The phrase underground press, especially underground newspapers (or simply underground papers) is, these days, most often used in reference to the alternative print media, independently published and distributed, associated with the countercultural movements of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Alternative media are defined most broadly as those media practices falling outside the mainstreams of corporate communication. ... In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of a political opposition. ... The 1960s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... Jimmy Beertow is the most famous pornstar of this decade he starred in movies such as BackDoorSluts3 and the Famous Schoolhouse Confessions Parts 1 through 6. He ultilized the secret school location made famous by the series. ...

This movement borrowed the name from previous underground presses such as the Dutch underground press during the Nazi occupations of the 1940s. The French resistance also published an underground press and prisoners of war (POWs) published an underground newspaper called Pow wow. Those predecessors were truly "underground," meaning they were illegal, thus published and distributed covertly. While the countercultural "underground" papers frequently battled with governmental authorities, for the most part they were distributed openly through a network of street vendors, newsstands and "head shops," and thus reached a wide audience. The Dutch underground press was part of the resistance to Nazi occupation of Holland in the 1940s. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Nazism. ... // Events and trends The 1940s were seen as a transition period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s, which also leads the period to be divided in two halves: The first half of the decade was dominated by World War II, the widest and most destructive armed conflict in... The French Resistance is the name used for resistance movements that fought military occupation of France by Nazi Germany and the Vichy France undemocratic regime during World War II after the government and the high command of France surrendered in 1940. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...

The underground press in the 60s and 70s existed in most countries with advanced economies and freedom of the press; similar publications existed in some developing countries and as part of the samizdat movement in the communist states, notably Czechoslovakia. Published as weeklies, monthlies, or even "occasionals", and usually associated with left-wing politics, they evolved on the one hand into today's alternative weeklies and on the other into zines. Freedom of the press (or press freedom) is the guarantee by a government of free public speech for its citizens and their associations, extended to members of news gathering organizations, and their published reporting. ... Samizdat, book published by Pathfinder Press containing a collection of forbidden Trotskyist Samizdat texts. ... A Communist state is a controversial term for a state governed by a single political party which declares its allegiance to the principles of Marxism-Leninism. ... In politics, left-wing, the political left or simply The Left are terms that refer to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism or social democracy/Social liberalism. ... An alternative weekly, alternately referred to as an alternative newsweekly or alternative newspaper, is a form of alternative media newspaper found in many centres in the United States and Canada. ... A zine—a contraction of the word fanzine—is most commonly a small circulation, non-commercial publication of original or appropriated texts and images. ...

The underground press in Australia

The most prominent underground publication in Australia was a satirical magazine called Oz (1963 to 1969). Oz Number 3 Oz was a satirical humour magazine first published between 1963–69 in Sydney, Australia and, in its second and more famous incarnation, from 1967 to 1973 in London, England. ...

The underground press in the UK

In London, Barry Miles and John Hopkins and others produced International Times which, following legal threats was renamed IT. Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,421,328 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ... For the British film and television writer of the same name, see John Hopkins (writer). ... The International Times (IT) was an underground paper started in 1966 in the UK, based in central London. ...

Richard Neville arrived in London from Australia where he had edited Oz (1963 to 1969). He launched a British version (1967 to 1973), which was A4 as opposed to IT's broadsheet format. Oz was also more colourful, with designers like Martin Sharp. Later Friends (later Friendz) appeared, based in the Ladbroke Grove area of London. Richard Neville can be: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, also known as Warwick the Kingmaker, a English noble who fought in the Wars of the Roses. ... Look up A4 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A4 may mean: A4 paper size, an international standard paper size (210×297 mm) defined by ISO 216 A4 road, in England, which runs from London to Bristol A4 (Switzerland) motorway, in Switzerland, that runs from Schaffhausen to central Switzerland The A4... The UK Underground movement in the UK was focussed around the Ladbroke Grove/Notting Hill area of London, which Mick Farren commented was an enclave of freaks, immigrants and bohemians long before the hippies got there (1). ... Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,421,328 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ...

Neville published an account of the counterculture called Playpower, in which he described most of the world's underground publications. He also listed many of the regular key topics from those publications including Vietnam, Black Power, Politics, Police Brutality, Hippies & Lifestyle Revolution, Drugs, Popular Music, New Society, Cinema, Theatre, Graphics, Cartoons etc. In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of a political opposition. ...

The underground press offered a platform to the socially impotent and mirrored the changing way of life in the UK Underground. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Police harassment of the UK Underground in general became commonplace to the point that in 1967 the police particularly focussed on the "source of the antagonism": the underground press. Harassment had the opposite effect than was intended: if anything, it made the underground press stronger. "It focused attention, stiffened resolve, and tended to confirm that what were doing was considered dangerous to the establishment." remembered Mick Farren [1]. From April 1967 on the police raided the offices of International Times to try and close the paper down. In order to raise money for IT a benefit event was put together, "The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream" Alexandra Palace on 29 April, 1967. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Mick Farren is a UK Underground/counterculture radical and anarchist. ... Alexandra Palace from the east Alexandra Palace was built on a hill in Muswell Hill in North London in 1873 as a public entertainment centre. ... April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ...

By the end of the decade, community artists and bands such as Pink Floyd, (who later "went commercial"), the Deviants, Pink Fairies, Hawkwind, Michael Moorcock and Steve Peregrin Took would arise in a symbiotic co-operation with the underground press. The underground press publicised these bands and this made it possible for them to tour and get record deals. The band members travelled around spreading the ethos and the demand for the newspapers and magazines grew and flourished for a while. Pink Floyd (formed in 1965 in Cambridge, England) is a British progressive rock band, noted for their progressive compositions, thoughtful lyrics, sonic experimentation, album art and live shows. ... The Deviants (formally the Social Deviants) were a musical group in the United Kingdom. ... The Pink Fairies, were one of two Peoples’ Bands, along with Hawkwind, who flew the flag for free music and Anarchy in the early 1970s underground scene in the UK. They often performed impromptu gigs in Ladbroke Grove as well as benefit performances. ... Hawkwind is a British rock music group. ... Michael John Moorcock (born December 18, 1939) is a prolific British writer of both science fiction and science fantasy. ... Steve Peregrin Took (1949–1980) was a British musician. ...

The flaunting of a defiant sexuality within the underground press provoked prosecution. IT was taken to court for publishing small ads for homosexuals, despite the legalisation of homosexuality between consenting adults in private. The Oz "School Kids" issue, brought charges against the three Oz editors who were convicted and given jail sentences. This was the first time the Obscene Publications Act, 1959, was combined with a moral conspiracy charge. Since its inception, the term homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ...

The underground press in the United States and Canada

The East Village Other, April 13, 1967

The North American countercultural press of the 1960s drew inspiration from predecessors that had begun in the 1950s, such as the Village Voice and Paul Krassner's satirical paper The Realist. Arguably, the first underground newspaper of the '60s was the Los Angeles Free Press, founded in 1964 and first published under that name in 1965. By 1967, the cooperative Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) was formed at the instigation of the publisher of another early paper, the East Village Other. The UPS allowed member papers to freely reprint content from any of the other member papers. Other prominent underground papers included the San Francisco Oracle, the Berkeley Barb and Berkeley Tribe (Berkeley, California); Fifth Estate (Detroit), Other Scenes (dispatched from various locations around the world by John Wilcox); The Helix (Seattle); The Chicago Seed; The Great Speckled Bird (Atlanta); The Rag, (Austin, Texas); Rat (later "Women's LibeRATion") (New York City), and in Canada, Georgia Straight (Vancouver). By 1969, virtually every sizeable city or college town in North America boasted at least one underground newspaper. cover of East Village Other, v2n10, 1967. ... cover of East Village Other, v2n10, 1967. ... The East Village Other (often abbreviated as EVO), was a leading underground newspaper in New York City during the late 1960s. ... 13 April is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Village Voice is a New York City-based weekly newspaper featuring investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts reviews and events listings for New York City. ... Paul Krassner (born April 9, 1932) was editor and frequent contributor to the Freethought magazine The Realist, which, first published in 1958, is a very early example of the underground countercultural press in the US. The Realist was published intermittently until 2001. ... The Los Angeles Free Press (often called the Freep) was among the most widely distributed underground newspapers of the 1960s, and it is often cited as the first such paper. ... The Underground Press Syndicate, commonly known as UPS, and later known as the Alternative Press Syndicate or APS, was a network of countercultural newspapers and magazines formed in 1967 by the publishers of several early underground papers, including the East Village Other, the Los Angeles Free Press, the San Francisco... The East Village Other (often abbreviated as EVO), was a leading underground newspaper in New York City during the late 1960s. ... The Oracle of the City of San Francisco, also known as the San Francisco Oracle, was an underground newspaper published in the late 1960s. ... The Berkeley Barb was an underground newspaper which was published in Berkeley, California, in the 1960s and 1970s. ... Berkeley as seen from the Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve Berkeley is a city in the San Francisco Bay Area of northern California, in the United States. ... Fifth Estate (FE) is a periodical published in Liberty, Tennessee (formerly in Detroit, Michigan). ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... City nickname Emerald City City bird Great Blue Heron City flower Dahlia City mottos The City of Flowers The City of Goodwill City song Seattle, the Peerless City Mayor Greg Nickels County King County Area   - Total   - Land   - Water   - % water 369. ... The Great Speckled Bird (newspaper) The Great Speckled Bird (song) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article is about the state capital of Georgia. ... Skyline from Town Lake City nickname: Live Music Capital of the World Location Location in the state of Texas Government County Travis County Mayor Will Wynn Physical characteristics Area      Land      Water 669. ... New York City, officially named the City of New York, is the most populous city in the United States, the most densely populated major city in North America, and the largest financial center in the world. ... The Georgia Straight is a free Canadian weekly news and entertainment newspaper published in Vancouver, British Columbia. ... Members of Parliament Libby Davies, Ujjal Dosanjh, David Emerson, Hedy Fry, Stephen Owen Members of the Legislative Assembly Gordon Campbell, David Chudnovsky, Adrian Dix, Colin Hansen, Jenny Kwan, Lorne Mayencourt, Wally Oppal, Gregor Robertson, Shane Simpson, Carole Taylor Mayor Sam Sullivan City Manager Judy Rogers Governing Body Vancouver City Council...

Chicago Seed, vol 4 no 10, 1969.

The underground press phenomenon proved short lived. By 1973, many underground papers had folded, at which point the Underground Press Syndicate acknowledged the passing of the undergrounds and renamed itself the Alternative Press Syndicate. That organization soon collapsed, to be supplanted by the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies. Image File history File links Seed, Chicago, vol 4 no 10, 1969 This image is of a scan of a magazine cover, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either the publisher of the magazine or the individual contributors who worked on the cover depicted. ... Image File history File links Seed, Chicago, vol 4 no 10, 1969 This image is of a scan of a magazine cover, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either the publisher of the magazine or the individual contributors who worked on the cover depicted. ... The Association of Alternative Newsweeklies (AAN) is the trade association of alternative weekly newspapers in the United States. ...

During the 1960s and 1970s there were also a number of left political periodicals with some of the same concerns of the underground press. Some of these periodicals joined the Underground Press Syndicate to gain services such as microfilming, advertising, and the free exchange of articles and newspapers. Examples include The Black Panther (the paper of the Black Panther Party, Oakland, California), and the Guardian, New York City; both of which had national distribution. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) conducted surveillance and disruption activities on the underground press in the United States, including a campaign to destroy the alternative agency Liberation News Service. Under the broad heading of the alternative press are several subcategories including periodicals published by groups, movements, or individuals affiliated with the U.S. political left. ... Logo of the Black Panther Party The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a revolutionary, Black nationalist organization in the United States that formed in the late 1960s, and grew to national prominence before falling apart due to a combination of internal... View of downtown Oakland looking west across Lake Merritt. ... The Guardian was a radical independent weekly newspaper published between 1948 and 1992 in New York City. ... Official FBI Seal The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force and intelligence agency which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... An alternative news agency (or alternative news service) operates in a similar fashion to a commercial news agency, but defines itself as an alternative to commercial or mainstream operations. ... The Liberation News Service (LNS) was a leftist alternative news service which published news bulletins from 1967 to 1981. ...

Georgia Straight outlived the underground movement, evolving into an alternative weekly still published today; Fifth Estate survives as an anarchist magazine. Most others died with the era. Given the nature of alternative journalism as a subculture, some staff members from underground newspapers became staff on the newer alternative weeklies, even though there was seldom institutional continuity with management or ownership. An example is the transition in Denver from the underground Chinook, to Straight Creek Journal, to Westword [2], an alternative weekly still in publication. Some underground and alternative reporters, cartoonists, and artists moved on to work in corporate media or in academia. An alternative weekly, alternately referred to as an alternative newsweekly or alternative newspaper, is a form of alternative media newspaper found in many centres in the United States and Canada. ... Anarchism derives from the Greek αναρχία (without archons (rulers)). Thus anarchism, in its most general meaning, is the belief that rulership is unnecessary and should be abolished. ... Westword is a free alternative weekly newspaper based in Denver, Colorado. ...

References

• Funtopia Retrieved Aug. 8, 2004
• Voices from the Underground (Vol. 1): Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press
• Voices from the Underground (Vol. 2): A Directory of Resources and Sources on the Vietnam Era Underground Press
• Abe Peck. Uncovering the Sixties:The Life and Times of the Underground Press (New York: Citadel) 1991.

External links

• "Voices from the Underground," an exhibition of the North American underground press of the 1960s; includes a substantial gallery of color images.
• A digitally scanned archive of the first twelve issues (1966-67) of The Rag, from Austin, Texas
• Examples of the Boston underground newspaper Avatar (While The Avatar shared its design approach and many social concerns with other underground papers of the time, in one important respect it was completely atypical: it served as a platform for self-proclaimed "world saviour" Mel Lyman, leader of a communal cult.)
• A number of libraries have extensive microfilm collections of underground newspapers. For example, the University of Oregon library has a collection that consists of mostly, but not exclusively North American) underground papers.[3]
• Counter Cultures: Cultural Politics and the Underground Press
• Pow wow in the 1940s
• The website for the film Sir! No Sir! has an extensive collection of primary source materials from the GI underground press, including more than 600 articles and pamphlets, 500 cartoons, 600 photographs and reproductions of more than 500 newspaper covers

Mel Lyman (born March 24, 1938, Eureka, California - died 1978, exact date and location unknown) was an American cult leader and musician. ... Microfilm is an analog storage medium for books, periodicals, legal documents and engineering drawings. ... University of Oregon The University of Oregon (UO) is a public university located in Eugene. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the...

See also

• Underground newspapers
• French resistance
• Alternative press (U.S. political left)
• Alternative press (U.S. political right)
• Alternative media
• News agency (alternative)

Underground newspapers reached their hey-day in the late 1960s - mid 1970s in the US. Examples Berkeley Barb, Berkeley, California Black Panther The East Village Other, New York City LA Free Press The Last Whole Earth Catalog The Oracle San Francisco The Paper, East Lansing, Michigan Great Speckled... The French Resistance is the name used for resistance movements that fought military occupation of France by Nazi Germany and the Vichy France undemocratic regime during World War II after the government and the high command of France surrendered in 1940. ... Under the broad heading of the alternative press are several subcategories including periodicals published by groups, movements, or individuals affiliated with the U.S. political left. ... Under the broad heading of the alternative press are several subcategories including periodicals published by groups, movements, or individuals affiliated with the U.S. political right. ... Alternative media are defined most broadly as those media practices falling outside the mainstreams of corporate communication. ... An alternative news agency (or alternative news service) operates in a similar fashion to a commercial news agency, but defines itself as an alternative to commercial or mainstream operations. ...

Further reading

• Leamer, Lawrence. "The Paper Revolutionaries". New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1972.

• Lewes, James. Protest and Survive: Underground GI Newspapers during the Vietnam War. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0275978613.

• Mungo, Raymond. "Famous Long Ago: My Life and Hard Times With the Liberation News Service". Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.

• Peck, Abe. "Uncovering the Sixties". New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1985.

• Wachsberger, Ken, editor. "Voices From the Underground". Tempe, AZ: Mica Press, 1993.