An unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.

An unfinished work is a creative work that has not been finished. Its creator might have chosen never to finish it, or have been prevented by circumstances outside of his or her control (including death). Such pieces are often the subject of speculation as to what the finished piece would have been like; sometimes they are finished by others and released posthumously. Unfinished works have had profound influences on their genres and have inspired others in their own projects. The term can also refer to ongoing work which could eventually be finished, and is distinguishable from "incomplete work", which can be a work that was finished but is no longer in its complete form. Download high resolution version (529x650, 47 KB)Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper. ... Download high resolution version (529x650, 47 KB)Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper. ... Some links to this page should perhaps link to miniature (illuminated manuscript). ... For other uses, see Oliver Cromwell (disambiguation). ... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell, 1657. ... A creative work is a tangible manifestation of creative effort such as literature, paintings, software, and this article. ... The following is a list of works that were published or distributed after the parties involved in its creation died. ...

There are many reasons for work not being completed. Works are usually stopped when their creator dies, although some, aware of their failing health, make sure that they set up the project for completion. If the work involves other people, such as a cast of actors or the subject of a portrait, it may be halted because of their unavailability. Projects that are too grandiose might never have been finished, while others should be feasible but their creator's continual unhappiness with them leads to abandonment.

Unfinished works by popular authors and artists may still be made public, sometimes in the state they were in when work was halted. Alternatively, another artist may finish the piece. In some fields work may appear unfinished but are actually finished, such as Donatello's "non finito" technique in sculpture. Statue of Habacuc (popularly known as Zuccone) for the Giottos Bell Tower. ... Non finito is a sculpting technique literally meaning that the work is unfinished. ... Sculptor redirects here. ...

Media

Literature

Franz Kafka's unfinished writings were released after his death despite his wishes for them to be destroyed.

Many acclaimed authors have left work incomplete. Some such pieces have been published posthumously, either in their incomplete state or after being finished by somebody else. Studio Photograph of Franz Kafka dated approximately 1917 from http://www. ... Studio Photograph of Franz Kafka dated approximately 1917 from http://www. ... “Kafka” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Author (disambiguation). ...

It is the job of literary executors to take charge of the work of a writer after their death. They must often decide what to do with incomplete work, using their own judgement if not given explicit instructions. In some cases this can lead to something happening to the work that was not originally intended, such as the release of Franz Kafka's unfinished writings by Max Brod when Kafka had wished for it to be destroyed. These works have become iconic in Western literature.^[1] The posthumous publication of some of Ernest Hemingway's unfinished novels was met with controversy. Several books were published, but it has been suggested that it is not within the jurisdiction of Hemingway's relatives or publishers to determine whether these works should be made available to the public. For example, scholars often disapprovingly note that the version of The Garden of Eden published by Charles Scribner's Sons in 1986, though not a revision of Hemingway's original words, nonetheless omits two-thirds of the original manuscript^[2]. A literary executor is a person with decision-making power in respect of a literary estate. ... “Kafka” redirects here. ... Max Brod Max Brod (May 27, 1884 – December 20, 1968) was a German-speaking Jewish author, composer, and journalist. ... Look up icon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. ... Charles Scribners Sons is a publisher that was founded in 1846 at the Brick Church Chapel on New Yorks Park Row. ...

Mark Twain took 20 years to write three versions of The Mysterious Stranger but he did not finish any of them.

Novels can remain unfinished because the author continually rewrites the story. When enough material exists, someone else can compile and combine the work, creating a finished story out upon several different drafts. Mark Twain's The Mysterious Stranger was written in three different versions over a period of 20 years, none of which were complete. Twain biographer and literary executor Albert Bigelow Paine combined the stories and published his version six years after Twain's death.^[3] Similarly, J. R. R. Tolkien continuously rewrote The Silmarillion throughout his lifetime; a definitive version was still uncompiled at the time of his death, with some sections very fragmented. His son, Christopher Tolkien, invited fantasy fiction writer Guy Gavriel Kay to reconstruct some parts of the book, and they eventually published a final version in 1977.^[4] In 1980, Christopher Tolkien published another posthumous collection of his father's unfinished work, appropriately entitled Unfinished Tales. Between 1982 and 1996, he published twelve volumes of The History of Middle-earth, a substantial portion of which is unfinished and incomplete drafts. In 2007, Christopher Tolkien published another novel from his father entitled The Children of Húrin. Like The Silmarillion, the Christopher assembled the novel from various incomplete drafts. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1186x1478, 202 KB) From [1], the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs collection (reference number LC-USZ62-5513), copyrighted May 1904. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1186x1478, 202 KB) From [1], the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs collection (reference number LC-USZ62-5513), copyrighted May 1904. ... Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer. ... The Mysterious Stranger is an unfinished work written by the American author Mark Twain that was worked on periodically from roughly 1890 up until his death in 1910. ... Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer. ... The Mysterious Stranger is an unfinished work written by the American author Mark Twain that was worked on periodically from roughly 1890 up until his death in 1910. ... Albert Bigelow Paine (10 July 1861 – 9 April 1937) was an American author and biographer best known for his work with Mark Twain. ... Tolkien redirects here. ... The Silmarillion is a collection of J. R. R. Tolkiens mythopoeic works, edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in 1977, with assistance from Guy Gavriel Kay, who would later become a noted fantasy fiction writer. ... Christopher Reuel Tolkien (born November 21, 1924) is best known as the third son of author J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973), and as the editor of much of his fathers posthumously published work. ... Canadian author Guy Gavriel Kay Guy Gavriel Kay (born November 7, 1954) is a Canadian author of fantasy fiction. ... Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories by J. R. R. Tolkien that were never completed during his lifetime, but were edited by his son Christopher Tolkien and published in 1980. ... The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983-1996, that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, compiled and edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien. ... The Children of Húrin (2007) is a completion of a tale by J. R. R. Tolkien begun in 1918. ...

The size of a project can be such that a piece of literature is never finished. Geoffrey Chaucer never completed The Canterbury Tales to the extensive length that he originally intended. Chaucer had, however, already written much of the work at the time of his death, and the Canterbury Tales are considered to be a seminal work despite the unfinished status.^[5] English poet Edmund Spenser originally intended The Faerie Queene to consist of 12 books; even at its unfinished state – six books were published before Spenser's death – it is the longest epic poem in the English language.^[6] Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist, completed nearly 100 pieces for his novel sequence La Comédie humaine, but a planned 48 more were never finished.^[7] Notes and plot outlines left behind by an author may allow a successor to complete a novel or series of novels. Frank Herbert left behind extensive notes related to his Dune universe, which led to son Brian Herbert and science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson completing several prequels to the popular series.^[8] Mervyn Peake, author of the Gormenghast novels, meant to write a complete biography of the main character, Titus, but died after only completing three books in the series. Chaucer redirects here. ... For other uses, see The Canterbury Tales (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Una and the Lion by Briton Rivière The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser, published first in three books in 1590, and later in six books in 1596. ... “Balzac” redirects here. ... A novel sequence is a set or series of novels which share common themes, characters, or settings, but where each novel has its own title and free-standing storyline, and can thus be read independently or out of sequence. ... Honoré de Balzac La Comédie humaine is the title of Honoré de Balzacs multi-volume collection of interlinked novels and stories depicting French society in the period of the Restoration and the July Monarchy 1815-1848. ... Frank Patrick Herbert (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful American science fiction author. ... The fictional Dune universe, or Duniverse, is the political, scientific, and social setting of author Frank Herberts six-book Dune series of science fantasy novels. ... Brian Patrick Herbert (born 1947) is a best selling American author who lives in Washington state. ... |200px| ]] Pseudonym: Gabriel Mesta Born: March 27, 1962 ) Oregon, Wisconsin, U.S. Occupation: Author Genres: Science fiction Debut works: Resurrection, Inc Influences: The War of the Worlds Kevin J. Anderson (born March 27, 1962) is a prolific American science fiction author. ... A prequel is a work that portrays events which include the structure, conventions, and/or characters of a previously completed narrative, but occur at an earlier time. ... Mervyn Laurence Peake (July 9, 1911 – November 17, 1968) was an English modernist writer, artist, poet and illustrator. ... Gormenghast Castle in the BBC miniseries The Gormenghast series is a series of books written by Mervyn Peake that is centered around the castle Gormenghast and the character Titus Groan. ...

Some works are presented as separate sections, each written at different times. This can lead to the situation where a piece can appear complete while the author actually intended for it to continue, or where other authors try to fake their own writing as part of the work. The first four cantos of Lord Byron's narrative poem Don Juan were written in 1818 and 1819, with a further 12 completed and published before his death in 1824. Numerous "continuations" of the story had been published by various publishing houses even between issues of the story, along with several fake conclusions. Byron had intended to continue the story, as evidenced by the find of the 17th canto after his death, but it is not clear how long the poem would continue or how it would conclude. It is still regarded as one of his greatest achievements.^[9] Charles Dickens was writing The Mystery of Edwin Drood in monthly installments when he died, completing just six of the twelve intended. The story surrounded the murder of the titular Edwin Drood; because the story was never finished the murderer was never revealed.^[10] The book was still made into a film and a musical, with the latter having the unusual concept of the audience voting for who they think is the murderer.^[11] A canto is a significant section of a long poem or the highest part in a piece of choral music. ... Byron redirects here. ... Narrative poetry is poetry that tells a story. ... Byrons Don Juan (Penguin Classics version) Don Juan is a long narrative poem by Lord Byron, based on the legend of Don Juan. ... “Dickens” redirects here. ... The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the final novel by Charles Dickens. ... рThe Mystery of Edwin Drood was a Broadway musical based on the Charles Dickens novel of the same name. ...

Other famous unfinished works of literature include: Hero and Leander by Christopher Marlowe (a completion was provided by George Chapman); the second part of Dead Souls by Gogol; Bouvard et Pécuchet by Flaubert; Weir of Hermiston by Robert Louis Stevenson; The Good Soldier Svejk by Jaroslav Hasek; Suite française by Irène Némirovsky, and The Love of the Last Tycoon by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Last Watch of Hero by Frederic Leighton, depicting Hero anxiously waiting for Leander during the storm. ... This article is about the English dramatist. ... This article is about George Chapman the English literary figure; see George Chapman (murderer) for the Victorian poisoner of the same name. ... For other uses, see Dead Souls (disambiguation). ... Nikolai Vasilevich Gogol (Russian: Николай Васильевич Гоголь) (March 31, 1809 - March 4, 1852) was a Ukrainian-born Russian writer. ... Bouvard et Pécuchet is a savagely satirical work by Gustave Flaubert, published in 1881 after his death in 1880. ... Gustave Flaubert Gustave Flaubert (December 12, 1821 – Croisset, May 8, 1880) is counted among the greatest Western novelists. ... Weir of Hermiston (1896) is an unfinished novel by Robert Louis Stevenson. ... Robert Louis (Balfour) Stevenson (November 13, 1850 – December 3, 1894), was a Scottish novelist, poet, and travel writer, and a leading representative of Neo-romanticism in English literature. ... Fritz Muliar as Schwejk (1972) The Good Soldier Švejk (spelled Schweik or Schwejk in many translations, and pronounced /ʃvɛjk/) is the shortened title of the world-famous unfinished novel written by Czech humorist Jaroslav Hašek in 1921-22. ... Jaroslav Hašek (April 30, 1883 - January 3, 1923) was a Czech humorist and satirist who became well-known mainly for his hilarious, world-famous novel The Good Soldier Svejk, a unfinished collection of farsical incidents about a soldier in World War I which has been translated into sixty... Suite française is the title of a planned sequence of five novels by Irène Némirovsky, a French writer of Russian Jewish origin. ... Irène Némirovsky at the age of 25 Irène Némirovsky (born February 11, 1903, Kiev, died August 17, 1942, Auschwitz, Poland) was a Jewish novelist and biographer born in the Ukraine, who lived and worked in France. ... The Love of The Last Tycoon: A Western is a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published posthumously. ... Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American Jazz Age author of novels and short stories. ...

Science, theology and philosophy

St. Thomas Aquinas stopped work on his Summa Theologiae in 1273 after a mystical experience.

Religious works have also been left incomplete, leading to debates about the possible missing content. The Persian Bayán, a scripture from Bábism, was left unfinished when the Báb died. There have been some claims that the text has been completed by other people, though the Báb stated that it would be finished by he whom God shall make manifest.^[12][13] St. Thomas Aquinas abandoned his great work, the Summa Theologiae in 1273, citing a mystical experience during mass. Its arguments for the existence of God continue to exert influence in Christian theology more than 700 years later.^[14] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (625x800, 226 KB) Summary Mittelalterliche Manuskriptseite aus der Summa Theologica des Thomas von Aquin Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Summa Theologiae ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (625x800, 226 KB) Summary Mittelalterliche Manuskriptseite aus der Summa Theologica des Thomas von Aquin Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Summa Theologiae ... Saint Thomas Aquinas, O.P.(also Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. ... Summa theologiae, Pars secunda, prima pars. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... The Persian Bayán (بیان in Persian) is one of the principal scriptural writings of the Báb. ... “Scripture” redirects here. ... The room where The Báb declared His mission on May 23, 1844 in His house in Shiraz. ... Shrine of the Báb in Haifa, Israel. ... He whom God shall make manifest is a messianic figure predicted by the Báb within his book the Bayan that would come after him and lead the Babis. ... Saint Thomas Aquinas, O.P.(also Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. ... Summa theologiae, Pars secunda, prima pars. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Christian doctrine redirects here. ...

The most influential document in computer science was John von Neumann's First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, a 101-page manuscript dating from 1946. Littered with ellipticals and spaces for the eventual addition of further material, von Neumann never completed it, as by that time its distribution had already influenced an explosion in postwar computer development. Its elaboration of the stored program concept and formalisation of the logical design of computer architecture – ideas not all of which were original to von Neumann, but which he first expressed in the mathematical language he favoured – endure in the architectures of modern computer systems.^[15] Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... For other persons named John Neumann, see John Neumann (disambiguation). ... The First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (or First Draft) was an incomplete 101-page document written by John von Neumann and distributed on June 30, 1945 by Herman Goldstine, security officer on the classified ENIAC project. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The so-called von Neumann architecture is a model for a computing machine that uses a single storage structure to hold both the set of instructions on how to perform the computation and the data required or generated by the computation. ...

The first genuine historigraphical work, the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides was undergoing a major revision by the author at the time of his death, so different sections of it reflect a starkly contrasting general outlook on Persian influence in the events depicted. This article is about the study of time in human terms. ... “Athenian War” redirects here. ... Bust of Thucydides residing in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...

Drawings, paintings and sculptures

Artists leave behind incomplete work for a variety of reasons. A piece may not be completed if the subject becomes unavailable, such as in the changing of a landscape or the death of a person being painted. Elizabeth Shoumatoff's Unfinished Portrait of 32nd U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt was started around noon on 12 April 1945 but left unfinished when Roosevelt died later that day. In other instances, outside circumstances can prevent the execution of an otherwise "finished" artwork: Leonardo da Vinci developed sketches and models for the 24 foot-tall "Gran Cavallo" horse statue but the bronze to cast the sculpture was diverted to make cannons.^[16] Five hundred years later, two full-size sculptures were completed based on Leonardo's work. ^[17] Unfinished Portrait Elizabeth Shoumatoff was a painter. ... Unfinished Portrait The Unfinished Portrait is an oil painting of Franklin Delano Roosevelt that was in progress at the time of his collapse and subsequent death. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... FDR redirects here. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... “Da Vinci” redirects here. ...

Depending on the medium involved, it can be difficult for another artist to complete an unfinished artwork without damaging it. Some artists did complete the paintings of their mentors, such as Giulio Romano is believed to have done on Raphael's Transfiguration,^[18] and Titian on Giorgione's Sleeping Venus.^[19] Fire in the Borgo, Vatican fresco Giulio Romano (ca 1499? – November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter, architect, and decorator. ... This article is about the Renaissance artist. ... The Transfiguration is considered the last painting by the Italian High Renaissance master Raphael. ... Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c. ... A purported self-portrait of Giorgione, represented in the guise of David. ... The Sleeping Venus, also known as Dresden Madonna, is an influential painting by the Italian Renaissance master Giorgione, c. ...

Adoration of the Magi, an unfinished painting by Leonardo da Vinci.

Instead of completing another artist's masterpiece, particularly when many years have passed, unfinished works frequently inspire others to create their own version. Michelangelo left several unfinished sculptures and paintings, with sketches and partially-completed paintings inspiring others.^[20] If the work is to be done on commission but is not finished it is commonly passed on to another artist. Leonardo da Vinci's work on the Adoration of the Magi for the monastery of San Donato was halted when he left Florence for Milan. Still requiring an altarpiece, the monks employed Filippino Lippi to create one. ^[21] Both paintings now hang in the Uffizi gallery.^[22] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (950x917, 198 KB) Adoration of the Magi by Leonardo da Vinci Date: circa 1481-1482 Technique: Underpainting on panel Dimensions: 97 × 96 (246. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (950x917, 198 KB) Adoration of the Magi by Leonardo da Vinci Date: circa 1481-1482 Technique: Underpainting on panel Dimensions: 97 × 96 (246. ... The Adoration of the Magi (2007) is an early painting by Leonardo da Vinci. ... “Da Vinci” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Michelangelo (disambiguation). ... Sculptor redirects here. ... For other uses , see Painting (disambiguation). ... The Adoration of the Magi (2007) is an early painting by Leonardo da Vinci. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... The Annunciation Triptych is an altarpiece, ca. ... Filippino Lippi, self-portrait Biography Filippino Lippi (ca. ... The narrow courtyard between the Uffizis two wings creates the effect of a short, idealized street. ...

Paintings are usually sketched on the canvas before work begins, and sculptures are frequently planned using a maquette. These works-in-progress can be as (or even more) sought-after as completed works by highly-regarded artists because they help reveal the process of creating a work of art. Gian Lorenzo Bernini, a sculptor from the Baroque period, made his bozzeti (an Italian term for the prototype sculpture) from wax or baked terracotta to show those that had commissioned him how the final piece was intended to look. Eleven of these bozzeti were displayed in an exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago in 2004.^[23] Some museums specialise in collections of maquettes, such as the Museo dei Bozzetti in Pietrasanta, Italy. Look up Canvas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Adobe Ceramic maquette model of a tower. ... Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini; December 7, 1598 – November 28, 1680) was a pre-eminent Baroque sculptor and architect of 17th century Rome. ... For other uses, see Baroque (disambiguation). ... candle wax This page is about the substance. ... Terra cotta is a hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction. ... The Art Institute of Chicago is a fine art museum located in Chicago, Illinois. ... The Louvre Museum in Paris, one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. ... Pietrasanta is a town on the coast of northern Tuscany in Italy. ...

During the Renaissance, Donatello made sculptures that appeared unfinished by only sculpting part of the block, leaving the figure appearing to be stuck within the material. He called this technique "non finito", and it has been used by several artists since then.^[24] This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Statue of Habacuc (popularly known as Zuccone) for the Giottos Bell Tower. ... Non finito is a sculpting technique literally meaning that the work is unfinished. ...

In the age of mass media, incomplete work can reach an audience due to sheer demand for material by the artist. Tintin and Alph-Art, the 24th comic in Hergé's popular The Adventures of Tintin series, was unfinished at his death. Though he had illustrated much of the book, several sketched panels remained in the final scenes. The book was still published and the story can be followed despite the incomplete artwork. Popular press redirects here; note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint The Popular Press. Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. ... Tintin and Alph-Art (originally known as Tintin et lalph-art) is the twenty-fourth and final book in the Tintin series. ... Comics (or, less commonly, sequential art) is a form of visual art consisting of images which are commonly combined with text, often in the form of speech balloons or image captions. ... Georges Prosper Remi (May 22, 1907 – March 3, 1983), better known by the pen name Hergé, was a Belgian comics writer and artist. ... The Adventures of Tintin (French: ) is a series of Belgian comic books created by Belgian artist Hergé, the pen name of Georges Remi (1907–1983). ...

Architecture, construction and engineering

See also: Unfinished building.

The Ryugyong Hotel would be the tallest hotel in the world if it were ever completed.

Many construction or engineering projects have remained unfinished at various stages of development. The work may be finished as a blueprint or whiteprint and never be realised, or be abandoned during construction. The Szkieletor remains unfinished because it would be too costly to complete or demolish. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1628x2124, 857 KB) Summary This is a photo of the Ryugyong Hotel in Pyongyang, North Korea. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1628x2124, 857 KB) Summary This is a photo of the Ryugyong Hotel in Pyongyang, North Korea. ... The Ryugyong Hotel (or Ryu-Gyong Hotel or Yu-Kyung Hotel or the 105 Building) is a partially constructed concrete skyscraper that was once intended for use as a hotel in Sojang-dong, in the Potong-gang District of Pyongyang, North Korea. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Modern blueprint of the French galleon La Belle. ... Whiteprint is the commercial terminology to describe document reproduction using the diazo chemical process. ...

There are numerous unfinished buildings that remain partially-constructed in countries around the world, some of which can be used in their incomplete state but with others remaining as a mere shell. An example of the latter is the Ryugyong Hotel in North Korea. If finished it would become the tallest hotel in the world and the seventh largest building^[25] but is uninhabitable and will not be completed due to the cost and the poor structural integrity.^[26] Some projects are intentionally left with an unfinished appearance, particularly the follies of the late 16th to 18th century. The Szkieletor remains unfinished because it would be too costly to complete or demolish. ... The Ryugyong Hotel (or Ryu-Gyong Hotel or Yu-Kyung Hotel or the 105 Building) is a partially constructed concrete skyscraper that was once intended for use as a hotel in Sojang-dong, in the Potong-gang District of Pyongyang, North Korea. ... This article is about the largest buildings in the world. ... For other uses, see Folly (disambiguation). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

There are many reasons for construction work being halted. Amongst others, they include a changing financial climate, unforeseen structural weaknesses, or a dramatic shift in the politics of a country. Work on the Palace of Soviets, a project to construct the world's largest building in Moscow, was halted when the city was attacked during World War II.^[27] The Palace of Soviets (Russian: , Dvorec Sovetov) was a project to construct an administrative center and a congress hall in Moscow, Russia, near the Kremlin, on the site of the demolished Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Combatants Germany Romania Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia  Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Heinz Guderian Günther von Kluge Franz Halder Maresal Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Giovanni Messe, CSIR Italo Garibaldi, ARMIR Joseph Stalin Kliment Voroshilov Semyon Timoshenko Fyodor... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Some buildings are in a cycle of near-perpetual construction, with work lasting for decades or even centuries. Antoni Gaudí's Sagrada Família in Barcelona has been under construction for around 120 years, having started in the 1880s. Work was delayed by the Spanish Civil War, during which the original models and parts of the building itself were destroyed. Today, even with portions of the basilica incomplete, it is still the most popular tourist destination in Barcelona with 1.5 million visitors every year. Gaudí spent 40 years of his life overseeing the project and is buried in the crypt.^[28] Germany's Cologne Cathedral took even longer to complete; construction started in 1248 and finished in 1880, a total of 632 years.^[29] Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (Riudoms or Reus, 25 June 1852 – Barcelona, 10 June 1926) – sometimes referred to by the Spanish translation of his name, Antonio Gaudí – was a Spanish architect from Catalonia, who belonged to the Modernisme (Art Nouveau) movement and was famous for his unique style and highly individualistic... For the Alan Parsons Project song, see La Sagrada Familia (song). ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... // Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... St. ... The Cologne Cathedral (German: , officially ) is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne, under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is renowned as a monument of Christianity, of Gothic architecture and of the faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it stands. ...

Construction of Cologne Cathedral took over 600 years.

It is not only buildings that have failed during the construction phase. In the 1920s, the White Star Line hired the shipbuilders Harland and Wolff to build the first 1000-foot-long ocean liner, with the planned name of Oceanic. However, a dispute between the companies and eventually the Great Depression halted the construction, and eventually the portion of the keel already constructed was broken up and used in building the smaller but similar ship, the MV Britannic.^[30] In the 1970s the Hoan Bridge in Milwaukee, Wisconsin was out of use for five years after its construction when the connecting roads were not completed. In the 1980s, during the Iran-Iraq War, Iraqi president Saddam Hussein commissioned the Babylon project. The supergun design by Gerald Bull was never fully constructed after Bull's assassination in March 1990.^[31][32] Image File history File links Kölner_Dom_kurz_vor_der_Fertigstellung_1880. ... Image File history File links Kölner_Dom_kurz_vor_der_Fertigstellung_1880. ... The Cologne Cathedral (German: , officially ) is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne, under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is renowned as a monument of Christianity, of Gothic architecture and of the faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it stands. ... The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... For other uses, see White star. ... Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries began as a shipyard located in Belfast. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In the 1920s, the White Star Line hired the shipbuilders Harland and Wolff to build the first 1000-foot-long ocean liner, with the planned name of Oceanic. ... For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Keel (disambiguation). ... MV Britannic was an ocean liner owned by the White Star Line, and the third liner to be named Britannic (the first was scrapped in 1903, and the second - the sister ship of RMS Titanic - was sunk by a mine in 1916). ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... The Hoan Bridge The Daniel Hoan Memorial Bridge is a tied arch bridge that connects Interstate 794 in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin to the Lake Freeway across the inner harbor. ... For other places with the same name, see Milwaukee (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Area  Ranked 23rd  - Total 65,498 sq mi (169,790 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 310 miles (500 km)  - % water 17  - Latitude 42° 30′ N to 47° 05′ N  - Longitude 86° 46′ W to 92° 53′ W Population  Ranked... The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ... Combatants  Iran Kurdish Peshmerga Iraq Peoples Mujahedin of Iran Commanders Ruhollah Khomeini Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ali Shamkhani Mostafa Chamran â€  Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Strength 305,000 soldiers 500,000 Pasdaran and Basij militia 900 tanks 1,000 armored vehicles 3,000 artillery pieces 470 aircraft 750 helicopters... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ... Project Babylon was a project allegedly commissioned by the Iraqi president Saddam Hussein during the Iran-Iraq War to build a series of superguns, with the Canadian artillery expert Gerald Bull supplying the designs for the guns. ... A SuperGun (or super gun) is a device used to play arcade games in lieu of requiring a full arcade cabinet. ... Gerald Vincent Bull (March 9, 1928 - March 22, 1990) was a Canadian engineer who developed long range artillery. ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ...

Many projects do not get to the construction phase, halted during or after planning. Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned several designs for Castle Falkenstein, with the fourth plan being vastly different from that of the first. The first two designs were turned down, one because of costs and one because the design displeased Ludwig, and the third designer withdrew from the project. The fourth and final plan was completed and some infrastructure was prepared for the site but Ludwig died before construction work began.^[33] The Palace of Whitehall, at the time the largest palace in Europe, was mostly destroyed by a fire in 1698. Sir Christopher Wren, most famous for his role in rebuilding several churches after the Great Fire of London in 1666, sketched a proposed replacement for part of the palace but financial constraints prevented construction. Ludwig Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Bavaria (August 25, 1845 – June 13, 1886) was king of Bavaria from 1864 until shortly before his death. ... For other uses, see Falkenstein. ... The Palace of Whitehall by Hendrick Danckerts. ... The quintessential medieval European palace: Palais de la Cité, in Paris, the royal palace of France. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632–25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. ... Detail of painting from 1666 of the Great Fire of London by an unknown artist, depicting the fire as it would have appeared on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September from a boat in the vicinity of Tower Wharf. ...

Sir Christopher Wren's 1698 sketch for a rebuilt Palace of Whitehall.

Computer technology has allowed for 3D representations of projects to be shown before they are built. In some cases the construction is never started and the computer model is the nearest that anyone will ever get to seeing the finished piece. For example, in 1999 Kent Larson's exhibition "Unbuilt Ruins: Digital Interpretations of Eight Projects by Louis I. Kahn" showed computer images of designs completed by noted architect Louis Kahn but never built.^[34] Computer simulations can also be used to create prototypes of engineering projects and test them before they are actually made; this has allowed the design process to be more successful and efficient. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (734x877, 25 KB) Proposed addition to Whitehall Palace (portion of 1698 sketch by Christopher Wren) File links The following pages link to this file: Palace of Whitehall ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (734x877, 25 KB) Proposed addition to Whitehall Palace (portion of 1698 sketch by Christopher Wren) File links The following pages link to this file: Palace of Whitehall ... Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632–25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. ... The Palace of Whitehall by Hendrick Danckerts. ... 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that utilize a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. ... It has been suggested that simulation software be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation). ... Salk Institute, La Jolla, California Louis Isadore Kahn (February 20, 1901/1902 – March 17, 1974) was a world-renowned architect who practiced in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... For other uses, see Prototype (disambiguation). ...

Even without being constructed, many architectural designs and ideas have had a lasting influence. The Russian constructivism movement started in 1913^[35] and was taught in the Bauhaus and other architecture schools, leading to numerous architects integrating it into their style.^[36][37] Tatlin Tower. ... For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ...

Music

Classical music

See also: Unfinished symphony.

In the days of classical music all compositions were sketched on manuscripts – the technology to record music did not exist. Often these manuscripts are roughly sketched, with drafting work scribbled over the top of the music, and have been found in unordered piles. Many unfinished symphonies have been pieced together from these original manuscripts by other composers, after the original author's death, with some remaining incomplete until many decades later. One of the most famous examples of unfinished musical compositions is Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 in B minor, or as it is more commonly known, The Unfinished Symphony.^[38] Another famous unfinished classical piece is Mozart's Requiem, famous in part by the numerous myths and legends that surround its creation and in part by Mozart's prestige. Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 10 was incomplete with only drafts, sketches, and two mostly orchestrated movements existing at the composer's death. Several individuals have "completed" it with varying degrees of success, the most notable of these being Deryck Cooke's "performing version of the draft."^[39] Several (classical) composers left fragments of symphonies that for various reasons could be considered incomplete or unfinished. ... This article is about Western art music from 1000 AD to the 2000s . ... Several (classical) composers left fragments of symphonies that for various reasons could be considered incomplete or unfinished. ... Franz Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (January 31, 1797 – November 19, 1828) was an Austrian composer. ... Franz Schuberts Symphony No. ... Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote the Requiem mass in D minor (K. 626) in 1791. ... “Mahler” redirects here. ... The Symphony No. ... Deryck Cooke (September 14, 1919 - October 27, 1975) was a British musicologist who was born in Leicester. ...

J.S. Bach's The Art of Fugue, breaks off abruptly during Contrapunctus XIV.

Some compositions are finished "in the style of" the original composer, with someone who is highly familiar with their work adopting their writing style and continuing the musical tone. Johann Sebastian Bach's The Art of Fugue, which was broken off abruptly during Contrapunctus XIV by the death of the composer, was first published in the mid 18th century. Many reconstructions have been written, but in 1991 Zoltán Göncz used the form of a permutation fugue to make a strong argument as to the structure of the Fugue to come.^[40] Edward Elgar was composing a Symphony No. 3 at the time of his death and left 130 pages of sketches. These sketches were put into a reasonable order, orchestrated in the style of Elgar, and elaborated by Anthony Payne. Payne's reconstruction has been played numerous times to great acclaim.^[41] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x554, 148 KB) Last, unfinished fugue from art of fugue File links The following pages link to this file: The Art of Fugue ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x554, 148 KB) Last, unfinished fugue from art of fugue File links The following pages link to this file: The Art of Fugue ... “Bach” redirects here. ... A portrait which may show Bach in 1750 The Art of Fugue or The Art of the Fugue (original German: Die Kunst der Fuge), BWV 1080, is an unfinished work by the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach. ... “Bach” redirects here. ... A portrait which may show Bach in 1750 The Art of Fugue or The Art of the Fugue (original German: Die Kunst der Fuge), BWV 1080, is an unfinished work by the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach. ... Zoltán Göncz (born July 23, 1958 in Budapest) is a Hungarian composer who often applies archaic forms (canon, passacaglia) and complex structures in his compositions. ... In music, a fugue (IPA: ) is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred to as voices, irrespective of whether the work is vocal or instrumental. ... Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English Romantic composer. ... Anthony Payne (born 1936) is an English composer, most famous for composing a symphony published as . ...

In May 2000 composer Colin Matthews premiered his "completion" of Gustav Holst's The Planets, whereby he composed a piece for the ninth planet Pluto, giving it the name "Pluto, The Renewer". When Holst had written the original piece Pluto had not been discovered, and this addition therefore updated the suite and completed the eight movements that represented the planets of the solar system (Earth was never included) some 80 years after it was originally performed.^[42] Ironically in August 2006 Pluto was officially demoted to a dwarf planet, thus meaning that Holst's original work now more accurately represented the solar system.^[43] The current version of the article or section is written like an essay. ... Gustav Holst Gustav Holst (September 21, 1874, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire - May 25, 1934, London) [1] [2] was an English composer and was a music teacher for over 20 years. ... This page is about the orchestral suite by Gustav Holst. ... For other uses, see Pluto (disambiguation). ... In music, a movement is a large division of a larger composition or musical form. ... This article is about the Solar System. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... Artists impression of Pluto (background) and Charon (foreground). ...

Some extremely famous 20th century operas have been left incomplete at their composers' deaths. Giacomo Puccini left the finale of Turandot unfinished and the missing music had to be provided by Franco Alfano for the premiere in 1926. Recently, Luciano Berio composed an alternative ending. Alban Berg had only finished the first two acts of his opera Lulu at the time of his death in 1935. Due to objections from his widow it was not until 1979 that a full version was performed, with music for the final act devised by Friedrich Cerha using Berg's sketches.^[44] Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (December 22, 1858 – November 29, 1924) was an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire. ... For the opera by Ferruccio Busoni, see Turandot (Busoni). ... Franco Alfano (March 8, 1875 – October 27, 1954) was an Italian composer and pianist best known for completing Puccinis unfinished opera Turandot in 1926. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Luciano Berio (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. ... Bust of Alban Berg at Schiefling, Carinthia, Austria Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9, 1885 – December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer. ... Lulu is an opera by the composer Alban Berg. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... Friedrich Cerha (born 17 February 1926 in Vienna) is a Austrian composer and conductor. ...

Modern recordings

Since recording equipment has been an integral part of writing music it has been possible to use the original master tapes and demos to construct a song from the parts that had already been completed. Many demos are released officially if the artist has been unable (or unwilling) to complete it, or made available as a bootleg recording. The continued popularity of The Beatles led to "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love" being released in the mid 1990s after the band members pieced together incomplete recordings by the deceased John Lennon.^[45] Both songs reached the top five in the British singles chart. For other uses, see demo. ... For other uses, see Bootleg. ... The White Album, see The Beatles (album). ... Free As A Bird is a song, single and video released by The Beatles in December 1995 as part of their reunion and promotion around the release of the video documentary Anthology and their Anthology 1 compilation album. ... Real Love is a song originally written and performed as a demo by John Lennon, and later reworked by the three remaining members of The Beatles (Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr) in late 1995. ... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 – December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ...

One of rock music's most famous unfinished albums is the 1967 Beach Boys album, Smile. Recorded in 1966 and 1967, Smile was a to be a very ambitious followup to the acclaimed Pet Sounds album, but due to Brian Wilson's deteriorating mental health and increased friction in among band members, The Beach Boys abandoned the project after completing numerous recordings slated for the project. In 2004, Brian Wilson and writing partner Van Dyke went into the studio, and newly recorded the material and released it as a completed solo album. The Beach Boys, originally the Beech Boys, a small team of four brothers from the south of Poland, emigrated to America in the early 1950s in search of a fortune to be made in the Arizonian logging industry. When it soon became evident they had been the victims of... Smile (sometimes spelled with the idiosyncratic partial capitalization SMiLE) is an album by the Beach Boys, and perhaps the most famous unreleased rock and roll album of all time. ... Pet Sounds is a 1966 album recorded by American pop group the Beach Boys. ... For other persons named Brian Wilson, see Brian Wilson (disambiguation). ...

Another famous unfinished rock album is Jimi Hendrix's First Rays of the New Rising Sun. Due to his untimely death at the age of 27, Hendrix was unable to complete the album. It has been issued in various posthumous forms in the ensuing years. First Rays of the New Rising Sun is an approximation of Jimi Hendrixs projected last album, based on recordings in the last months of his life, mostly in 1970. ...

Several artists have found that some of their studio work has been leaked onto the Internet before their album has been completed. System of a Down's 2002 follow-up to Toxicity, untitled at the time, was leaked onto the Internet as MP3 files. When the album was released under the title Steal This Album! the songs were significantly different from the work-in-progress, with different titles, lyrics and even melodies. There were some reports that the changes were a direct result of negative feedback about the leaked material.^[46] For the bands self-titled album, see System of a Down (album). ... Toxicity is System of a Downs second album release. ... For other uses, see MP3 (disambiguation). ... Steal This Album! is an album by System of a Down. ...

Some artists will try to ensure that their work is completed (as much as possible) before their health prevents them from continuing. Johnny Cash, aware of his failing health, made sure that he recorded the vocals for 60 more songs, with the music being completed after his death. These songs were compiled by producer Rick Rubin and released as American V: A Hundred Highways and American VI.^[47] However, not all artists get the chance to complete their work before their death, and the recordings that are made public may be somewhat different to what had originally been intended. From a Basement on the Hill by Elliott Smith was released posthumously in 2004 with comments from the initial album producer saying that "[t]he record he would have delivered would [have] had more songs, would have had different mixes and [been] a little more in your face".^[48] The album was still well-received by critics. For the song of the same name, recorded by Tracy Byrd and later by Jason Aldean, see Johnny Cash (song). ... Frederick Jay (Rick) Rubin (born March 10, 1963 in Lido Beach, New York) is an American record producer and is currently the co-head of Columbia Records. ... American VI is the second album of songs from the final recording sessions Johnny Cash made before he died. ... From a Basement on the Hill is the sixth studio album by the late singer-songwriter Elliott Smith. ... For the self-titled album, see Elliott Smith (album). ...

Richard Carpenter released several tracks decades after his sister Karen died in 1983, leaving a multitude of unfinished work. One track, released on the "Interpretations" album in the mid-nineties, included Karen's lead vocal for the song "Trying To Get The Feeling Again" which had previously been recorded and released by Barry Manilow. The lead had been lost for years on a mislabled tape. Strings, piano, and backup singers were added to the sound of Karen's lead vocal, while Richard left the sound of her turning the lead sheet over in the finished product. Another track was Karen's cover "The Rainbow Connection", which had been written by Kenny Ascher and Paul Williams for Jim Henson to sing as Kermit The Frog in "The Muppet Movie(1979)". Recording it only a year later, Richard claims that Karen just didn't like the song and that was why it was left off of their 1981 album, "Made In America" A toy piano, choir, and strings were added against Karen's vocals. The song was released in 2001 on the album "As Time Goes By". Richard Carpenter are Richard Carpenter (Film), British Author Richard Carpenter, an American musician and composer - see: Carpenters ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Barry Manilow is an American singer and songwriter best known for his recordings I Write the Songs, Mandy, Weekend in New England, and Copacabana. His career achievements include selling more than 75 million records worldwide. ... The Rainbow Connection is a popular song written by Paul Williams and Kenneth Ascher and originally performed by Kermit the Frog (Jim Henson) in The Muppet Movie in 1979. ... Kenneth Ascher (born October 26, 1944, Washington, D.C.), also known as Ken or Kenny Ascher, is an American musician (keyboards), songwriter and musical arranger. ... Paul Williams is the name of three popular music musicians: Paul Williams, songwriter for Carpenters and many others, as well as actor in movies and TV. Paul Williams, rhythm and blues saxophonist Paul Williams, one of the lead singers of the popular Motown act The Temptations Other Paul Williams: Paul... Jim Henson, born James Maury Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990), was the most widely known American puppeteer in modern American television history. ... Kermit singing Bein Green in the first season of Sesame Street. ... The Muppet Movie is the first of a series of live-action musical feature films starring Jim Hensons Muppets. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Made in America may mean: Made in America, an album on vinyl by the American performer and recording artist Terry Teene, (Terence B. Knutsen). ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Judi Dench as Jean Pargetter Geoffrey Palmer as Lionel Hardcastle As Time Goes By is a British comedy TV series that aired from 1992 to 2002; it used the song As Time Goes By as its theme. ...

Film

Orson Welles left behind numerous unfinished films.

Films may not be completed for several reasons, with some being shelved during different stages of the production. Arrive Alive was scrapped after a week of filming when the comedy was not living up to the screenplay. Shelving a film without it ever being released can be very expensive for the studios, with Arrive Alive costing $7 million. Download high resolution version (2853x3655, 983 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2853x3655, 983 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... This article is about motion pictures. ... In the film industry, a film is considered shelved if it is not released for public viewing after filming has started, or even completed. ... Arrive Alive is the title of an unfinished comedy film starring Willem Dafoe and Joan Cusack, directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik and produced by Art Linson. ...

With so many people involved in filmmaking it is very possible for a film to remain incomplete because of an injury or death. While a member of the crew (even a producer or director) can often be replaced, it is much more difficult to change to a different actor if many of the scenes have already been filmed. For example, Dark Blood was cancelled halfway through filming due to the death of its star River Phoenix. Some films have been completed despite such problems. Brandon Lee died after filming most of The Crow, but the remaining scenes were played by stunt double Chad Stahelski with Lee's face digitally composited onto the double.^[49] A film being made in Warsaw, Bracka street Filmmaking is the process of making a film, from an initial story idea or commission through scriptwriting, shooting, editing and finally distribution to an audience. ... A film producer creates the conditions for making movies. ... The film director, on the right, gives last minute direction to the cast and crew, whilst filming a costume drama on location in London. ... For other uses, see Actor (disambiguation). ... Dark Blood is a film which remained unfinished due to the death of River Phoenix. ... River Jude Phoenix (August 23, 1970 – October 31, 1993) was an Academy Award- and Golden Globe-nominated American film actor. ... Brandon Bruce Lee (李國豪 Cantonese: Léi Gwokhòu Pinyin: Lǐ Guóháo; February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an American actor of Chinese, English and Swedish descent. ... The Crow is a 1994 American film adaptation of the comic book of the same name by James OBarr (who himself makes a cameo in the film). ... A stunt double is a type of body double, specifically a skilled replacement used for dangerous film or video sequences, in movies and television (such as jumping out of a building, jumping from vehicle to vehicle, or other similar actions), and for other sophisticated stunts (especially fight scenes). ...

Continued delays can prevent a film from ever being completed. Something's Got to Give was a 1962 film with a difficult production history, which included the firing of leading lady Marilyn Monroe. She was later rehired but died before filming started; without the delay the film might have been completed.^[50] This does not cite its references or sources. ... // Events Dr. No launches the James Bond film series, the longest-running motion picture franchise of all time, running more than 40 years. ... Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962), was a Golden Globe award winning American actress, model and sex symbol. ...

Orson Welles is one director famed for his unfinished projects. Most famously he tried to film a version of Don Quixote for 25 years, but the death of two actors eventually made him give up his pursuits. Citizen Kane remains the only film that was released as Welles intended, with other films remaining incomplete or being changed by the studios. His death on 10 October 1985 came while he was working on The Other Side of the Wind and The Dreamers, the former being nearly completed.^[51] This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... This article is about the fictional character and novel. ... Citizen Kane is a 1941 mystery/drama film released by RKO Pictures and directed by Orson Welles, his first feature film. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The Other Side of the Wind is an unreleased 1972 film directed by Orson Welles and starring John Huston, Peter Bogdanovich, Dennis Hopper and Stéphane Audran. ...

It is not only live-action films that can be problematic. The Thief and the Cobbler was a twenty-six-year animated film project by Richard Williams which was taken away from him and completed by Fred Calvert.^[52] The workprint of the original film became available as a bootleg. The 1978 animated adaptation of The Lord of the Rings was not viewed by the studio as enough of a commercial success to warrant the funding of a sequel, thus not completing the story from the original trilogy of books.^[53] The official logo that was used on posters of the film until Richard Williams departure Arabian Knight redirects here. ... The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames. ... For other persons named Richard Williams, see Richard Williams (disambiguation). ... A workprint is a rough version of a motion picture, used by the film editor(s) during the editing process. ... J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. ...

Software

See also: List of cancelled video games

Computer software, particularly games, are sometimes cancelled quite far into their development. Occasionally they are demonstrated to the press so that previews can be written but are never completed or published. Amen: The Awakening had an extensive preview written in the magazine PC Paradox in 1999, including numerous screenshots, which generated a lot of interest in the project. However, it was cancelled the following year.^[54] Due to continued interest in a game, some are eventually made available in their unfinished state. Combat 2, the sequel to the 1977 Atari VCS-bundled game Combat, was never completed but, many years later at the 2001 Classic Gaming Expo, 200 copies of the unfinished game were sold after a company created a box and manual.^[55] This is a list of cancelled video games, organized by system. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... This article is about the British magazine covering computer and video games. ... Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. ... In computing, a preview may be where output of a particular document, page, film, etc. ... Screenshot of a KDE desktop. ... History of the Game Announced in 1982, this Atari developed game was supposed to be the sequel to the classic Atari VCS game Combat, which was bundled with the system. ... The Atari 2600, released in October 1977, is the video game console credited with popularizing the use of microprocessor based hardware and cartridges containing game code, instead of having non-microprocessor dedicated hardware with all games built in. ... Atari Combat warfare involving two enemy tanks Combat (video game) was an early dedicated video game console by Coleco (called Telstar Combat!) in 1977 featuring battling tanks. ...

Software undergoes a testing phase that helps to eliminate problems before it is released; however, beta testing is a form of testing where the software is open to the public (usually limited to a set number of people or organisations) but is still essentially unfinished. This is often an important part of the development of a software package. Software testing is the process used to measure the quality of developed computer software. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ...

If a piece of software is becoming overly delayed the developer may just release the programme despite the presence of a few bugs. The Internet has allowed patches to be deployed that fix these bugs, but before such technology was available the problems could not be fixed after the game was published. Even with this, a game with too many bugs when it is made public will receive very poor reviews that will undoubtedly affect sales. For example, 2002's Destroyer Command received some very positive reviews about many aspects of the game but was criticised for the number of glitches it contained that, given a lengthier software testing phase, should have been fixed.^[56] Some developers choose to disable certain features in order to release the game on time, especially if a project has seen an amount of feature creep. One such title was Cinemaware's Defender of the Crown, which was released before all the features were completed when the company was faced with a strict deadline and the loss of two programmers.^[57] A software bug is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from behaving as intended (e. ... In computing, a patch is a small piece of software designed to update or fix problems with a computer program or its supporting data. ... Destroyer Command is a naval simulation released by Ubi Soft in 2002 and developed by the now-defunct Ultimation Inc. ... Microsoft Word with all features activated Creeping featurism, or creeping featuritis, is a phrase used to describe software which over-emphasizes new features to the detriment of other design goals, such as simplicity, compactness, stability, or bug reduction. ... Cinemawares first release in 1986, Defender of the Crown, redefined computer game graphic quality of the era and secured its reputation as a developer of graphically superior games in the late 1980s and early 1990s. ... Defender of the Crown is a strategy computer game by Cinemaware, and designed by Kellyn Beck. ...

Unfinished work and the law

Unfinished work is often covered by the copyright laws of the country of origin. The United States have taken the step of creating a law which specifically mentions ongoing work, whereby work which is in progress but will in the future be completed can be covered by copyright. On 27 April 2005 the "Artist's Rights and Theft Prevention Act", a subpart of the Family Entertainment and Copyright Act, was signed into U.S. law. This act allows for organisations or individuals to apply for copyright protection on unfinished commercial products, such as software, films, and other visual or audible media.^[58] For example, a photographer can preregister a photograph by giving a written description of what the final piece (or collection thereof) will look like before the work is finished.^[59] Not to be confused with copywriting. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A controversial law passed in the United States of America that attempts to mitigate copyright violation by targetting anyone who has even a single copy of an unreleased film, software program or music file in a shared folder, regardless of whether that file is downloaded or not. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... A photographer at the Calgary Folk Music Festival Paparazzi at the Tribeca Film Festival A photographer is a person who takes a photograph using a camera. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

In copyright law, an artistic creation that includes major, basic copyrighted aspects of an original, previously created first work is known as a 'derivative work'. This holds for all kinds of work, including those that have never officially been published. The rights of the first work's originator must be granted to the secondary work for it to be rightfully called a 'derivative work'. If no copyright permission is granted from the originator, it is instead called a 'copy'. Upon completion of the new piece both parties hold a joint copyright status, with both having to agree to any publications. When the copyright has lapsed for the original work the second artist fully owns the copyright for their work, but cannot stop distribution of the original piece or another artist from completing the work in their own way. However, such copyrights can only be granted if the work shows significant new creative content.^[60][61] This montage of different images is an example of a derivative work In copyright law, a derivative work is an artistic creation that includes major, basic copyrighted aspects of an original, previously created first work. ...

See also

• Lacuna – a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, or a musical work.
• Shared universe – a literary technique whereby a series can continue after the death of the original author.
• Tower of Babel – a tower mentioned in Genesis in the Bible where God halted the construction.
• Lost work

Look up lacuna in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A manuscript (Latin manu scriptus, written by hand), strictly speaking, is any written document that is put down by hand, in contrast to being printed or reproduced some other way. ... Inscriptions are words or letters written, engraved, painted, or otherwise traced on a surface and can appear in contexts both small and monumental. ... A shared universe is a literary technique in which several different authors create works of fiction that share aspects such as settings or characters and that are intended to be read as taking place in a single universe. ... A literary technique or literary device may be used in works of literature in order to produce a specific effect on the reader. ... This article is about the Biblical story. ... For other uses, see Genesis (disambiguation). ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... A lost work is a document or literary work produced some time in the past of which no surviving copies are known to exist. ...

References