Uniformitarianism has had two separate meanings, both more prevalent in 19th-century discourse:
Within religious philosophy, Uniformitarianism ("with a capital U") is the belief that the Universe has existed as it is now for an infinite time and will continue to exist for ever. This is not considered a very fruitful philosophical stance, opposed as it is to traditional theology and modern science.
Within scientific philosophy, uniformitarianism ("with a small u") refers to the principle that the same processes that shape the universe occurred in the past as they do now, and that the same laws of physics obtain in all parts of the knowable universe. This axiomatic principle, not often referred to as an "-ism" in modern discussions, is particularly relevant to geology and other sciences on a long timescale such as astronomy and paleontology.
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Uniformitarianism, in the philosophy of science, is the assumption that the natural processes operating in the past are the same as those that can be observed operating in the present.
Uniformitarianism has its philosophical roots in antiquity, but it was refined and popularized by British scientists of the late 18th and early 19th centuries: notably James Hutton, John Playfair, Charles Lyell, and William Whewell (who coined the term).
Uniformitarianism is one of the most basic principles of modern geology, the observation that fundamentally the same geological processes that operate today also operated in the distant past.
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