NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Underground railroad

The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States to escape to free states (or as far north as Canada) with the aid of abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause.^[1] The term is also applied to the abolitionists who aided the fugitives.^[2] Other routes led to Mexico or overseas.^[3] The Underground Railroad was at its height between 1810 and 1850.^[4] One report estimates that up to 100,000 people escaped enslavement via the Underground Railroad.^[2], but census figures only account for 6,000.^[5] Image File history File links Harriet_tubman. ... Image File history File links Harriet_tubman. ... Harriet Tubman (c. ... â€œMass Transitâ€ redirects here. ... In law enforcement and intelligence jargon of intelligence agencies and police forces, a secured location, suitable for hiding witnesses, agents or other persons perceived as being in danger. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Slave sale in Easton, Maryland The history of slavery in the United States (1619-1865) began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. ... This article is about the American free states of the 19th century. ... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ... The United States Census is a decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution. ...

Political background

Even at the height of the Underground Railroad, fewer than two thousand slaves from all slaveholding states were able to escape each year, a quantity much smaller than the natural annual increase of the enslaved population. Though the economic impact was small, the psychological impact upon slaveholders of a well-organized network to assist escaped slaves was immense. Under the original Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, the responsibility for catching runaway slaves fell to officials of the states from whence the slaves came, and the Underground Railroad thrived. The 1793 Fugitive Slave Law was written in response to a conflict between Pennsylvania and Virginia. ...

With heavy political lobbying, the Compromise of 1850, passed by Congress after the Mexican-American War, stipulated a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law. Ostensibly, the compromise redressed all regional complaints. However, it coerced officials of free states to assist slave catchers if there were runaway slaves in the area, and granted slave catchers national immunity when in free states to do their job. Additionally, freed blacks of the North could easily be forced into slavery, as all suspected slaves were not eligible for a trial and it was difficult to prove a free status. Thus, many Northerners who would have otherwise been able and content to ignore far-away regional slavery chafed under nationally-sanctioned slavery, leading to one of the primary grievances of the Union cause by the Civil War's outbreak. Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Millard Fillmore presides as Calhoun and Webster look on. ... Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio LÃ³pez de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia JosÃ© MariÃ¡ Flores Strength 78,790 soldiers 25,000â€“40,000 soldiers Casualties KIA: 1733 Total dead: 13,271 Wounded: 4,152 AWOL: 9,200+ 25,000... An April 24, 1851 poster warning colored people in Boston about policemen acting as slave catchers. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total...

Structure

The escape network of The Underground Railroad was not literally subterranean, but rather "underground" in the sense of underground resistance. The network was known as a "railroad" by way of the use of rail terminology in the code. The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe houses, and assistance provided by abolitionist sympathizers. Individuals were often organized in small, independent groups, which helped to maintain secrecy since some knew of connecting "stations" along the route but few details of their immediate area. Escaped slaves would move along the route from one way station to the next, steadily making their way north. "Conductors" on the railroad came from various backgrounds and included free-born blacks, white abolitionists, former slaves (either escaped or manumitted), and Native Americans. Churches also often played a role, especially the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Congregationalists, Wesleyans, and Reformed Presbyterians as well as certain sects of mainstream denominations such as branches of the Methodist church and American Baptists. A vigilance committee, in the 19th century United States, was a group of private citizens who organized themselves for self-protection. ... Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR) are a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. ... In law enforcement and intelligence jargon of intelligence agencies and police forces, a secured location, suitable for hiding witnesses, agents or other persons perceived as being in danger. ... Manumission is the act of freeing a slave, done at the will of the owner. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... This article is about the Christian buildings of worship. ... Quaker redirects here. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... Logo of The Wesleyan Church For the former Wesleyan Methodist Church of Great Britain, see Methodist Church of Great Britain The Wesleyan Church is a religious denomination associated with the holiness movement that has roots in Methodism and the teachings of John Wesley. ... The Blue Banner logo of the RPCNA The Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), a Christian church, is a small Presbyterian denomination with churches throughout the United States and some parts of Canada. ... For other uses, see Methodism (disambiguation). ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Baptist is...

Route

Many people associated with the Underground Railroad only knew their part of the operation and not of the whole scheme. Though this may seem like an unreliable route for slaves to gain their freedom, hundreds of slaves obtained freedom to the North every year. Download high resolution version (1035x600, 274 KB)Reduced map of the underground railroad. ... Download high resolution version (1035x600, 274 KB)Reduced map of the underground railroad. ...

The resting spots where the runaways could sleep and eat were given the code names “stations” and “depots” which were held by “station masters”. There were also those known as “stockholders” who gave money or supplies for assistance. There were the “conductors” who ultimately moved the runaways from station to station. The “conductor” would sometimes act as if he or she were a slave and enter a plantation. Once a part of a plantation the "conductor" would direct the fugitives to the North. During the night the slaves would move, traveling on about 10–20 miles (15–30 km) per night. They would stop at the so-called “stations” or "depots" during the day and rest. While resting at one station, a message was sent to the next station to let the station master know the runaways were on their way. Sometimes boats or trains would be used for transportation. Money was donated by many people to help buy tickets and even clothing for the fugitives so they would remain unnoticeable. Soon after the railroad had freed 300 slaves, some of the freed slaves made a store for the railroad. This article is about crop plantations. ... The Fugitives were a group of poets and literary scholars who came together at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennesee around 1920. ...

Traveling conditions

Although the fugitives sometimes traveled on real railways, the primary means of transportation were on foot or by wagon.

In addition, routes were often purposely indirect in order to throw off pursuers. Most escapes were by individuals or small groups; occasionally, such as with the Pearl Rescue, there were mass escapes. The majority of the escapees are believed to have been male field workers younger than 40 years old. The journey was often too arduous and treacherous for women or children to complete. Many fugitive bondsmen, however, who escaped via the Railroad and established livelihoods as free men, later purchased their wives, children, and other family members out of slavery. Because of this, the number of former slaves who owed their freedom at least in part to the courage and determination of those who operated the Underground Railroad was greater than the many thousands who actually traveled its secret routes.

Due to the risk of discovery, information about routes and safe havens was passed along by word of mouth. Southern newspapers of the day were often filled with pages of notices soliciting information about escaped slaves and offering sizable rewards for their capture and return. Federal marshals and professional bounty hunters known as slave catchers pursued fugitives as far as the Canadian border. â€œU.S. Marshalsâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Bounty hunter (disambiguation). ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Canada and the United States of America share the longest common border among any two countries that is not militarized or actively patrolled. ...

The risk of capture was not limited solely to actual fugitives. Because strong, healthy blacks in their prime working and reproductive years were highly valuable commodities, it was not unusual for free blacks — both freedmen (former slaves) and those who had lived their entire lives in freedom — to be kidnapped and sold into slavery. "Certificates of freedom" — signed, notarized statements attesting to the free status of individual blacks — could easily be destroyed and thus afforded their owners little protection. Moreover, under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, when suspected fugitives were seized and brought to a special magistrate known as a commissioner, they had no right to a jury trial and could not testify in their own behalf; the marshal or private slave-catcher only needed to swear an oath to acquire a writ of replevin, for the return of property. poop. ... An April 24, 1851 poster warning colored people in Boston about policemen acting as slave catchers. ... A magistrate is a judicial officer. ... In law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction. ... Replevin is an Anglo-French law term (derived from repletir, to replevy). ...

Nevertheless, Congress believed the fugitive slave laws were necessary because of the lack of cooperation by the police, courts, and public outside of the Deep South. States such as Michigan passed laws interfering with the federal bounty system, which politicians from the South felt was grossly inadequate, and this became a key motivation for secession. In some parts of the North slave-catchers needed police protection to carry out their federal authority. Even in states that resisted cooperation with slavery laws, though, blacks were often unwelcome; Indiana passed a constitutional amendment that barred blacks from settling in that state. Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... This article is about the U.S. State. ... For other uses, see Secession (disambiguation). ...

Terminology

Members of The Underground Railroad often used specific jargon, based on the metaphor of the railway. For example: This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ...

As well, the Big Dipper asterism, whose "bowl" points to the north star, was known as the drinkin' gourd, and immortalized in a contemporary code tune. The Railroad itself was often known as the "freedom train" or "Gospel train", which headed towards "Heaven" or "the Promised Land"—Canada. Big Dipper map A group of the brightest stars of the constellation Ursa Major, the Great Bear, form a well-known asterism that has been recognized as a distinct grouping in many cultures from time immemorial. ... In astronomy, an asterism is a pattern of stars seen in Earths sky which is not an official constellation. ... The Drinkin Gourd is another name for the Big Dipper asterism. ...

William Still, often called "The Father of the Underground Railroad", helped hundreds of slaves to escape (as many as 60 a month), sometimes hiding them in his Philadelphia home. He kept careful records, including short biographies of the people, that contained frequent railway metaphors. He maintained correspondence with many of them, often acting as a middleman in communications between escaped slaves and those left behind. He then published these accounts in the book The Underground Railroad in 1872. William Still (1821-1902) William Still (November 1819 or October 7, 1821 â€“ July 14, 1902) was an African-American abolitionist, conductor on the Underground Railroad, writer, historian and civil rights activist. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ...

According to Still, messages were often encoded so that messages could only be understood by those active in the railroad. For example, the following message, "I have sent via at two o'clock four large and two small hams", indicated that four adults and two children were sent by train from Harrisburg to Philadelphia. However, the additional word via indicated that the "passengers" were not sent on the usual train, but rather via Reading, Pennsylvania. In this case, authorities were tricked into going to the regular train station in an attempt to intercept the runaways, while Still was able to meet them at the correct station and guide them to safety, where they eventually escaped to Canada. This article is about the capital city of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. ... Berks Countyâ€™s location in Pennsylvania Readingâ€™s location in Berks County Country United States State County Berks Founded 1748 Government - Mayor Thomas McMahon (D) Area - City 10. ...

Folklore

Since the 1980s, claims have arisen that quilt designs were used to signal and direct slaves to escape routes and assistance. The quilt design theory is disputed. The first published work documenting an oral history source was in 1999 and the first publishing is believed to be a 1980 children's book^[6], so it is difficult to evaluate the veracity of these claims, which are not accepted by quilt historians.^{[citation needed]} There is no contemporary evidence of any sort of quilt code, and quilt historians such as Pat Cummings and Barbara Brackman have raised serious questions about the idea. In addition, Underground Railroad historian Giles Wright has published a pamphlet debunking the quilt code.^{[citation needed]} There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ... A quilt is a type of puppy with long fluffy ears. ... This article is about the historical discipline; see Oral tradition for the oral transmission of historical information. ... Basic Characteristics There is some debate as to what constitutes childrens literature. ...

Many accounts also mention spirituals and other songs that contained coded information intended to help navigate the railroad.^{[citation needed]} Songs such as "Steal Away" and other field songs were often passed down purely orally, and others, like "Follow the Drinking Gourd," were published after the days of the Railroad.^[6] Tracing their origins and meanings is difficult.^{[citation needed]} In any case, many African-American songs of the period deal with themes of freedom and escape, and distinguishing coded information from expression and sentiment may not be possible. The Drinkin Gourd is another name for the Big Dipper asterism. ...

Legal and political

When frictions between North and South culminated in the American Civil War, many blacks, slave and free, fought with the Union Army. Following passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, in some cases the Underground Railroad operated in reverse as fugitives returned to the United States. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Amendment XIII in the National Archives The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished, and continues to prohibit slavery and, with limited exceptions (those convicted of a crime), prohibits involuntary servitude. ...

Arrival in Canada

Estimates vary widely, but at least 30,000 slaves, some saying more than 100,000, escaped to Canada via the Underground Railroad.^[7] The largest group settled in Upper Canada (called Canada West from 1841, and today southern Ontario), where numerous African Canadian communities developed. These were generally in the triangular region bounded by Toronto, Niagara Falls, and Windsor. Nearly 1,000 refugees settled in Toronto, and several rural villages made up mostly of ex-slaves were established in Chatham-Kent and Essex County. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 414 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1481 Ã— 2145 pixel, file size: 720 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) self made Monument to Underground Railroad in Windsor, Ontario I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 414 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1481 Ã— 2145 pixel, file size: 720 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) self made Monument to Underground Railroad in Windsor, Ontario I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify... Nickname: Motto: The river and the land sustain us. ... Flag Map of Upper Canada (orange) Capital Newark 1792 - 1797 York(later renamed Toronto in 1834) 1797 - 1841 Language(s) English Religion Anglican Government Constitutional monarchy Sovereign - 1791-1820 George III - 1837-1841 Victoria Lieutenant-Governor See list of Lieutenant-Governors Legislature Parliament of Upper Canada - Upper house Legislative Council... Canada West was the western portion of the former Province of Canada from 1841 to 1867. ... Southern Ontario is the portion of the Canadian province of Ontario lying south of the French River and Algonquin Park. ... Black Canadian is a term used to identify a Canadian of African descent. ... Skyline of Niagara Falls, Canada, as seen from Niagara Falls State Park across the river. ... Nickname: Motto: The river and the land sustain us. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country Province County noneâ€“Single-tier municipality Established 1998 Government - City Mayor Randy Hope - Governing body Chatham-Kent Council - MPs Bev Shipley (CPC) Dave Van Kesteren (CPC) - MPPs Pat Hoy (OLP) Maria Van Bommel (OLP) Area - City 2,458 kmÂ² (949 sq mi) Elevation 198 m (650 ft... Essex County covers the area at the very tip of Southwestern Ontario. ...

Important black settlements also developed in more distant British colonies (now parts of Canada). These included Nova Scotia, Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), as well as Vancouver Island, where Governor James Douglas encouraged black immigration because of his opposition to slavery and because he hoped a significant black community would form a bulwark against those who wished to unite the island with the United States. Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... Map of Lower Canada (green) Lower Canada was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791-1841). ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Vancouver Island is separated from mainland British Columbia by the Strait of Georgia and the Queen Charlotte Strait, and from Washington by the Juan De Fuca Strait. ... James Douglas Sir James Douglas, K.C.B, (August 15, 1803 â€“ August 2, 1877), was born of a Scottish father and Creole mother in Demerara. ...

Upon arriving at their destinations, many fugitives were disappointed. While the British colonies had no slavery, discrimination was still common. Many of the new arrivals had great difficulty finding jobs, in part because of mass European immigration at the time, and overt racism was common.

With the outbreak of the Civil War in the United States, many black refugees enlisted in the Union Army and, while some later returned to Canada, many remained in the United States. Thousands of others returned to the American South after the war ended. The desire to reconnect with friends and family was strong, and most were hopeful about the changes emancipation and Reconstruction would bring. The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Shermans veterans. ... For other uses, see Reconstruction (disambiguation). ...

Notable people

Anderson Ruffin Abbott (7 April 1837 – 29 December 1913) was the first Black Canadian to become a physician after being granted a medical licence from the Medical board of Upper Canada in 1861. ... John Brown (May 9, 1800 â€“ December 2, 1859) was a white American abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish slavery. ... Levi Coffin Levi Coffin (October 28, 1798â€“September 16, 1877) was an American Quaker, educator, and abolitionist. ... Calvin Fairbank Calvin Fairbank (November 3, 1816 - October 12, 1898) was an abolitionist minister who spent more than 17 years in prison for his anti-slavery activities. ... Thomas Garrett (born Thomas Garrett Jr. ... William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison (December 12, 1805â€“May 24, 1879) was a prominent United States abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. ... Josiah Bushnell Grinnell (born December 22, 1821) was a U.S. Congressman from Iowa, ordained Presbyterian clergyman, founder of Grinnell, Iowa and benefactor of Grinnell College. ... A photo of Josiah Henson, taken in 1877 Josiah Henson (June 15, 1789 â€“ May 5, 1883) was born into slavery in Charles County, Maryland. ... Henry Box Brown was born into slavery in 1815 in Louisa County, Virginia. ... Not to be confused with William Wild Bill Hickok, American football player. ... Isaac T. Hopper (b. ... The restored John P. Parker house in Ripley, Ohio. ... John Wesley Posey (1801- 1884) was a significant figure in the Underground Railroad in Indiana. ... John Rankin (1793-1886) was a Presbyterian minister and abolitionist. ... We dont have an article called Samuel Seawell Start this article Search for Samuel Seawell in. ... William Still (1821-1902) William Still (November 1819 or October 7, 1821 â€“ July 14, 1902) was an African-American abolitionist, conductor on the Underground Railroad, writer, historian and civil rights activist. ... Harriet Tubman (c. ... Charles Augustus Wheaton (??-1882) was a major figure in the central New York state abolitionist movement and Underground Railroad. ... Frederick Douglass, ca. ... Sojourner Truth (c. ...

Notable locations

Exterior, Bialystoker // The Bialystoker Synagogue was first organized in 1865 on Manhattans Lower East Side as the Chevra Anshi Chesed of Bialystok, founded by a group of Jews who came from town of Bialystok in Poland. ... Boston redirects here. ... Nickname: Location of Buffalo in New York State Coordinates: , Country State County Erie Government - Mayor Byron Brown (D) Area - City 52. ... The Burkle Estate is a historic home at 826 North Second Street in Memphis, Tennessee. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... Burlington is a city in Wisconsin, United States. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country Province County noneâ€“Single-tier municipality Established 1998 Government - City Mayor Randy Hope - Governing body Chatham-Kent Council - MPs Bev Shipley (CPC) Dave Van Kesteren (CPC) - MPPs Pat Hoy (OLP) Maria Van Bommel (OLP) Area - City 2,458 kmÂ² (949 sq mi) Elevation 198 m (650 ft... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 606. ... Cincinnati redirects here. ... The Cyrus Gates Farmstead is located in Broome County, New York State. ... Detroit redirects here. ... Dresden, Ontario is a town in the southwestern part of the Canadian province of Ontario. ... Elmira is a city located in Chemung County, New York, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 30,940. ... Farmington is the name of some places in the United States of America: Farmington, Arkansas Farmington, California Farmington, Connecticut Farmington, Delaware Farmington, Illinois Farmington, Iowa Farmington, Kentucky Farmington, Maine Farmington, Michigan Farmington, Minnesota Farmington, Mississippi Farmington, Missouri Farmington, New Hampshire Farmington, New Mexico Farmington, New York Farmington, Pennsylvania Farmington, Utah... Ironton is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Lawrence County. ... Lawnside highlighted in Camden County Lawnside is a borough located in Camden County, New Jersey. ... Lewis is a city in Cass County, Iowa, United States, along the East Nishnabotna River. ... Built in 1852, the Mayhew Cabin and Historic Village in Nebraska City, Nebraska is the only National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom site in Nebraska officially recognized by the National Park Service. ... There is also the Town of Milton in Buffalo County. ... Nebraska City is a city in Otoe County, Nebraska, United States. ... Oberlin is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, to the south and west of Cleveland. ... A historical seal of the city of Philadelphia. ... Portsmouth is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Scioto County. ... Main Street ends at the Ohio River in Ripley, Ohio Ripley is a village in Brown County, Ohio, 50 miles southeast of Cincinnati, along the Ohio River. ... Salem is a city in Columbiana and Mahoning[1] Counties in the state of Ohio, United States. ... Location within the state of Ohio Coordinates: , Country State County Erie Founded 1816 Government - Mayor Area - Total 22. ... Rossville is the name of a neighborhood of Staten Island, New York, located to the west of Princes Bay, on the islands South Shore. ... Nickname: Motto: Industry and Liberality Location of St. ... Westfield is a town located in Hamilton County, Indiana. ... : Chemical Capital of the World , Corporate Capital of the World , Credit Card Capital of the World : A Place to Be Somebody United States Delaware New Castle 17. ... Nickname: Motto: The river and the land sustain us. ...

Contemporary literature

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Cover of David Walkers Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World David Walker (September 28, 1785 - June 28, 1830) was a black abolitionist who suxs on dick does it real good. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article, image, template or category should belong in one or more categories. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Uncle Toms Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly, is American author Harriet Beecher Stowes fictional anti-slavery novel. ... Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 â€“ July 1, 1896) was an American author and abolitionist, whose novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) attacked the cruelty of slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential, even in Britain. ...

Related events

// class="preview" id="pv186"> For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... The United States Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were Free and Independent States and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to... ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... The Second Great Awakening (1800â€“1830s) was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The United States in 1820. ... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Millard Fillmore presides as Calhoun and Webster look on. ... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... It has been suggested that Fugitive slave laws be merged into this article or section. ... 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... This 1856 map shows slave states (grey), free states (red), and US territories (green) with Kansas in center (white). ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Holding Blacks, whether slaves or free, could not become United States citizens and the plaintiff therefore lacked the capacity to file a lawsuit. ... Year 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The â€˜â€™â€™Oberlin-Wellington Rescueâ€™â€™â€™ was a landmark event in the Abolitionist movement before the American Civil War. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 25th - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 390 miles (629 km) - % water 4. ... GOP redirects here. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Emancipation Proclamation Reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Amendment XIII in the National Archives The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished, and continues to prohibit slavery and, with limited exceptions (those convicted of a crime), prohibits involuntary servitude. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ...

Encyclopedia > Underground railroad

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