The first use of the term "underground film" occurs in a 1957 essay by American film critic Manny Farber, "Underground Films." Farber uses the term to refer to B-movie auteurs like John Ford who made artistically valid works essentially on the sly while seeming to churn out workaday products. 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... An essay is a short work that treats a topic from an authors personal point of view, often taking into account subjective experiences and personal reflections upon them. ... Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. ... Manny Farber is an American painter and film critic, born in 1917 in Douglas, Arizona. ... The term B-movie originally referred to a film designed to be distributed as the lower half of a double feature, often a genre film featuring cowboys, gangsters or vampires. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this list may require cleanup. ... John Ford (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973) was one of the most accomplished American film directors of the 1930s to 1960s, known particularly as a director of the Westerns, although his tributes to the veterans of World War II and Americana are also equally effective. ...

In the late 1950s, "underground film" began to be used for pockets of early independent film makers operating first in San Francisco, California and New York City, New York, and soon in other cities around the world as well. The movement was typified by more experimental filmmakers working at the time like Stan Brakhage, Andy Warhol, Jonas Mekas, Ken Jacobs, Jack Smith, George Kuchar, and Bruce Conner. The 1950s were a decade that spanned the years 1950 through 1959. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... For details about the famous earthquake, refer to the article 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. ... Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Sacramento Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq. ... Nickname: The Big Apple, The Capital of the World Official website: City of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Largest city Albany New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi  (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Stan Brakhage (1933-2003) Stan Brakhage (January 14, 1933 – March 9, 2003) was an American filmmaker. ... Andy Warhol, photographed by Helmut Newton. ... Jonas Mekas (1922 - ) is a Lithuanian filmmaker, writer, and curator who has often been called the godfather of American avant-garde cinema. ... It has been suggested that Jack Smith (actor) be merged into this article or section. ... George Kuchar is an American film director, known for his low-fi ethic, playful use of no-talent actors, plotless plots, and themeless themes. ... Bruce Conner is a key experimental filmmaker and assemblage artist. ...

By the late 1960s, the movement represented by these filmmakers had matured, and some began to distance themselves from the countercultural, psychedelic connotations of the word, preferring terms like avant-garde or experimental to describe their work. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of a political opposition. ... The word psychedelic is a neologism coined from the Greek words for mind, ψυχη (psyche), and manifest, δηλειν (delein). ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ... From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ...

Through 1970s and 1980s, however, "underground film" would still be used to refer to the more countercultural fringe of independent cinema. The term was embraced most emphatically by Nick Zedd and the other filmmakers associated with the New York based Cinema of Transgression and No Wave Cinema of the late 70s to early 1990s. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... MacGyver is one of the symbols of the 1980s in America The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ... Nick Zedd, a New York City based filmmaker and author, coined the term Cinema of Transgression in 1985 to describe a loose-knit group of like-minded artists using shock value and humor in their work. ... The Cinema of Transgression is a term coined by Nick Zedd in 1985 to describe, a New York City based underground film movement, consisting of a loose-knit group of like-minded artists using shock value and humor in their work. ... No Wave Cinema was a nearly nine year boom (1976-1985) in underground filmmaking on the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. ... The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive. ...

In the early 90s, the legacy of the Cinema of Transgression carried over into a new generation, who would equate "underground cinema" with transgressive art, ultra-low-budget filmmaking created in defiance of both the commercialized versions of independent film offered by newly wealthy distributors like Miramax and New Line, as well as the institutionalized experimental film canonized at major museums. This spirit defined the early years of underground film festivals (like the New York Underground Film Festival, Chicago Underground Film Festival and others), zines like Film Threat, as well as the works of filmmakers like Craig Baldwin, Jon Moritsugu, and Bruce La Bruce. Transgressive art refers to art forms that transgress; i. ... Budget generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... distributor cap rotor In the ignition system of an internal combustion engine, the distributor is a device which routes the high voltage in the correct firing order to the spark plugs. ... Miramax is a Big Ten film distribution and production company. ... In computing, a newline is a special character or sequence of characters indicating the end of a line. ... A film festival is a mostly annual festival showcasing films, usually of a recent date, sometimes with a focus on a specific genre (e. ... Founded in 1994, the New York Underground Film Festival occurs each March at Anthology Film Archives in New York City. ... Founded in 1994, the Chicago Underground Film Festival (popularly known by the acronym CUFF) occurs each August at various venues in Chicago, Illinois in the USA. The festivals stated goal is to focus on the artistc, aesthetic and fun side of independent filmmaking. ... This article or section should be merged with Zine This article needs cleanup. ... Film Threat is the name of a magazine and website devoted to coverage of independent film. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ... Jon Moritsugu (b. ... Bruce La Bruce (born January 3, 1964) is a Canadian film-maker and writer. ...

By the late 1990s and early 2000s, the term had become blurred again, as the work at underground festivals began to blend with more formal experimentation, and the divisions that had been stark ones less than a decade earlier now seemed much less so. If the term is used at all, it connotes a form of very low budget independent filmmaking, with perhaps trangressive content, or a lo-fi analog to post-punk music and cultures. 2000s - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Lo-fi — from Low Fidelity — describes a sound recording which contains accidental artifacts, like distortion, or environmental noise, or a recording which has a limited frequency response. ... Punk Rock is an anti-establishment music movement that began about 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified by The Ramones,the Misfits, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ...

Underground versus cult

The term "underground film" is occasionally used as a synonym for cult film. Though there are important distinctions between the two, a significant overlap between these categories is undeniable. The films of Kenneth Anger, for example, could arguably be described as underground, experimental and cult. However, a studio film like, say, Heathers may have a cult following, but could not be accurately described as an underground film. A cult film is a movie that attracts a small but devoted group of fans, usually failing to achieve considerable success outside that group. ... Kenneth Anger Kenneth Anger (born February 3, 1927 in Santa Monica, California as Kenneth Wilbur Anglemyer) is an underground avant-garde film-maker and author. ... Underground as an adjective commonly refers to something that is either below the ground or outside of public consciousness. ... From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ... In religion and sociology, a cult is a cohesive group of people (often a relatively small and recently founded religious movement) devoted to beliefs or practices that the surrounding culture or society considers to be far outside the mainstream. ... Heathers is a 1989 black comedy film starring Winona Ryder, Shannen Doherty, and Christian Slater. ... In religion and sociology, a cult is a cohesive group of people (often a relatively small and recently founded religious movement) devoted to beliefs or practices that the surrounding culture or society considers to be far outside the mainstream. ...

See also

• No Wave Cinema
• Remodernist Film

No Wave Cinema was a nearly nine year boom (1976-1985) in underground filmmaking on the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. ... Remodernist film developed in the United States and England in the late 1990s and early 21st century and is related to the British art movement Stuckism and its manifesto, Remodernism. ...

External links

• Cinovid, database for experimental film and video art