Rhodesia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia, todays Zimbabwe. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Rhodesia List of FIFA country codes Categories: Flag images ... Rhodesia was a democratic nation in the sense that it had the Westminster parliamentary system with multiple political parties contesting the seats in parliament, but as the voting was dominated by the White settler minority and that the black africans only had a minority level of representation at that time...

Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

Southern Rhodesia Flags of Rhodesia 1896-1979 Elections in Southern Rhodesia Governor of Southern Rhodesia Prime Minister of Rhodesia Rhodesian Front UDI (11/11/1965) President of Rhodesia Foreign relations of Rhodesia National Anthem of Rhodesia Military of Rhodesia Anthem God Save the Queen The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Capital Salisbury Language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1953-1963 Elizabeth II Governor-General  - 1953-1957 Lord Llewellin  - 1957-1963 The Earl of Dalhousie  - 1963 Sir Humphrey Gibbs Prime Minister  - 1953-1956 Sir Godfrey Huggins  - 1956-1963 Sir... Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British colony situated immediately to the north of South Africa, known today as Zimbabwe. ... This is a list of flags used in Rhodesia between 1896 and 1979 National Flags Vice-Regal and Presidential See also Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia) Categories: | ... Elections in Southern Rhodesia were used from 1899 to 1923 to elect part of the Legislative Council and from 1924 to elect the whole of the Legislative Assembly which governed the colony. ... This page contains a list of Governors of Southern Rhodesia from 1923 to 1980, and includes the period of UDI (1965–1970) when a competing position to the legal Governor was created. ... The Prime Minister of Rhodesia (until 1963 Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia) was the head of government in the colony of Rhodesia. ... The Rhodesian Front (RF) was a political party in Southern Rhodesia, later known as Rhodesia, now called Zimbabwe, when the country was under white minority rule. ... Until 1970, the head of state of Rhodesia was the British Monarch, represented by the Governor, Sir Humphrey Gibbs. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rhodesia. ... Rise O Voices of Rhodesia was adopted as the national anthem of Rhodesia in 1974, following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain in 1965. ... Combatants Rhodesia ZANLA ZIPRA Government of Botswana Government of Tanzania Government of Zambia Mozambican Liberation Front [1] Commanders Ian Smith P. K. van der Byl Peter Walls ZANU: Robert Mugabe ZAPU: Joshua Nkomo Casualties unknown unknown Civilians killed = Around 30,000 The Rhodesian Bush War —­ as it was known at...

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The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) of Rhodesia from the United Kingdom was signed on November 11, 1965 by the Smith administration, whose Rhodesian Front party^[1] opposed black majority rule in the then British colony. Although it declared independence from the United Kingdom it maintained allegiance to Queen Elizabeth II. The British government, the Commonwealth, and the United Nations condemned the move as illegal. Rhodesia reverted to de facto and de jure British control as "the British Dependency of Southern Rhodesia" for a brief period in 1979 to 1980, before regaining its independence as Zimbabwe in 1980. Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Southern Rhodesia, todays Zimbabwe. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... The Rt Hon Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia, 1964 (official portrait) Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID (born 8 April 1919) was the Premier of the British Crown Colony of Southern Rhodesia from 13 April 1964 to 11 November 1965, and Prime Minister of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) from 11 November... The Rhodesian Front (RF) was a political party in Southern Rhodesia, later known as Rhodesia, now called Zimbabwe, when the country was under white minority rule. ... A United Kingdom overseas territory (formerly known as a dependent territory or earlier as a crown colony) is a territory that is under the sovereignty and formal control of the United Kingdom but is not part of the United Kingdom proper (Great Britain and Northern Ireland). ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2006 Headquarters Marlborough House, London, UK Official languages English Membership 53 sovereign states Leaders  -  Queen Elizabeth II  -  Secretary-General Don McKinnon (since 1 April 2000) Establishment  -  Balfour Declaration 18 November 1926   -  Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931   -  London Declaration 28 April 1949  Area  -  Total... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Location of the British Overseas Territories The British Overseas Territories are fourteen[1] territories which the United Kingdom considers to be under its sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself. ... Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British colony situated immediately to the north of South Africa, known today as Zimbabwe. ...

History

In late 1965, with negotiations between the United Kingdom and Rhodesia at an impasse, Smith (according to his biography Bitter Harvest) had authorized a committee under Cabinet Secretary Gerald Clarke to look at historical independence declarations in order to come up with a suitable version for Rhodesia in the event of a UDI having to be declared. The committee decided to use the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence as its reference. Once the text was agreed upon, the Government Printer in Salisbury created the actual document (during the first week of November). Bitter Harvest is a book by Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith. ... Gerald B. Clarke was the principal secretary to the Rhodesian Cabinet (under Prime Minister Ian Smith) throughout the existance of the Rhodesian Front Government (1964-1979). ... Year 1776 (MDCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... U.S. Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is the document in which the Thirteen Colonies declared themselves independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain and explained their justifications for doing so. ...

Clarke placed the document in storage in the Rhodesian Parliament building until the morning of November 11, when Smith and his cabinet colleagues — after a last-minute appeal by the British Government failed to convince them not to follow this course of action — voted unanimously to declare their independence. Clarke was then directed by Smith to prepare the signing ceremony. The document was placed in an adjoining conference room to where the cabinet had convened to take their vote. With a photographer to record the historic moment, Smith, Deputy Prime Minister Clifford Dupont, and the other cabinet members signed the declaration. Later that day, Smith read it out on national radio, along with a speech giving justification for the action, and giving warning about probable negative reactions by the international community. is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Clifford Walter Dupont (1905 - 1978) was a British-Rhodesian political figure. ...

The timing of Smith's telegram to the British Prime Minister (Harold Wilson) announcing the UDI was sent precisely at 1 pm local time (11 am in London) at the precise moment that the United Kingdom started its Remembrance Day tradition (two minutes of silence to mark the end of World War I and honour its war dead). The not-so-hidden message in this timing was to recall the fact that Rhodesia had helped the UK in its time of need in both World Wars and that the British should not forget that. James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Wreaths of artificial poppies used as a symbol of remembrance Remembrance Day (United Kingdom, Australia, Canada), also known as Poppy Day (South Africa and Malta), and Armistice Day (United States, New Zealand, France, and many other Commonwealth countries; and the original name of the day internationally) is a day to... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Signatories

The UDI Document

Twelve members of the Cabinet signed the Proclamation: Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (750x1241, 212 KB) This work is copyrighted and unlicensed. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (750x1241, 212 KB) This work is copyrighted and unlicensed. ...

1. Ian Smith (Prime Minister)
2. Clifford Dupont (Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs)
3. John Wrathall (Minister of Finance and Posts)
4. Des Lardner-Burke (Minister of Justice and Law and Order)
5. Jack Howman (Minister of Tourism and Information)
6. P. K. van der Byl (Deputy Minister of Information)
7. James Graham, 7th Duke of Montrose (Minister of Agriculture)
8. William Harper (Minister of Internal Affairs and Public Service)
9. A. P. Smith (Minister of Education)
10. Ian McLean (Minister of Health, Labour, and Social Welfare)
11. Jack Mussett (Minister of Housing and Local Government)
12. Phillip van Heerden (Minister of Mines, Lands, and Water Development).

The following members of the Cabinet were present, but did not sign: The Rt Hon Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia, 1964 (official portrait) Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID (born 8 April 1919) was the Premier of the British Crown Colony of Southern Rhodesia from 13 April 1964 to 11 November 1965, and Prime Minister of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) from 11 November... Clifford Walter Dupont (1905 - 1978) was a British-Rhodesian political figure. ... Presidential Flag (Rhodesia) John James Wrathall (1913 in Lancaster, England - 1978) was a British-Rhodesian political figure. ... Des Lardner-Burke was a Rhodesian politician. ... J.H. Jack Howman was a Rhodesian politician. ... P. K. van der Byl (born Pieter Kenyon Fleming-Voltelyn van der Byl; 11 November 1923 - 15 November 1999) served as the Foreign Minister of Rhodesia from 1974 to 1979 as a member of the Rhodesian Front. ... James Angus Graham, 7th Duke of Montrose, ID (1907 - 1992) was born in the United Kingdom and lived most of his life in Southern Africa. ... William Allen Harper, witness to JFK assassination William Harper (South Carolina), U.S. Senator This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Ian McLean (Born 27th August 1929 - Died 1965) was an Australian rules football player in the Victorian Football League, (VFL) . Ian McLean played in Melbourne premiership teams in 1955, 1957 and 1959, and well as the runner-up side of 1954. ...

1. Ian Dillon (Chief Government Whip)
2. Lance Smith (Minister without portfolio)
3. Andrew Dunlop (Minister without portfolio)
4. George Rudland (Minister of Trade, Industry and Development).

It is not known why they did not sign, but since they were clearly present at the signing ceremony, and that the cabinet had unanimously voted to declare UDI earlier that morning, it is surmised that the restricted amount of available space on the document for the ministers' signatures was the only reason that Dillon, Lance Smith, Dunlop and Rudland did not add theirs. All the Cabinet members present at the signing of the Declaration were awarded the Independence Decoration in 1970 in honour of the event. The Independence Decoration was a Rhodesian civil decoration awarded to persons who played a notable and significant part in the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. ...

Rhodesia Herald front page announcement of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence including imposing censorship (note the white spaces)

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (620x842, 139 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (620x842, 139 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Reaction

The day after the UDI the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 216 condemning it as a declaration of independence "made by a racist minority." The United Kingdom moved to impose economic and diplomatic sanctions on what they now regarded as a rebel colony. In addition, the British High Commissioner in Salisbury — John Barnes Johnston — was withdrawn and the Rhodesian High Commissioner — Brigadier Andrew Skeen — was declared persona non grata and ordered to leave Britain. Rhodesia House (Rhodesia's High Commission in the UK) lost its diplomatic status and simply became an information office for Smith's administration. “Security Council” redirects here. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 was adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 12 November 1965, the day after the British Dependency of Southern Rhodesias Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the British Empire as the state of Rhodesia. ... John Baines Johnson (1918 - 2005) was a British diplomat. ... Brigadier (IPA pronunciation: ) is a military rank, the meaning of which has a considerable variation. ... Andrew Skeen was the last High Commissioner from Rhodesia to the United Kingdom, succeeding Evan Campbell. ... Look up Persona non grata in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Rhodesia House was Rhodesias High Commission to the United Kingdom. ... A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ...

Under instructions from the British Government, the Governor of Southern Rhodesia, Sir Humphrey Gibbs, formally dismissed Smith and his cabinet for what was deemed "an act of treason against the United Kingdom". This action, not the UDI, was the only internationally recognised action by an official in Rhodesia at the time. Smith's government however ignored the dismissal, stating that as Rhodesia was no longer a colony and governed under a new constitution that made Gibbs' office obsolete, the dismissal no longer had (in their view) any legality. Gibbs remained ensconsed in Government House for the next four years, resigning his office only after the republic referendum passed in late 1969. This page contains a list of Governors of Southern Rhodesia from 1923 to 1980, and includes the period of UDI (1965–1970) when a competing position to the legal Governor was created. ... Sir Humphrey Gibbs, c1965. ... Government House is the name given to some of the residences of Governors-General, Governors and Lieutenant-Governors in the Commonwealth and the former British Empire. ...

Even after the United Nations followed Britain's lead in imposing sanctions, the apartheid regime in South Africa continued to give economic support to Rhodesia, but did not extend official recognition to the new state, sending only an 'Accredited Diplomatic Representative' to Salisbury. Portugal, then the colonial power in neighbouring Mozambique, gave economic support, including access to Mozambique's sea ports; but following the change of regime in Lisbon, Mozambique became independent under the Marxist Frelimo regime of Samora Machel. This was a severe blow to the Smith regime, militarily as well as economically, as Machel was an ally of Robert Mugabe and allowed ZANU-PF a base there to mount incursions into Rhodesia. A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ... US President Reagan and President Samora Machel of Mozambique Samora Moisés Machel (September 29, 1933 - October 19, 1986) was President of Mozambique from 1975 until he died eleven years later, when his presidential aircraft crashed in mountainous terrain where the borders of Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland converge. ... Mugabe redirects here. ... The Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) has been the ruling political party in Zimbabwe since independence in 1980, led by Robert Mugabe, first as Prime Minister with the party simply known as ZANU, and then as President from 1988 after taking over ZAPU and renaming the party...

Declaration of a Republic

Smith had sought to make Rhodesia a Commonwealth Realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, with the title of Queen of Rhodesia, but Sir Humphrey Gibbs, still internationally recognised as the only legal authority in Rhodesia, refused to recognise Smith's authority. Smith responded by ignoring Sir Humphrey and appointing the Deputy Prime Minister Dupont, as the Officer Administrating the Government (best described as an interim Governor). The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... Sir Humphrey Gibbs, c1965. ... An Administrator in Commonwealth constitutional practice is a person who, while acting in a gubernatorial capacity, is not accorded a gubernatorial title. ...

Eventually, the Smith government abandoned attempts to remain loyal to the Crown, and in 1969, a majority of whites voted in referendum to declare Rhodesia a republic, which was declared in 1970, with Dupont as President. Sir Humphrey resigned at that point and left Government House. Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Until 1970, the head of state of Rhodesia was the British Monarch, represented by the Governor, Sir Humphrey Gibbs. ...

As a result of the change, the 'Royal' prefix was dropped from the title of the Rhodesian Air Force and the Crown was removed from the badges of army regiments and the British South Africa Police. The Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ) is the air force of Zimbabwe. ... The British South Africa Police (BSAP) was a regimented police force which operated in Britains Southern African territories such as Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia. ...

The government hoped that severing constitutional links with the United Kingdom would end any ambiguity about Rhodesia's status, gain diplomatic recognition, and bring an end to economic sanctions. However, the issues of white minority control remained and hindered this effort, and like UDI before it, the republic was unrecognised internationally.

Government of Rhodesia

Under the first post-UDI constitution, political power remained with the Legislative Assembly, of which the majority of members were white. Unlike South Africa, Rhodesia's black African majority had representation in the Assembly, but the separate franchise (the 'B' roll) was restricted to those who owned property, and also tribal chiefs, many of whom were derided as puppets of the white regime. The Governor was effectively replaced by the Officer Administering the Government. A Legislative Assembly in some parts of the Commonwealth refers to a legislature, or a chamber of the legislature. ...

The 1969 republican constitution created a bicameral parliament, with a Senate and a House of Assembly, both of which had white majorities. The President was a ceremonial head of state, with executive power remaining with the Prime Minister as head of government. In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ... The seat of Roman Senate in the Roman Forum, Rome A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... House of Assembly is a name given to the legislature or lower house of a bicameral legislature, in some countries, often at subnational level. ...

Trappings of sovereignty

Currency

1 Rhodesian dollar (obverse)

Main articles: Rhodesian pound and Coins of the Rhodesian pound

New banknotes were produced to replace British-made banknotes, which were no longer forthcoming after the UDI. Originally a German firm was commissioned to print the currency, but their newly printed batches of banknotes was destroyed after Britain successfully lobbied the German Government to halt the order. Rhodesia then decided to make their currency locally. Their locally made replacement Rhodesian pound compared well with the British-made predecessor (still retaining the Queen's portrait), then in 1970, the Rhodesian dollar came into use. The banknotes proved to be very well made, and was a very strong currency on the international market, stronger than the pound sterling and the South African rand.[1] Image File history File links Rhodesia1. ... Image File history File links Rhodesia1. ... The pound was the currency of Southern Rhodesia, then Rhodesia and Nyasaland and finally Rhodesia from 1932 until 1970. ... The coins of the Rhodesian pound were part of the currency of Southern Rhodesia, which changed its name to Rhodesia, following the break-up of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, when the Rhodesian pound replaced the Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound. ... The pound was the currency of Southern Rhodesia, then Rhodesia and Nyasaland and finally Rhodesia from 1932 until 1970. ... The Rhodesian Dollar was the currency used by Rhodesia between 1970 and 1980. ... “GBP” redirects here. ... ISO 4217 Code ZAR User(s) Common Monetary Area: Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland Inflation 5. ...

Foreign relations

Although South Africa (and until 1975, Portugal) gave economic and tacit military support to Rhodesia, no country ever extended full diplomatic recognition to it, and most countries closed their consulates in Salisbury following the UDI, one exception being the United States, which maintained a Consul-General, though redesignated as 'U.S. Contacts Office' in order to show the USA's official attitude of non-recognition of the post-UDI government. South Africa and Portugal each maintained an Accredited Diplomatic Representative office in Salisbury (which were embassies in all but name), while Rhodesia did likewise in Pretoria, Lisbon, and Lourenço Marques. For the uses of Consul as Chief Magistrate of a (city) state, see Consul. ... Lourenço Marques was a 16th century Portuguese trader. ...

After the UDI, Rhodesia House in London (the Rhodesian High Commission) simply became a representative office with no official diplomatic status. However, the most important Rhodesian representative offices were in Pretoria and Lisbon, although the latter closed in 1975, along with the office in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique. The other unofficial representative offices, in Washington DC, Bonn, and Tokyo, closed in 1979. Rhodesia House was Rhodesias High Commission to the United Kingdom. ... A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ... Motto: Praestantia Praevaleat Pretoria (May Pretoria Be Pre-eminent In Excellence) Country South Africa Province Gauteng Established 1855 Area  - City 1,644 km²  (634. ... For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ... Lourenço Marques was a 16th century Portuguese trader. ... Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. ... Flag Seal Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ... Historic Town Hall of Bonn (view from the market square). ... For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ...

End of Rhodesia

In 1978 an Internal Settlement was signed between Smith's government, and two more moderate African nationalist parties, the United African National Council (UANC), led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa, and ZANU (Ndonga), led by Ndabaningi Sithole. However, this did not involve the two main communist parties in exile — the remainder of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) led by Robert Mugabe and the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), led by Joshua Nkomo — which respectively fielded both major armies in the Rhodesian Bush War. Consequently, it was rejected by the international community. The Internal Settlement refers to the negotiations between Rhodeisan Prime Minister Ian Smith and the moderate black nationalist leaders in 1978. ... African nationalism is the nationalist political movement for one united Africa, or the lesser goal of the recognition of African tribes by establishing their own state and preservation of their native cultures. ... The United African National Council was a party led by Abel Muzorewa, which during the period of Internal Settlement of 1979 (the short-lived span when Rhodesia changed into Zimbabwe Rhodesia), held formal power. ... Bishop Abel Muzorewa Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa (born 1925 in former Rhodesia), a Methodist bishop and nationalist leader, was prime minister of the short-lived coalition government in what was called Zimbabwe Rhodesia; he held office for only a few months in 1979. ... Zimbabwe African National Union - Ndonga (ZANU-Ndonga) is a small political party in Zimbabwe. ... Ndabaningi Sithole (31 July 1920 – 12 December 2000) was an Ndau, a Methodist minister, and a veteran of Zimbabwes liberation struggle. ... A Communist party is a party which promotes Communism. ... The Zimbabwe African National Union was a political party during the struggle for Rhodesias, ultimately Zimbabwes, independence, formed as a split from ZAPU. It won the 1980 elections under the leadership of Robert Mugabe, and eight years later merged again with Joshua Nkomos ZAPU to form Zanu... Mugabe redirects here. ... The Zimbabwe African Peoples Union was a political party in Zimbabwe. ... Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo (June 19, 1917 – July 1, 1999) was a Zimbabwean nationalist leader and revolutionary, a member of the Ndebele (or Matebele) ethnic group, and the leader and founder of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU). ... Combatants Rhodesia ZANLA ZIPRA Government of Botswana Government of Tanzania Government of Zambia Mozambican Liberation Front [1] Commanders Ian Smith P. K. van der Byl Peter Walls ZANU: Robert Mugabe ZAPU: Joshua Nkomo Casualties unknown unknown Civilians killed = Around 30,000 The Rhodesian Bush War —­ as it was known at...

In April 1979 the first multiracial elections were held in Rhodesia, which saw Abel Muzorewa become the first black Prime Minister of what was now called Zimbabwe Rhodesia. However, under the Internal Settlement, whites retained control of the country's judiciary, civil service, police and armed forces, as well as having a quarter of the seats in parliament reserved for them. While this was welcomed by the British government of Margaret Thatcher, opposition from the rest of the Commonwealth meant that Britain did not recognise the new state. Bishop Abel Muzorewa Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa (born 1925 in former Rhodesia), a Methodist bishop and nationalist leader, was prime minister of the short-lived coalition government in what was called Zimbabwe Rhodesia; he held office for only a few months in 1979. ... Zimbabwe Rhodesia was the (largely unrecognised) name of Zimbabwe during 1979, adopted by Rhodesia soon after an Internal Settlement between the white minority Rhodesian Government led by Ian Smith and small, moderate African nationalist parties not involved in the war that had been raging in the country since 1977. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and to date only woman to hold either post. ...

In December 1979 following multi-party talks at Lancaster House in London, Britain resumed control of Rhodesia, and with the help of observers from other Commonwealth countries, saw the first full participatory elections. During the four month period that the country was restored to the status of a British colony it was known officially as "the British Dependency of Southern Rhodesia". The Republic of Zimbabwe came into being on April 18, 1980. The Lancaster House Agreement was the independence agreement for Rhodesia, now known as Zimbabwe. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ...

References

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)

• British Reaction to UDI, 11 November 1965
• BBC TV report by Peter Niesewand on Rhodesia being declared a republic, 2 March 1970