the Staten-Generaal of the Netherlands. ... Confirmation can refer to: Confirmation (sacrament) Confirmation (epistemology) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ... A vicar general is an ecclesiastical office in the Latin rite of the Catholic Church existing in each particular church. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 743,905 (1 April 2006) Demonym Amsterdammer Coordinates Website www. ... ... // Events January 24 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Deventer is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Overijssel on the east bank of the IJssel river. ... 1757 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... A bishop is an ordained person who holds a specific position of authority in any of a number of Christian churches. ...

Secondary Founders

After the Vatican Council of 1869 - 1870 formally defined Papal Infallibility, dissidents under the inspiration of the liberal Bavarian priest J. Döllinger seceded from the Catholic Church and eventually styled themselves the Old Catholics; this sect federated with the Ultrajectines and were provided their bishops by them. The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Aeterni Patris of June 29, 1868. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Ex cathedra be merged into this article or section. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Bavarian can either when used as an adjective, refer to the German state of Bavaria; or refer to the Bavarian or Austro-Bavarian language, a group of closely related dialects spoken in parts of Bavaria, most of Austria and the South Tyrol. ... Roman Catholic priests in traditional clerical clothing. ... Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger (February 28, 1799 - January 14, 1890) was a German theologian and church historian. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... The Old Catholic Church is not so much a religious denomination, as a community, part of whose member churches split from the Roman Catholic church in 1870. ...

Thus the secondary founders of the schism of the German Old Catholics were Döllinger (partially), Franz Heinrich Reusch, Joseph Langen, Joseph Hubert Reinkens, Hertzog and others, mainly dissident Catholic theologians who accepted consecration from the Jansenist bishops of Utrecht to form schismatic "Old Catholic Churches" in various European countries. Franz Heinrich Reusch (December 4, 1823 - March 3, 1900) was an Old Catholic theologian. ... Joseph Langen (June 3, 1837 - July 1901) was a German theologian. ... Joseph Hubert Reinkens (March 1, 1821 - January 4, 1896) was a German Old Catholic bishop. ...

Tertiary Founders

Arnold Harris Mathew, who had moved between various Christian denominations after having been suspended as a Roman Catholic priest, was instigated by the Modernist Fr. George Tyrell to become an Old Catholic, and obtained consecration as head of the Old Catholic Church of England (Old Roman Catholic Church of Great Britain) by the Ultrajectines. Mathew went on to consecrate a wide range of men, some of whom emigrated to the United States where they founded a range of Old Catholic independent churches, varying between very conservative institutions to extremely liberal Gnostic churches. Bishop Arnold Harris Mathew Arnold Harris Mathew (1852–1919) was the first Old Catholic bishop in the United Kingdom. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Father George Tyrrell S.J. (February 6, 1861 – July 15, 1909), was an Anglican convert who joined the Jesuits and a Thomist scholar whose attempts to interpret Catholic teaching in the context of modern knowledge made him a figure in the Modernist controversy within the Roman Catholic Church in... Gnosticism is a blanket term for various religions and sects most prominent in the first few centuries A.D. General characteristics The word gnosticism comes from the Greek word for knowledge, gnosis (γνῶσις), referring to the idea that there is special, hidden mysticism (esoteric knowledge...

Some North American Old Catholics draw their lineage from Joseph Rene Vilatte, who had been denied consecration by the Ultrajectines, but who was consecrated by Fr. Francis Xavier Alvares, a Goan Catholic priest who apostatized to Jacobitism or Monophysitism as Mar Julious of the Jacobite Church of Ceylon, Goa and India. Vilatte, on returning to North America, reverted to Old Catholicism and went on to found several Old Catholic sects. For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ...

Mathew and Vilatte are considered to be jointly the parents of the North American Old Catholic sects.

The Ultrajectines and Old Catholics together form one community in practical fact, although the ecumenical Union of Utrecht or Ultrajectine Communion includes the Polish National Catholic Church, the Lithuanian National Catholic Church, the Mariavites and other sects, and maintains full intercommunion with the Anglican and the Aglipayan or Philippine Independent Church sects. However, the Polish National Catholic Church in 2004 left the Ultrajectine Communion, because the PNCC rejects the ordination of priestesses. The Union of Utrecht consists of the Dutch Church of Utrecht, the Old Catholic Church in Germany, the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland, and similar movements in Austria, the Czech Republic, and elsewhere, organized into the Utrecht Union. ... The Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) is a former member of the Old Catholic Union of Utrecht and for much of that period was the only member church of the Union of Utrecht based outside Western or Central Europe (although it was not so when the Philippine Independent Church, also... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... The Philippine Independent Church, officially the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) in Spanish, is a Christian denomination belonging to the Roman Catholic tradition. ... The Philippine Independent Church, officially the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) in Spanish, is a Christian denomination of the Old Catholic tradition in the form of a national church. ...

Ultrajectine Claims vs. Catholicism

The Ultrajectines or Old Catholics claim that they are an autonomous or autocephalous branch of the Catholic (i.e., "Roman Catholic") Communion; that they had never seceded or been expelled or excommunicated; that the Particular Church of Utrecht had been historically granted the privilege of electing its own bishop without Papal Mandate and that the consecration of the Jansenist Steenhoven and his consecration by Varlet and subsequently, that of Meindaerts, had been legal and not contrary to the Catholic Church's Canon Laws and therefore did not consummate a schism, etc. One must note however, that the Ultrajectines claim, that the Church of Jesus Christ, and thus the Catholic Church, is effectively larger than the Roman Catholic Church and includes all kinds of other ecclesial bodies. Also must be noted, that the schism of Utrecht is very clearly proven from the view of Canon Law by the fact, that the illicitly ordained bishops effectively usurped ordinary diocesan jurisdiction, which canonically can only be granted by the Pope. Canon law is the term used for the internal ecclesiastical law which governs various churches, most notably the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches. ...

It is true that the Catholic Church, or rather the Pope, had in many cases granted privileges to various Sees, orders, families, etc., but never "Autocephaly". Autocephaly is a phenomenon among the Greek Orthodox that they were forced by circumstances to tolerate among themselves with the alternative being a break up of the Greek Orthodox Communion into numerous independent sects; however, Autocephaly was and is foreign to Roman Catholic thought.

Secondly, with Protestant Christianity overtaking religiously and politically the dominance in the (northern and central) Netherlands, the See of Utrecht had practically ceased to exist since 1580, and the Popes were forced to supply Catholics there through Vicars Apostolic (who however were Archbishop in partibus infidelium). Initially, as the Calvinist Protestant government did not permit the Vicars Apostolic to operate from territory they controlled, the Vicar Apostolics were based in French territory and in the territories of the German Catholic princes within the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Later, as the situation was relaxed to some extent, the Vicar Apostolics were permitted to reside within the Dutch Republic, and they took their seat at Utrecht. But Vicariate Apostolics are, by definition, not particular sees but are under the personal and direct jurisdiction of the Pope, as opposed to Diocesan government; see Vicariate Apostolic. Both De Neercassel and Codde, his successor, were merely Vicars Apostolic of the Dutch Republics with their seats at Utrecht. That did not make them successors to the Bishops and the Archdiocesan See of Utrecht, which had lapsed into non-existence. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Apostolic vicariate is a type of Roman Catholic diocese for non-Catholic or missionary regions and countries. ...

Moreover, as an Vicariate Apostolic, "Utrecht" as the seat of the Vicar, did not have the authority to constitute to itself, without specific authorization by the Pope, a "Cathedral Chapter", and such a unilaterally "re-constituted" "Cathedral Chapter" did not have the right to elect to itself a "bishop" as if it were heir to the rights of the defunct Cathedral Chapter of the defunct See of Utrecht. From the viewpoint of the Catholic Church's Canon Law, then, this action on the part of the Ultrajectines was and remains an act of usurpation.

Again, even if the "self-re-constituted" "See of Utrecht" is granted to be the heir to the former See of Utrecht, it never did have the authorization from the Pope, even as a privilege, and as heir to the former See, of erecting other suffragan "Sees", as the Ultrajectines have attempted or rather accomplished, by raising to themselves the Sees of Haarlem & Deventer. From the viewpoint of the Catholic Church's Canon Law, then, this action on the part of the Ultrajectines was and remains an act of usurpation and grave schism.

Again, the creation of an "anti-Paparchy" branch in England under Mathew, and further branches in North America and elsewhere, with effectively setting up dioceses, were further acts of jurisdictional usurpation.

Nothing in the alleged "rights and privileges" of the See of Utrecht, to which Peter Codde, Cornelius van Steenhoven, Barchman Wuitiers, Croon and Meindaerts, etc. allege that they are the successors, justifies these acts of usurpation, from a Roman Catholic view point.

Orthodoxy & Sensus Catholicus

The actions and teachings of the Ultrajectines are contrary to Catholic orthodoxy and the Sensus Catholicus, which proves the true Catholic.

Thus, the anti-Catholic animus of the Ultrajectines is, according to some, proven by their intimate connection with other "heretic sects", sects that have arisen out of a hatred of the Papacy, of Catholicism and of Roman Catholic beliefs and practises. The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ...

This is proven by the case of ex-Roman Catholic, suspended chaplain Arnold Harris Mathew who was directed towards the Ultrajectines by the notorious Modernist, Fr. George Tyrrell, an excommunicated priest. Bishop Arnold Harris Mathew Arnold Harris Mathew (1852–1919) was the first Old Catholic bishop in the United Kingdom. ...

Thus we find in Cekada's article that:

Tyrrell took advantage of Mathew's predicament, urging him on in the destruction of sacerdotalism. Mathew adopted an anti-papal position in 1907 as a result of Tyrrell's influence, saying, "...the papacy is the origin...of discord..., the fomenter of schisms, and the seat of ecclesiastical despotism and tyranny."

And if Mathew was influenced towards his course by Tyrrell, who had been cast out of the Church for his heresy, Vilatte was influenced towards his course by Charles Chiniquy, another apostate Catholic priest who fell out because he was removed from the ministry for seducing girls under his charge, and then went on to level outlandish charges against the Catholic Church.

These two, Mathew and Vilatte, are the two principal founding fathers of most Old Catholic ecclesial bodies in the USA, and a bridge between the more staid Ultrajectines and these latter offspring, most of whom remain part of the formal Ultrajectine Communion.

Again, if we examine the history of the Döllingerite Old Catholics, as distinct from the Jansenist or Ultrajectine Old Catholics of the Netherlands, we find that these Döllingerites not only received their bishops from the Ultrajectines, but also at the same time, followed the Protestants in many of their innovations - the abolition of clerical celibacy, the introduction of liturgy in the vernacular, the disencouragement of frequent Sacrament of Confession etc. Celibacy refers either to being unmarried or to sexual abstinence. ... Confession of sins is an integral part of the Christian faith and practice. ...

And, further proof of the Ultrajectine Communion's opposition to Catholicism is to be found in the fact that it sought and received the full support of anti-Catholic governments of Prussia-Germany (Otto von Bismarck's anti-Catholic Kulturkampf), Switzerland, the Netherlands (mostly Protestants), etc. and that the Dollingerites, morally supported by the Ultrajectines, collaborated with these governments in persecuting the Roman Catholics during the Kulturkampf. Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: Prūsa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Bismarck redirects here. ... The German term Kulturkampf (literally, culture struggle, invented by Rudolf Virchow[1]) refers to German policies in relation to the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Chancellor of the German Empire, Otto von Bismarck. ...

Lastly, there is the fact that the Ultrajectine Communion has federated with the Anglicans and Aglipayans against the Catholic Church. The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... The Philippine Independent Church, officially the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) in Spanish, is a Christian denomination belonging to the Roman Catholic tradition. ...

References

• Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910, Jansen & Jansenism
• Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910, Old Catholics
• Anthony Cekada on the Old Catholics

External links

• Old Roman Catholic Church of North America

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia. The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by The Encyclopedia Press. ...