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 The German Empire of 1871. By excluding Austria, Bismarck chose a "little Germany" solution. The Unification of Germany toom place on January 18, 1871, when Prussian Chief Minister Otto Von Bismark managed to unify a number of independent German states into one nation, and thus created the German Empire, from which all of the states since that time bearing the name of Germany descend. There is much debate surrounding whether or not the 'iron chancellor' had a masterplan to unify Germany or whether his aims were simply to expand Prussia. This article is about the 1990 German reunification. ...
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The History of Germany begins with the establishment of the nation from Ancient Roman times to the 8th century, and then continues into the Holy Roman Empire dating from the 9th century until 1806 . ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ...
Thor/Donar, Germanic thunder god. ...
Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another, rather than of individual wanderers. ...
The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks. ...
Eastern Francia were the lands of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. ...
The Kingdom of Germany was a medieval state[1] which grew out of that of East Francia in the tenth century, when the term regnum Teutonicum first came into informal use. ...
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This article is about the medieval empire. ...
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Evolution of German linguistic area from 700 to 1950 Settlement in the East (German: ), also known as German eastward expansion, refers to the eastward migration and settlement of Germans into regions inhabited since the Great Migrations by the Balts, Romanians, Hungarians and, since about the 8th century, the Slavs. ...
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Kleinstaaterei, a German word for the occurence of (many) petty states is a polyvalent term, mainly used for the internal state of Germany (and neighbouring regions) during the Holy Roman Empire, especially in its late phase, when it was officially known as Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation. ...
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The Confederation of the Rhine in 1812 Capital Frankfurt Political structure Confederation Protector Napoleon I Primate - 1806-1813 Karl von Dalberg - 1813 Eugène de Beauharnais Historical era Napoleonic Wars - Formation 12 July, 1806 - Collapse 19 October, 1813 The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation (German: ; French: ) lasted from...
Image File history File links Wappen_Deutscher_Bund. ...
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ...
Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 38 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ...
Map of the North German Confederation Capital Berlin Political structure Federation Presidency Prussia (William I) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck History - Constitution tabelled April 16, 1867 - Confederation formed July 1, 1867 - Elevation to empire January 18, 1871 The North German Federation (in German, Norddeutscher Bund) came into existence in 1867, following...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ...
The history of Germany is, in places, extremely complicated and depends much on how one defines Germany. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ...
For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ...
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The German Empire was one of the defeated Central Powers during World War I. It entered the conflict following the declaration of war against Serbia by its ally, Austria-Hungary. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_(2-3). ...
Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first) - 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (last) Legislature...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ...
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...
Image File history File links Balkenkreuz. ...
The history of Germany during World War II closely parallels that of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler. ...
Following Germanys defeat in World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, Germany was split, representing the focus of the two global blocs in the east and west. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_(1946-1949). ...
The C-Pennant Occupation zones in Germany (1945) Capital Berlin (de jure) Political structure Military occupation Governors (1945) - UK zone F.M. Montgomery - French zone Gen. ...
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Former eastern territories of Germany (German: ) describes collectively those provinces or regions east of the Oder-Neisse line which were internationally recognised as part of the territory of Germany after the formation of the German Empire in 1871. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_(1946-1949). ...
Germans expelled from the Sudetenland // The expulsion of Germans after World War II refers to the forced migration of people considered Germans (Reichsdeutsche and some Volksdeutsche) from various European states and territories during 1945 and in the first three years after World War II 1946-48. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ...
West Germany was the informal but almost universally used name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 until 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include East Germany. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_East_Germany. ...
“East Germany†redirects here. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ...
This article is about the 1990 German reunification. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ...
Image File history File links Bundeswehr_Kreuz. ...
While German-speaking peoples have a long history, Germany as a nation-state dates only from 1871. ...
// Part of the motivation behind the territorial changes are based on events in the history of Germany and Europe, especially Eastern Europe. ...
This is a timeline of German history. ...
The history of German as separate from common West Germanic begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German consonant shift. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 609 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (3239 × 3188 pixel, file size: 3. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 609 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (3239 × 3188 pixel, file size: 3. ...
For the German Neighbourhood Kleindeutschland in New York see Little Germany, New York Kleindeutschland (literally Small Germany) was a 19th century political idea postulating the idea of a unified Germany led by Hohenzollern Prussia, with Berlin as capital, and excluding the Austrian Empire. ...
is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ...
For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ...
Bismarck's rise to power
Napoleon is credited with reorganizing what had been the Holy Roman Empire, made up of more than 1,000 entities, into a more streamlined network of 40 states, providing the basis for the German Confederation and the future unification of Germany under the German Empire in 1871. This article is about the medieval empire. ...
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...
For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ...
Several key factors played a role in uniting the 39 previously independent states into a unified Germany under the rule of the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck. The move toward unification began many years prior with a rise in German nationalism, initially allied with liberalism. The Revolutions of 1848 — a time in which Europe was dealing with severe economic depression — disrupted plans by the German Confederation to possibly unify. It became increasingly clear that the Austrian Empire was incompatible with the drive to unify a German nation-state. Bismarck redirects here. ...
Nationalism is an ethno- political ideology that sustains the concept of a nation- identity for an exclusive group of people. ...
Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ...
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a revolutionary wave which erupted in Sicily and then, further triggered by the revolutions of 1848 in France, soon spread to the rest of Europe and as far afield as...
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...
Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History - Established 1804 - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded...
In the early 1860s, a conflict about army reforms caused a constitutional crisis in Prussia. The Prussian king, William I, appointed Bismarck prime minister in 1862. Bismarck hoped he could resolve the constitutional crisis and establish Prussia as the leading German power through foreign triumphs, ultimately leading to a conservative, Prussian-dominated German state. William I (William Frederick Louis, German: ) (March 22, 1797 – March 9, 1888) of the House of Hohenzollern was a King of Prussia (January 2, 1861 – 9 March 1888) and the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). ...
Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favor tradition and gradual change, where tradition refers to religious, cultural, or nationally defined beliefs and customs. ...
Founding a unified state The founding of a German nation rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848 to Bismarck's authoritarian Realpolitik. Attacked by three nations[citation needed], Bismarck achieved German unity largely through three military successes: the Second war of Schleswig (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). Although Germany's opponents declared these wars[citation needed], it established a belief of the German people that they needed a strong, united nation. Realpolitik (German: real (realistic, practical or actual) and Politik (politics) refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical considerations, rather than ideological notions. ...
Combatants Prussia Austria German Confederation Denmark Commanders Friedrich Graf von Wrangel Christian Julius De Meza replaced by George Daniel Gerlach on February 29 Strength At the outbreak of war: 61,000 158 guns Later reinforcements: 20,000 64 guns[1] 38,000 100+ guns[2] Casualties 1,700+ killed, wounded...
Combatants Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hanover and some minor German States (formerly as the German Confederation) Prussia, Italy, and some minor German States Strength 600,000 Austrians and German allies 500,000 Prussians and German allies 300,000 Italians Casualties 20,000 dead or wounded 37,000 dead...
Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000...
The signing of the November Constitution on November 18, 1863 by King Christian IX of Denmark, which declared Schleswig as part of Denmark, was seen by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol. Diplomatic attempts to have the November Constitution repealed were futile and fighting commenced when Prussia crossed the border to Schleswig on 1 February 1864. The Second war of Schleswig was a victory for the combined armies of Prussia and Austria and the two countries won control of Schleswig and Holstein in the following peace settlement. // Jutland is a long peninsula in Northern Europe, and the current Schleswig-Holstein is its southern part. ...
is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Christian IX of Denmark (April 8, 1818 – January 29, 1906) was King of Denmark from November 15, 1863 to January 29, 1906. ...
The region of Schleswig (former English name: Sleswick, Danish: Sønderjylland or Slesvig, Low German: Sleswig, North Frisian: Slaswik or Sleesweg) covers the area about 60 km north and 70 km south of the border between Germany and Denmark. ...
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...
London Protocol is a name used to describe several different documents. ...
Combatants Prussia Austria German Confederation Denmark Commanders Friedrich Graf von Wrangel Christian Julius De Meza replaced by George Daniel Gerlach on February 29 Strength At the outbreak of war: 61,000 158 guns Later reinforcements: 20,000 64 guns[1] 38,000 100+ guns[2] Casualties 1,700+ killed, wounded...
For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ...
The region of Schleswig (former English name: Sleswick, Danish: Sønderjylland or Slesvig, Low German: Sleswig, North Frisian: Slaswik or Sleesweg) covers the area about 60 km north and 70 km south of the border between Germany and Denmark. ...
Holstein (Hol-shtayn) (Low German: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) is the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, between the rivers Elbe and Eider. ...
In 1866, in concert with Italy, Bismarck created an environment in which Austria declared the Austro-Prussian War (also known as the Seven Weeks' War or German Civil War). A decisive, one day victory at the Battle of Königgrätz allowed Prussia to annex some territory and allowed Bismarck to exclude long-time rival Austria and most of its allies from the now-defunct German Confederation when forming the North German Confederation with the states that had supported Prussia. This war also resulted in the end of Austrian dominance of the German nations. Combatants Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hanover and some minor German States (formerly as the German Confederation) Prussia, Italy, and some minor German States Strength 600,000 Austrians and German allies 500,000 Prussians and German allies 300,000 Italians Casualties 20,000 dead or wounded 37,000 dead...
Combatants Prussia Austria Commanders Wilhelm I Helmuth von Moltke Ludwig von Benedek Strength 140,000troops in 3 Prussian Armies 90,000 Austrians and 25,000 Saxons Casualties 10,000 45,000 including 20,000 prisoners {{{notes}}} In the Battle of Königgrätz or Battle of Sadowa of July 3...
Map of the North German Confederation Capital Berlin Political structure Federation Presidency Prussia (William I) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck History - Constitution tabelled April 16, 1867 - Confederation formed July 1, 1867 - Elevation to empire January 18, 1871 The North German Federation (in German, Norddeutscher Bund) came into existence in 1867, following...
This new Confederation was the direct precursor to the 1871 empire. The four German states south of the Main River remained independent, but made military alliances with Prussia. In 1867, the Austrian emperor, his power greatly weakened by this defeat, was forced to give equal status to his Hungarian holdings, creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria was never again a power in Germany. For other uses, see Main (disambiguation). ...
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...
Bismarck had overcome Austria's active resistance to a unified Germany through military victory, but however much it lessened Austria's influence over the German states, it also splintered German unity, as some German states allied with Austria. Since this decreased the sense of German nationalism, yet another war was required to rally the German states together. Further, to complete the unification of Germany Bismarck knew that he needed to overcome the opposition of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire. He accomplished both of these goals through the Franco-Prussian War. This article is about the President of the French Republic and Emperor of the French. ...
Map of the French Second Empire Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor - 1852-1870 Napoleon III Legislature Parliament - Upper house Senate - Lower house Corps législatif History - French coup of 1851 December 2 1851 - Established 1852 - Disestablished September 4, 1870 Currency French Franc The Second French Empire or...
Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000...
In 1870, he encouraged a Hohenzollern prince to accept the throne of Spain, which was offered to 3 other European princes before, but the former candidates were rejected by Napoleon III. This move was certainly not made public, and a successful installment of a Hohernzollern king in Spain would mean that the two countries on either side of France both had German kings (ie of German descent). When the issue leaked, France was outraged, and the minister of foreign affairs, Agenor, duc de Gramont, wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum rejection, stating that if any Prussian prince should accept the crown of Spain, the French government would respond. Although the prince withdrew as a candidate, Bismarck used the Ems Dispatch, which he released to the press with slight but meaning-changing alterations, to goad the French into the Franco-Prussian War. Napoleon III hoped to divide the German Confederation as Napoleon I of France did. But France stood against the North German Confederation and its South German allies, without the participation of Austria. The 1866 treaty came into effect: all German states united militarily to fight France. After several battles, the Germans defeated the main French armies and captured the French emperor in the Battle of Sedan on September 1, 1870. Bismarck used the prevailing nationalist mood to formalise Germany. The House of Hohenzollern is a German dynasty of electors, kings, and emperors of Prussia, Germany, and Romania. ...
Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ...
Antoine Alfred Agénor, duc de Gramont (14 August 1819 - 17 January 1880) was a French politician of the Second Empire, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time of the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1871. ...
The Ems Dispatch (sometimes called the Ems Telegram) is the document that instigated the Franco-Prussian War. ...
Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000...
Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from...
Combatants Prussia Bavaria France Commanders Wilhelm I Helmuth von Moltke Napoleon III Patrice MacMahon Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot Strength 200,000 774 cannon 120,000 564 cannon Casualties 2,320 dead 5,980 wounded 700 missing (9,000 total) 3,000 dead 14,000 wounded 21,000 captured 82,000 surrendered...
Yet the new French Third Republic continued to fight. During the Siege of Paris, the North German Confederation, supported by the allies from southern Germany, formed the German Empire. On January 18, 1871, William was proclaimed "German Emperor" in the Hall of Mirrors of the French Palace of Versailles because of the amount of wallpaintings which showed annexions of German regions by France. Under the peace treaty, France gave up almost all of the traditionally German regions Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine, which were formerly annexed by Louis XIV in the Thirty Years' War. The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ...
The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ...
is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ...
For the room of this name there, see the item in the article Palace of Versailles. ...
Hall of Mirrors redirects here. ...
Bismarck redirects here. ...
The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ...
Combatants Prussia, Baden Bavaria, Württemberg (later German Empire) France Commanders Wilhelm I of Germany Helmuth von Moltke Louis Jules Trochu Joseph Vinoy Strength 240,000 regulars 200,000 regulars 200,000 militia and sailors Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 24,000 dead or wounded 146,000 captured 47...
For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ...
is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Wilhelm I of Germany Wilhelm I, (March 22, 1797 - March 9, 1888), German Emperor (Kaiser), ruled January 18, 1871-1888 and king of Prussia, ruled 1861-1888. ...
Hall of Mirrors redirects here. ...
(New region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 km² (??? mi) km² Population (Ranked 14th) - January 1, 2006 est. ...
Lorraine coat of arms location of the Lorraine province Lorraine (French: Lorraine; German: Lothringen) is a historical area in present-day northeast France. ...
Louis XIV King of France and Navarre By Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715) reigned as King of France and King of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death. ...
Combatants Sweden (from 1630) Bohemia Denmark-Norway (1625-1629) Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic League) Spain Austria Bavaria Denmark-Norway (1643-1645) Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf †Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of...
This war had affirmed Bismarck and Prussia as the leaders of a unified Germany. The southern states were officially incorporated into a unified Germany at the Treaty of Versailles of 1871 (later ratified in the Treaty of Frankfurt), which ended the Franco-Prussian War. Bismarck, as the first chancellor of a unified Germany, had led the transformation of Germany from a federation to a unified nation state. The preliminary Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War. ...
The Treaty of Frankfurt was signed May 10, 1871, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War. ...
A nation-state is a specific form of state, which exists to provide a sovereign territory for a particular nation, and which derives its legitimacy from that function. ...
The new empire
 Occupation of France after unification of Germany The German Empire included 25 states, three of which were Hanseatic cities. It was a realization of the Kleindeutsche Lösung, ("Lesser German Solution"), since Austria had been excluded, as opposed to a Großdeutsche Lösung or "Greater German Solution", which would have included Austria. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
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Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539). ...
For the German Neighbourhood Kleindeutschland in New York see Little Germany, New York Kleindeutschland (literally Small Germany) was a 19th century political idea postulating the idea of a unified Germany led by Hohenzollern Prussia, with Berlin as capital, and excluding the Austrian Empire. ...
National assembly meeting in St. ...
Bismarck himself prepared in broad outline the 1866 North German Constitution, which became the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire with some adjustments. Germany acquired some democratic features: notably the Reichstag, that in contrast to the parliament of Prussia was elected by direct and equal manhood suffrage. However, legislation also required the consent of the Bundesrat, the federal council of deputies from the states, in which Prussia had a large influence. Behind a constitutional façade, Prussia thus exercised predominant influence in both bodies with executive power vested in the Kaiser, who appointed the federal chancellor — Otto von Bismarck. The chancellor was accountable solely to and served entirely at the discretion of the Emperor. Officially, the chancellor was a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the State Secretaries (bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc) acted as unofficial portfolio ministers. With the exception of the years 1872–1873 and 1892–1894, the chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of the imperial dynasty's hegemonic home-kingdom, Prussia. The Reichstag had the power to pass, amend or reject bills, but could not initiate legislation. The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor. One problem with this constitution was that it was designed for certain types of people to hold the position of chancellor and king. The constitution failed to consider the scenario of a powerful king and a chancellor who is a figurehead. The North German Constitution was the constitution of the North German Confederation, which existed from 1867 to 1871. ...
The Constitution of the German Empire was the basic law of the German Empire of 1871-1919. ...
The Reichstag (German for Imperial Diet) was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945. ...
Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. ...
In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ...
Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Year 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
While the other states retained their own governments, the military forces of the smaller states were put under Prussian control, while those of the larger states such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony were coordinated along Prussian principles and would in wartime be controlled by the federal government. Although authoritarian in many respects, the empire permitted the development of political parties. For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ...
Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 18,416 km² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density 231 /km...
The Kulturkampf that followed (1872-1878), meant in contrary to the American culture war not the political conflict, but mainly the language related, educational aspects. Bismarck as chancellor tried without much success to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its political arm, the Catholic Centre Party in schools and education and language-related areas. A policy of Germanization of non-German speaking people of the empire's population, including the Polish, Danish and French minorities was started with German language schools (Germanization). All of this happened over a length of time. The German term Kulturkampf (literally, culture struggle) refers to German policies in relation to secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Chancellor of the German Empire, Otto von Bismarck. ...
The culture war (or culture wars) in American usage is a metaphor used to claim that political conflict is based on sets of conflicting values. ...
The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler). ...
Catholic Church redirects here. ...
The factual accuracy of this article is Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic. ...
German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ...
Constituent states of the empire
 Member states of the German Empire (peach), with Prussia in blue
The Kingdom of Prussia was the largest of the constituent states, covering some 60 percent of the territory of the German Empire. Before being integrated as Provinces of Prussia, several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, or been created as sovereign states after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Image File history File links Map-DR-Prussia. ...
Image File history File links Map-DR-Prussia. ...
Anthem Preußenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King - 1701 — 1713 Frederick I (first) - 1888 — 1918 William II (last) Prime minister - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim...
Adams Prussia map with proper spelling of Königsberg and Württemberg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Adams Prussia map with proper spelling of Königsberg and Württemberg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
The Provinces of Prussia constituted the main administrative divisions Prussia. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x663, 46 KB) German colonies blue = colonies of the German Empire red = situation of the Prussian colonies yellow= Klein-Venedig (little Venice: 1529-1556) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x663, 46 KB) German colonies blue = colonies of the German Empire red = situation of the Prussian colonies yellow= Klein-Venedig (little Venice: 1529-1556) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects...
This article is about former colonies of Germany. ...
Events April 22 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297. ...
Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Anthem Preußenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King - 1701 — 1713 Frederick I (first) - 1888 — 1918 William II (last) Prime minister - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim...
This article is about the capital of Germany. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Bavaria_(striped). ...
Anthem Königsstrophe Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire. ...
For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ...
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The Kingdom of Saxony, lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Germany, finally being absorbed into the Weimar Republic in 1918. ...
Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian DrežÄany, meaning people of the riverside forest) is the capital city of the German Federal Free State of Saxony. ...
Image File history File links Flagge_Königreich_Württemberg. ...
Coat of Arms of the (formerly royal) Württemberg family, on a gate of the familys current residence, Schloss Altshausen in Altshausen, Germany // Counts of Württemberg Conrad I 1089-1122 Conrad II 1100-1130 John d. ...
For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ...
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Baden was a territory in the southwest of what later became unified Germany. ...
Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border. ...
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The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt came into existence in 1568, as the portion of George, youngest of the four sons of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse. ...
For other uses, see Darmstadt (disambiguation). ...
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a Duchy (from 1815 a Grand Duchy) in northeastern Germany, formed by a partition of the Duchy of Mecklenburg. ...
Schwerin is a town in northern Germany. ...
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a duchy in northern Germany, roughly consisting of the present day district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (the historical Stargarder Land), bordering areas of modern-day Brandenburg with the town of Fürstenberg and the area around Ratzeburg in modern Schleswig-Holstein. ...
Neustrelitz is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. ...
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Oldenburg is a historical state in todays Germany named for its capital, Oldenburg. ...
Oldenburg (Low German: Ollnborg) is an Independent City in Lower Saxony, Germany. ...
Image File history File links Flagge_Großherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_(1813-1897). ...
The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) was created in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been in personal union since 1741, when the Saxe-Eisenach line had died out. ...
For other uses, see Weimar (disambiguation). ...
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Anhalt is a historical region of Germany, which is now included in the state of Saxony-Anhalt. ...
Dessau is a town in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. ...
Image File history File links Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig. ...
Location of the Duchy of Brunswick within the German Empire Capital Braunschweig Government Monarchy Duke - 1813-1815 Frederick William - 1913-1918 Ernest Augustus History - Restoration 1815 - Abdication 1918 Area - 1910 3,672 km² Population - 1910 est. ...
Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Lower Saxony District: Urban district City subdivisions: 20 Boroughs Lord Mayor: Gert Hoffmann (CDU) Governing parties: CDU / FDP Basic Statistics Area: 192. ...
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Altenburg is a town in the German Bundesland of Thuringia. ...
Image File history File links Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_(1911-1920). ...
Capitals Coburg and Gotha Head of State Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (German: Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in Germany, in the present-day states of Bavaria...
This article is about the city in Germany. ...
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Meiningen is a town in Germany - located in the Southern part of the state Thuringia in the district of Schmalkalden-Meiningen. ...
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Lippe within the German Empire Capital Detmold Government Principality History - Established 1123 - Raised to County 1528 - Raised to Principality 1789 - German Revolution 1918 Lippe was a historical state in Germany. ...
Detmold is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of about 80,000. ...
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Reuss (German: Reuß) is the name of several historical states in todays Thuringia, Germany. ...
Gera is the largest Town in the east of Thuringia, Germany. ...
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Reuss Elder Line within the German Empire Capital Greiz Government Principality History - Established 1778 - German Revolution 1918 - Merged into Thuringia 1919 The Principality of Reuss Elder Line (German: ) was a state in Germany. ...
Greiz is a town in Thuringia, the capital of the district Greiz. ...
Image File history File links Flagge_Fürstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe. ...
Schaumburg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ...
Map of Germany showing Bückeburg Bückeburg is a small town in Lower Saxony, Germany. ...
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was a small state in Germany, in the present-day state of Thuringia, with capital at Rudolstadt. ...
Rudolstadt is a city in Germany. ...
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was a small state in Germany, in the present day state of Thuringia, with capital at Sondershausen. ...
Sondershausen, a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, situated in a plain 37 miles by rail North of Erfurt. ...
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Waldeck (or later Waldeck-Pyrmont) was a sovereign principality in what is now Lower Saxony and Hesse (Germany). ...
Arolsen is a small town in northern Hesse and the baroque 18th century residence of the Princes of Waldeck_Pyrmont, a former principality in Hesse, Germany. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Bremen. ...
Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE5 State subdivisions 2 urban districts Capital Bremen Senate President Jens Böhrnsen (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Alliance 90/The Greens Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 408 km² (158 sq mi) Population 664,000...
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This article is about the city in Germany. ...
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Location of the Free City of Lübeck with the German Empire Capital Lübeck Government Republic History - Formation 1226 - Abolition April 1, 1937 The title of this article contains the character ü. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Luebeck. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ...
Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ...
For other uses, see Strasburg. ...
Anthem Preußenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King - 1701 — 1713 Frederick I (first) - 1888 — 1918 William II (last) Prime minister - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim...
The Provinces of Prussia constituted the main administrative divisions Prussia. ...
This article is about the medieval empire. ...
The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors, from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. ...
Parallels with Italy and Japan The evolution of the German Empire is somewhat parallel to developments in Italy and Japan. Compared to Bismarck, Count Camillo Benso di Cavour in Italy used diplomacy and self-declared war to achieve his objectives: he allied with France before attacking Austria, securing the unification of Italy (except for the Papal States and Austrian Venice) by 1861 as a kingdom under the Piedmontese dynasty. In the interests of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour, hostile to the more revolutionary romantic nationalism of liberal republicans such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini, sought to unify of Italy along conservative lines. Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (Turin, August 10, 1810 - Santena, near Turin, June 6, 1861) was a statesman who was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification and the first Prime Minister of the new Kingdom of Italy. ...
Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy...
Coat of arms Map of the Papal States; the reddish area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, the rest (grey) in 1870. ...
For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...
Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont, with Savoia upper left (pink) and Nizza (Nice) lower left (brown) both now French, and Sardinia in the inset The Kingdom of Sardinia is a former kingdom in Italy. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Garibaldi in 1866. ...
Giuseppe Mazzini (June 22, 1805 – March 10, 1872) was an Italian patriot, philosopher and politician. ...
Japan followed a similar course of conservative modernization from the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration to 1918. Japan issued a commission in 1882 to study various governmental structures throughout the world and were particularly impressed by Bismarck's Germany, issuing a constitution in 1889 that formed a premiership with powers analogous to Bismarck's position as chancellor with a cabinet responsible to the emperor alone. The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (å¾³å·å¹•åºœ) (also known as the Edo bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. ...
The Meiji Restoration ), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japans political and social structure. ...
One factor in the social anatomy of these governments had been the retention of a very substantial share in political power by landed elites—in Germany's case the Prussian Junkers—due to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the peasants in combination with urban workers. Landed property or landed estates is a real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without himself having to do the actual work at the estate. ...
Junkers (English pronunciation: ; German pronunciation: ) were the landed nobility of Prussia and Eastern Germany - lands which are often also called Eastelbia (Ostelbien in German - the land east of river Elbe). ...
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