SEARCH ALL

FACTS & STATISTICS    Advanced view

Encyclopedia > Unification of Bulgaria

Updated 816 days 20 hours 14 minutes ago.

A map of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia before the Unification. United Bulgaria — a lithography by N. Pavlovich (1835-1894) The Unification of Bulgaria (Bulgarian language: Съединение на България, Saedinenie na Balgariya) is the act of unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and the then-Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia in the autumn of 1885. It was co-ordinated by the Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee (BSCRC). The Unification was accomplished after revolts in Eastern Rumelian towns, followed by a coup on September 6, 1885 supported by the Bulgarian Knyaz Alexander I. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1420x1012, 257 KB) Summary A map of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia before the Unification of Bulgaria in 1885. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1420x1012, 257 KB) Summary A map of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia before the Unification of Bulgaria in 1885. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (786x1024, 126 KB) Summary United Bulgaria - a lithography by Nikolai Pavlovich (1835-1894) Source: Litografia. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (786x1024, 126 KB) Summary United Bulgaria - a lithography by Nikolai Pavlovich (1835-1894) Source: Litografia. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic languages. ... In mathematical logic, in particular as applied to computer science, a unification of two terms is a join (in the lattice sense) with respect to a specialisation order. ... The Treaty of San Stefano of March 3, 1878 provided for an independent Bulgarian state, which spanned over the geographical regions of Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Sogut (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty... Flag of Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia (Bulgarian: ; Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli-i Sarki; Modern Turkish: Sarki Rumeli, Greek Ανατολική Ρωμυλία) was an autonomous province in the Ottoman Empire from 1878 to 1885 (nominally to 1908). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages. ... Alexander Joseph of Battenburg (April 5, 1857 - November 17, 1893), the first prince of modern Bulgaria, reigned from April 29, 1879 to September 7, 1886). ... The BSCRC, formed by Zahari Stoyanov, began actively popularizing the idea of unification by means of the press and public demonstrations in the spring of 1885. Contents 1 Background 2 Organization 3 The act of Unification 4 International response to the Unification 4.1 Russia 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 Austria-Hungary 4.4 Ottoman Empire 4.5 Serbia and Greece 5 See also 6 References Background The 10th Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) ended with the signing of the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, which cut large territories off the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria was ressurected after 482 years of foreign rule. The country's borders were equal to the ethnical borders of the Bulgarians - the lands of present day Bulgaria, Macedonia, the Adrianopole region, the Aegean coastline with the important cities of Xanthi, Dedeagach, Kavala, as well as minor parts of present day Romania and Serbia. Plevna Monument near the walls of Kitai-gorod. ... Borders of Bulgaria according to the Treaty of San Stefano of March 3rd, 1878 The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ... Edirne is a city in (Thrace), the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... The Aegean Sea. ... Xanthi (Greek: Ξάνθη) is a city in northern Greece, in the East Macedonia and Thrace periphery. ... Alexandroupoli (also Alexandroupolis, Greek: Αλεξανδρούπολη - Alexandroúpoli, Turkish: DedeaÄŸaç) is a city of Greece and the capital of the Evros Prefecture in Thrace. ... Kavala (also seen as Kavála, Kavalla, Cavalla, and Cavalle (Greek: Καβάλα), (2001 pop. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Russian diplomats knew that Bulgaria will not remain in these borders for very long - the San Stefano peace was called "preliminary" by the Russians themselves. The Berlin Congress began on June 1 1878 and ended on July 1 1878 with the Berlin Treaty that created a vassal Bulgarian state in the lands between the Balkans and the Danube. The area between the Balkan Mountains and the Rila and Rhodope Mountains was called Eastern Rumelia. This artificially created state was autonomous in the borders of Turkey. The separation of southern Bulgaria into a different administrative region was a guarantee against the fears expressed by Great Britain and Austria-Hungary that Bulgaria would gain access to the Aegean Sea, which logically meant that Russia was getting closer to the Mediterranean. The Congress of Berlin was a meeting of the European Great Powers and the Ottoman Empires leading statesmen in Berlin in 1878. ... The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3 of the same year. ... Rila Mountain, Bulgaria The Rila is a mountain range in western Bulgaria. ... The Rhodopes (also spelled Rodopi) are a mountain range, with over 83% of its area in southern Bulgaria and the remainder in Greece. ... Flag of Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia (Bulgarian: ; Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli-i Sarki; Modern Turkish: Sarki Rumeli, Greek Ανατολική Ρωμυλία) was an autonomous province in the Ottoman Empire from 1878 to 1885 (nominally to 1908). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... The third large portion of San Stefano Bulgaria - Macedonia - did not get even this slight taste of liberty - it remained in the Ottoman borders like it had been before the war. Organization In these conditions it was natural that Bulgarians in Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia and Macedonia all strived for unity. The first attempt was made in 1880. The new British prime minister, William Gladstone (who had strongly supported the Bulgarian cause in the past) made Bulgarian politicians hope that the British policy on the Eastern Question was about to change, and that it will support and look favourably upon an eventual Union. Unfortunetly, the change of government did not bring a change in Great Britain's interests. Secondly, there was a possible conflict growing between the Ottoman Empire on one side and Greece and Montenegro on the other. William Ewart Gladstone (December 29, 1809 - May 19, 1898) was a British Liberal politician and Prime Minister (1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886 and 1892-1894). ... The Eastern Question, in European history, encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ Density  616,258  48. ... The Union activists from Eastern Rumelia sent Stefan Panaretov, a lecturer in Robert College, to consult the British opinion on the planned Unification. Gladstone's government though, did not accept these plans. Disagreement came from Imperial Russia as well, which was strictly following the decisions taken during the Berlin Congress. Meanwhile the tensions between Greece and the Ottoman Empire had settled, which finally brought the first Unification attempt to a failiure. Prominent Bulgarian and professor at Robert College, Stefan Panaretov (1853-1931) became the first Special Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of Bulgaria to the U.S. after presenting his Letter of Credence to President Woodrow Wilson on December 10, 1913. ... Robert College is the oldest American school outside the USA. It was founded in the 1863 by Christopher Robert, at the time of the Ottoman Empire. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start of... By mid-1885 most of the active unionists in Eastern Rumelia shared the vision that the preparation of a revolution in Macedonia should be postponed and all efforts should be concentrated on the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Bulgarian Knyaz Alexander I was also drawn to this cause. His relations with Russia had worsened to such extent that the Russian Emperor and the pro-Russian circles in Bulgaria openly called for Alexander's abdication. The young knyaz saw that his support for the Unification is his only chance for political survival. The act of Unification The the Unification was initially scheduled for the middle of September, while the Rumelian militia was mobilized for performing manoeuvres. The plan called for the Unification to be announced on September 15 1885, but on September 2 a riot began in Panagyurishte (then in Eastern Rumelia) that was brought under control the same day by the police. The demonstration demanded Unification with Bulgaria. A little later this example was followed in the village of Goliamo Konare. An armed squad was formed there, under the leadership of Prodan Tishkov - the local leader of the BSCRC. BSCRC representatives were sent to different towns in the province, where they had to gather groups of rebels and send them to Plovdiv, the capital of Eastern Rumelia, where they were under the command of Major Danail Nikolaev. Panagyurishte is a town in Pazardzhik Province, western Bulgaria. ... Ancient Theater, Plovdiv Ages of Plovdiv: View toward the Roman Amphitheatre, Medieval Wall, Bulgarian Renaissance Homes, and Socialist-style Apartment Buildings Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив) is the second largest city in Bulgaria, with a population of 378,000 citizens. ... Meanwhile, military manoeuvres were being carried out in the outskirts of Plovdiv. Mj. Danail Nikolaev, who was in charge of the manoeuvres, was aware of and supported the unionists. On 6 September, Rumelian militia (Eastern Rumelia's armed forces) and armed unionist groups entered Plovdiv and took over the Governor's residence. The Governor was Gavrail Krastevich, a Bulgarian patriot who, naturally, did not resist the unionists. A temporary government was formed immediately, with Georgi Stranski at its head. Major Danail Nikolaev was appointed commander of armed forces. With help from Russian officers, he created the strategical plan for defence against the expected Ottoman intervention. Mobilization was declared in Eastern Rumelia. As soon as it took power on September 2, the temporary government sent a telegram, asking the knyaz to accept the Unification. On September 8 Alexander I answered with a special manifest. On the next day, accompanied by the prime minister Petko Karavelov and the head of Parliament Stefan Stambolov, Knyaz Alexander I entered the capital of the former Eastern Rumelia. This gesture confirmed the unionists' actions as a fait accompli. But the difficulties of the diplomatical and military defence of the Union lay ahead. Petko Karavelov (1843-24 January 1903) was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician who served as Prime Minister on four occasions. ... A statue of Stefan N. Stambolov in his birthplace Veliko Turnovo Stefan Nikolov Stambolov (Bulgarian: Стефан Николов Стамболов) (January 31, 1854 - July 6, 1895) was a Bulgarian revolutionary and statesman. ... International response to the Unification In the years after the signing of the Berlin Treaty, the St. Petersburg government had often expressed its view that the creation of Eastern Rumelia out of Southern Bulgaria was an unnatural division and would be short-lived. Russia knew that the Unification would undoubtly come soon and took important measures for its preparation. First, Russia exerted successful diplomatic pressure upon the Ottoman Empire constraining it from sending forces into Eastern Rumelia. Also, in 1881, in a special protocol, created after the re-eastablishment of the League of the Three Emperors, it was noted that Austria-Hungary and Germany would show support for a possible union act of the Bulgarians. Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... League of the Three Emperors (Dreikaiserbund) 1873 Long term cause of the First World War Creation of a conservative league between Germany, Russia and Austria Post-Franco-Prussian War Alliance against radicals Conservatives in the three countries were wary of the growing threat (as they perceived it) of liberalism and... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Russia Defying most expectations, Russia did not support the September 6 act due to its open conflict with Knyaz Alexander I. Russia wanted to preserve its influence in Bulgarian affairs and feared losing it as the new state grew stronger with Alexander I at its head. As a result, Russia commanded all its officers to leave Bulgaria and suggested that an official conference be held in Constantinopole, where the violation of the Berlin status quo was to be sanctioned. United Kingdom The government circles in London initially thought that powerful support by St. Petersburg stood behind the bold Bulgarian act. They soon realised the reality of the situation, and after the Russian official position was announced, Great Britain gave its support for the Bulgarian cause, but not until Bulgarian-Ottoman negotiations began. Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary's position was determined by its policy towards Serbia. In a secret treaty from 1881, Austria-Hungary accepted Serbia's "right" to expand in the direction of Macedonia (ethnically, a region dominated by Bulgarians). Austria-Hungary's aim was to win influence in Serbia, while at the same time directing Serbian territorial appetites towards the south instead of north and north-west. Also, Austria-Hungary had always opposed the creation of a large Slavonic state in the Balkans of the sort that a unified Bulgaria would become. France and Germany supported the Russian proposal of an international conference in the Ottoman capital. Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ottoman Empire After the Unification was already a fact, it took three days for Constantinopole to become aware of what had actually happened. A new problem then arose: according to the Berlin treaty the Sultan was only allowed to send troops in Eastern Rumelia at the request of Eastern Rumelia's governor. Gavrail Krastevich, the governor at the time, made no such request. At the same time the Ottoman Empire was advised in harsh tone both by London and St. Petersburg not to take any such actions and instead to wait for the decision of the international conference. The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3 of the same year. ... Serbia and Greece The Union of Bulgaria and East Rumelia made Bulgaria the largest state in the Balkans at that time, a fact that a number of neighbouring countries could not accept. Athens immediately asked for territorial compensations and even threatened it would begin military actions. There were civilian demonstrations throughout Greece that prompted the government to declare war on Bulgaria. Intervention on the part of the British government helped soothe this agitation. Serbia's position was similar to that of Greece. The Serbians asked for considerable territorial compensations along the whole western border with Bulgaria. Rebuffed by Bulgaria, but assured of support from Austria-Hungary, king Milan Obrenović IV declared war on Bulgaria on November 14 1885. Milan I, born Milan Obrenovich IV, (August 22, 1854 – February 11, 1901), was the king of Serbia from 1882 to 1889. ... The Serbo-Bulgarian War (Bulgarian: Сръбско-българска война, Srabsko-balgarska voyna; Serbian: Српско-бугарски рат, Srpsko-bugarski rat) was a war between Serbia and Bulgaria that erupted on November 14 1885 and lasted until November 28 the same year. ... See also Serbo-Bulgarian War, 1885 The Serbo-Bulgarian War (Bulgarian: Сръбско-българска война, Srabsko-balgarska voyna; Serbian: Српско-бугарски рат, Srpsko-bugarski rat) was a war between Serbia and Bulgaria that erupted on November 14 1885 and lasted until November 28 the same year. ... References Jono Mitev - "The Unification" / Йоно Митев - "Съединението", Военно издателство Category: History of Bulgaria

	Results from FactBites:
	Unification Day (Bulgaria) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (501 words) Honours the Unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia in 1885 It commemorates the unification of Eastern Rumelia and Bulgaria in 1885. According to the Berlin Treaty from 1878 Southern Bulgaria, named Eastern Roumelia is separated from the newly formed Bulgarian state and returned to the Ottoman Empire with partial autonomy.
	More results at FactBites »