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Beliefs and practices

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Major figures

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Texts & Laws

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Branches of Islam

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Societal aspects

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See also

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For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation).

`Umar ibn al-Khattāb (in Arabic, عمر بن الخطاب) (c. 581 – November 3, 644), sometimes referred by Sunni Muslims as `Umar al-Farūq (Umar the Distinguisher (between Truth and Falsehood)), also known in English as Omar or Umar, was from the Banu Adi clan of the Quraysh tribe. He became the second Sunni caliph (634 – 644). He is regarded by Sunnis as the second of the four Khulafā' ar-Rashīdīn ('rightfully-guided caliphs'). Shi'a Muslims believe that he usurped authority that properly belonged to `Alī bin Abī Tālib. Sunni and Shi'a hold diametrically opposite views of `Umar, as can be seen in the "Sunni view" and "Shi'a view" sections at the end of this article. Umar has been the name of several people: Umar ibn al-Khattab was the second caliph of Islam Umar II, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, the Ummayed Caliph Umar (Bulgars) was a khan of the Bulgars in 766. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Events The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. ... November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining. ... Events Births Deaths Paulinus of York, bishop of Northumbria November: Omar, Second caliph of Islam by assassination. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Banu Adi is a clan of the Quraish tribe. ... Quraish (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is the Meccan tribe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged to before he received the revelations of Islam. ... A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally, consists of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states, though some modern theorists hold that contemporary tribes can only be understood in terms of their relationship to states. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Events The Arabs invade Palestine. ... Events Births Deaths Paulinus of York, bishop of Northumbria November: Omar, Second caliph of Islam by assassination. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Urdu: خلفأے راشدین, khalifa-e-rashidoon) refers to the first four caliphs in the Sunni tradition of Islam who are seen as being model leaders. ... Shia Islam, also Shi`ite Islam or Shi`ism (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: Persian: ‎ ) is the second largest denomination of the religion of Islam. ... ‘AlÄ« ibn AbÄ« Ṭālib (Arabic: ‎ Persian: ‎ )‎ (599 – 661) was an early Islamic leader. ...

Early life

`Umar was born in Mecca. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl, and he is said to have belonged to a middle class family. He was literate, which by some accounts is considered to be uncommon in those times, and he was also well known for his physical strength, being a champion wrestler. Drinking was very common among the Quraish. Some accounts say that during the pre-Islamic days, Umar drank wine. After Umar became a Muslim, it is reported that he never touched alcohol. [1] Mecca IPA: or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: ‎, Turkish: Mekke) is the capital city of Saudi Arabias Makkah province, in the historic Hijaz region. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Wine is an alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of fruit, typically grapes though a number of other fruits are also quite popular - such as plum, elderberry and blackcurrant. ...

Conversion to Islam

When Muhammad first declared his message of Islam, `Umar resolved to defend the traditional religion of the Quraish (regarded by Muslims as idolatry). `Umar was most adamant in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting the Muslims. According to an early story, recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah, `Umar resolved to assassinate Muhammad. A Muslim he met on the way told him to set his own house in order first, as his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. `Umar went to her house and found her reciting verses of the Qur'an. He became infuriated and hit her. When he saw her bleeding, he was sorry for what he had done and in order to please her he said he would read the sura, Ta-Ha, that she had been reading. He was so struck by the sūrah that he accepted Islam that day. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Ibn Ishaq (or ibn Ishaq), (d. ... The Quran [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran, Turkish Kuran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... Sura (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is the Arabic term for chapter of the Quran. ... Sura Ta-Ha is the 20th sura of the Quran. ...

After that, Sunnis believe that he was as determined and impetuous in defending Islam as he had been in persecuting it. ^{The meaning of the Holy Qur'an[2]} Shias have a lesser view of Umar, for more information see below, 'Shia View'. The meaning of the Holy Quran is one of the books writen by Marmaduke Pickthall. ...

Life in Medina

`Umar was part of the first emigration (Hijrah) to Yathrib (renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina shortly thereafter) in 622. He was present at the battles of Badr, Uhud, Khaybar, and the raid on Syria, as well as many other engagements. He was one of Muhammad's close companions. In 625, `Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad. Muhammad's household was not always peaceful; his wives quarreled over his favors and took sides against each other. `Umar was much displeased when he heard this, and according to the story, scolded her thus: For other uses see Hijra. ... Medina (Arabic: ‎ or المدينة ; also transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. ... Events Hijra - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - year one of the Islamic calendar. ... Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka AbÅ« Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic غزوة بدر), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan Strength 1,000 3,000 Casualties 75 dead Unknown The Battle of Uhud was fought on 23 March, 625 CE, between a force from the small Muslim community of Medina, in what is now north-western Arabia, and a force from... Combatants Muslims Jews of Khaybar oasis Commanders Muhammad  ? Strength 1,400 - 1,800  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in Khaybar, an oasis located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from Medina in the area of Hejaz of... Hafsa bint Umar was the daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab and wife of Muhammad. ...

"Hafsa, the (news) has reached me that you cause God's Messenger (may peace be upon him) trouble. You know that God's Messenger (may peace be upon him) does not love you, and had I not been (your father) he would have divorced you." (On hearing this) she wept bitterly. ([3])

Shi'a say that this demonstrates his harshness; Sunni say that this shows that he put loyalty to Muhammad over the closest family ties.

The death of Muhammad

After an illness of lasting several weeks, Muhammad died at noon on Monday June 8, 632 (12th Rabi ul-Awwal, AH 10), in the city of Medina, at the age of sixty-three. Preparations for the funeral were delayed by Umar's refusal to let anyone wash the corpse or prepare it for burial. The prophet, he insisted, was absent from his body but would return. (Guillaume pp. 682-683) Abū Bakr had been absent from Medina; upon being told of Muhammad's death, he returned poste-haste. He found Umar holding the rest of the Muslims at bay. He is reported to have said to Umar: Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ...

"If anyone worshipped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad is dead, but if anyone worshipped God, then let them know that God is living and cannot die."

Abū Bakr then recited these words from the Qur'an: "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?" Umar then relented and let the funeral arrangements proceed. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for Muhammad. The Shi'a say that Umar wished to delay the funeral, so that Abū Bakr could return to Medina and seize power. Umar also showed his deference to Abu Bakr when, during a meeting at Saqifah, he proposed Abu Bakr as the new leader of the Muslim community and immediately swore his support. Shi'a say that this is evidence of a pre-concerted plot; Sunni say that it was an attempt to prevent the disintegration of the Muslim community into Meccan and Medinan factions. Saqifah, also known as Saqifa Bani Saeda or Saqifat Bani Saida, was a roofed building used by the tribe, or banu, of Saida, of the faction of the Khazraj, of the city of Medina in the Hijaz, northwestern Arabia. ...

Shi'a and Sunni Muslims have sharply different views regarding accounts of the events following Muhammad's death^[1].

Caliphate of Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr, supported by Umar and other sahaba in a shura, took power after Muhammad after he had asked the Ansar to elect Umar or Abu 'Ubaida bin Al-Jarrah.(see Sahih Bukhari 5:57:19). There had been a debate between the Ansar and Abu Bakr that there should be two leaders, but Abu Bakr ignored them saying they were only to be advisers and the leader should come from amongst the Quraish tribe. During Abū Bakr's short reign as caliph, `Umar was one of his chief advisors. Abū Bakr appointed `Umar as his successor prior to his death in 634. He was confirmed in the office thereafter. In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابة) were the companions of the prophet Muhammad. ... Shura is an Arabic word for consultation. It is believed to be the method by which pre-Islamic Arabian tribes selected leaders and made major decisions. ... Ansar (Arabic: الأنصار, meaning aiders, or patrons) refer to a class of warriors who are renouned for there arsenal of weapons and the speed and mobility of there arabian horse. ... Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah was a very early Muslim convert. ... Events The Arabs invade Palestine. ...

Shi'a Muslims (shī`at `Alī, the 'partisans of `Alī') assert that `Alī was, once again, unfairly denied his right to lead the Muslim community. Shi'a believe that Ali kept aloof from public life, so as not to support the new caliph. Sunni Muslims argue that Ali supported Umar and served as a trusted advisor. Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أبي طالب) (c. ...

Reign as caliph

During `Umar's reign, the Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate, taking Mesopotamia and parts of Persia from the Sassanids (effectively ending that empire), and taking Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Byzantines. Many of these conquests followed watershed battles on both the western and eastern fronts. The Battle of Yarmūk, fought near Damascus in 636, saw a Muslim army of 20,000 defeat a Byzantine force estimated to number 70,000, permanently ending Byzantine rule south of Asia Minor. Another small Muslim army achieved victory over a larger force in the much-mythologized Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (c. 636), near the banks of the Euphrates River. During the course of the battle, Muslim general Sa'ad bin Abu Waqqas|Sa`d bin Abī Waqqās routed the Sassanid army and achieved the death of the famed Persian general Rostam Farrokhzād. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ... The Sassanid Empire in the time of Shapur I; the conquest of Cappadocia was temporary Official language Pahlavi (Middle Persian) Dominant Religion Zoroastrianism Capital Ctesiphon Sovereigns Shahanshah of the Iran (Eranshahr) First Ruler Ardashir I Last Ruler Yazdegerd III Establishment 224 AD Dissolution 651 AD Part of the History of... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... Byzantine Empire (native Greek name: - Basileia tōn Romaiōn) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Muslim Arabs Commanders Theodore the Sacellarius Baänes Khalid ibn Walid Strength About 200,000 About 24,000 Casualties Very Heavy,About 50,000 Unknown,Relativly low The Battle of Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmuq or Hieromyax) took place between the Muslim Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. ... Events April 20 - Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine Empire loses Syria to the Arabs The Arabs invade Persia Rothari marries queen Gundeparga, becomes king of the Lombards city of Basra Iraq founded by caliph Omar on a canal. ... The battle of Qādisiyyah (Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya) was the decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sāsānian Persian army during the first period of Islamic expansion which resulted in the Islamic conquest of Iran. ... Events April 20 - Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine Empire loses Syria to the Arabs The Arabs invade Persia Rothari marries queen Gundeparga, becomes king of the Lombards city of Basra Iraq founded by caliph Omar on a canal. ... The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Old Persian Ufrat, Aramaic Prâth/Frot, in Arabic الفرات, in Turkish Fırat and in ancient Assyrian language Pu-rat-tu) is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (Bethnahrin in Aramaic), the other being the... Sa`d ibn AbÄ« Waqqās (in Arabic: سعد بن أبي وقاص) was an early convert to Islam from the BanÅ« Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe. ... Rostam Farrokhzād (رستم فرّخزاد in Persian) was the commander of the Sāsānian Empires armed forced under the reign of Yazdgird III, r. ...

In 637, after a prolonged siege of Jerusalem, the Muslims took the city. `Umar was given the key to the city by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, and invited to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Umar chose to pray some distance from the Church, so as not to endanger its status as a Christian temple. Fifty-five years later, the Mosque of `Umar was constructed on the site where he prayed. For one version of `Umar's speech to the people after the surrender of Jerusalem, see [4]. Events Arabs take Jerusalem Arabs take Aleppo Battle of al-Qadisiyah: Arabs defeat Persian army, take Persian capital of Ctesiphon Battle of Mag Rath: Dalriada influence in Ulster greatly reduced Births Deaths Categories: 637 ... Jerusalem (Hebrew: , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Greek: Ιεροσόλυμα, Ierosólyma or Ιερουσαλήμ, IerousalÄ“m; Latin: Hierosolyma; Arabic: , al-Quds; official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-Al-Quds) is the largest city of Israel. ... Sophronius (born 560 in Damascus - died March 11, 638 in Jerusalem) was the Patriarch of Jerusalem from 634 until his death. ... Main Entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, called the Church of the Resurrection (Anastasis in Greek and Surp Harutyun in Armenian) by Eastern Christians, is a Christian church now within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. ... Dome of the Rock in center of Temple Mount The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: قبة الصخرة Qubbat As-Sakhrah) is a famous Islamic shrine in Jerusalem. ...

`Umar undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, as well as ordering a census of all the Muslim territories. During his reign, the garrison cities of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina. He also began the process of codifying Islamic law. `Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. In the year 17 of the Hijra, the fourth year of the caliphate of 'Umar, he decreed that the years of the Islamic era should be counted from the year of the Hijra. Location of Basra Basra (also spelled BaÅŸrah or Basara; historically sometimes written Busra, Busrah, and the early form Bassorah; Arabic: , Al-Basrah) is the second largest city of Iraq with an estimated population of c. ... Kufa (الكوفة al-Kufa in Arabic) is a city in Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. ... Events Islamic calendar introduced The Muslims capture Antioch, Caesarea Palaestina and Akko Births Deaths October 12 - Pope Honorius I Categories: 638 ... Masjid al Haram Al-Masjid al-Haram (Arabic: ) is a very large mosque in the city of Makkah (Mecca). ... Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet), Medina Masjid al-Nabawi or Mosque of the Prophet is the second holiest mosque in the Islamic world. ... Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ...

Death

`Umar died in 644, the victim of an assassin's dagger. `Umar's killer (Abu-Lu'lu'ah) was a Persian slave who is said to have held a personal grudge against Umar; he stabbed the Caliph six times as `Umar led the dawn prayers in the Masjid al Nabawi mosque in Medina. `Umar died two days later, and was buried alongside Muhammad and Abū Bakr. Uthman ibn Affan was elected as his successor, by a group of prominent Muslims appointed by `Umar before his death. The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ... Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet), Medina Masjid al-Nabawi or Mosque of the Prophet is the second holiest mosque in the Islamic world. ... Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. ... When `Umar was wounded by Abu Luluah and he saw that it was difficult for him to survive because of the deep wound, he formed a consultative committee and nominated for it `Ali ibn Abi Talib, `Uthman ibn `Affan, `Abd ar-Rahman ibn `Awf, az-Zubayr ibn al...

Sunni view

 Sunnis remember Umar as a strong leader, an excellent jurist, a progressive statesman, and the second of the rightly-guided Caliphs. He did not seek advancement for his own family, but rather sought to advance the interests of the Muslim community, the ummah. One hadith, or oral tradition, credited by Sunnis says that at the time of his death he was asked if he would like to nominate his son `Abd-Allah bin `Umar as caliph to which he replied: "One is enough from the Khattab (Umar's) family." 

Some Sunnis take a more nuanced view of Umar. They note that even amongst the early Muslims, he had a reputation for strict militancy and conformity and was even accused by contemporaries of being harsh in religious matters. On several occasions he even opposed Muhammad when the latter wished to be merciful toward religious and political enemies. Yet Muhammad was reported as saying if there was ever a person with prophet-like qualities, it was Umar; this was a tribute to Umar's conscientious, just, and humble disposition. Hadith (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) are traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ...

Shi'a view

Most Shi'a regard `Umar as a usurper, and criticize him harshly. He is said to have questioned some of Muhammad's decisions, shown cowardice in battle, and been too harsh to his daughter when he scolded her for her behavior towards Muhammad. During the matter of the disputed succession to Muhammad, Shi`as believe he persecuted Ali and caused the death of Muhammad's daughter Fatima Zahra as well as an unborn child. Shi'as say that `Umar ruled capriciously as caliph, at times giving legal rulings which contradicted the Qur'an and sunnah. Fatima redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Non-Muslim view

Non-Muslim scholars generally treat Umar as a pivotal figure in the history of Islam, since it was under his aegis that the Muslims expanded outwards from the Syro-Arabian steppe to conquer the great powers of the time, the Sassanid and Byzantine empires. They analyze his decisions primarily in military and political terms, and are less concerned with the religious or character judgments that interest Muslims. Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... Byzantine Empire (native Greek name: - Basileia tōn Romaiōn) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ...

Farūqī

The family names Farūqī (alternative spellings, Faruqi, Farooqui, Farooqi, Faruqi, etc.) and El-Umari are used by families claiming descent from `Umar. The El-Umari family of Iraq claims descent from Umar, the second caliph, or leader, of the Islamic empire. ...

See also

• Succession to Muhammad
• The first four Sunni Caliphs and the Sunnah
• Shia view of Umar bin al-Khattab
• Historiography of early Islam

The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... The Sunnah, the customs and practices of Muhammad, is a key source of Islamic law and morality. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The historiography of early Islam is the study of how various historians have treated the events of the first two centuries of Islamic history. ...

Notes

The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

References

• Donner, Fred, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton University Press, 1981
• Guillaume, A., The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955
• Madelung, Wilferd, The Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997

External links

• Family tree of Umar bin al-Khattab
• Al Farooq - The Life of Umar The Great By Shams-Ul-Ulama Allama Shibli Nomani
• Excerpt from The History of the Khalifahs by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti
• Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab (r.a.a.) by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya Al-Husayni Al-Ninowy.